scholarly journals Determinants and levels of cervical Cancer screening uptake among women of reproductive age in South Africa: evidence from South Africa Demographic and health survey data, 2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Ewomazino Akokuwebe ◽  
Erhabor Sunday Idemudia ◽  
Abiel M. Lekulo ◽  
Ogone Warona Motlogeloa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Pap Smear Test ◽  
Smear Test ◽  
Screening Uptake ◽  
Insurance Cover

Abstract Background Cervical cancer (CC) is the cancer with the most incidents and the leading cause of cancer mortality among women in South Africa. CC screening is one of the most cost-effective control approaches for the disease burden. This study assessed the determinants and individual-level indicators of cervical cancer screening uptake among women of reproductive age in South Africa. Methods We analyzed data from the 2016 South Africa Demographic Health Survey. Our analysis focused on 5903 women (15–49 years). We conducted Chi-square test for bivariate analysis, and multivariate binary logistics regression was used to analyze independent association between individual-level factors and women who have had Pap smear testing. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results The mean age at cervical cancer screening uptake among women in South Africa was 40.8 years (SD 18.6, range 15–95 years). A majority of the women (39.3%) were aged 45 years and above and 54.6% of them resides in urban settlements. About 35.4% of women (n = 2098) have had a Pap smear test, with 66.5% of them who had a Pap smear test resides in Western Cape province. The proportion of women who had a Pap smear test was significantly higher among those with higher educational attainment (68.7%, p = 0.000), in the rich wealth index (50.1%, p = 0.000), and those with health insurance cover (60.3%, p = 0.000). Pap smear testing was found to be more prevalent among women aged 45+ years, were in the white population group, had higher education, were divorced, and had health insurance cover. The predominance of Pap smear test was 14% higher among women who are working in the professional/formal sector (AOR; 1.38, 95% CI; 1.14–1.69). The uptake of Pap smear test was also higher among women aged 35–44 years. Conclusions The prevalence of cervical cancer uptake is substantially low among women aged 15–24 years in South Africa and shows a degree of between-provinces differences. Therefore, heath educational interventions aimed at increasing the uptake of cervical cancer screening services in South Africa are critically needed.

Setting Up a Cytology Laboratory for Cervical Cancer Screening in a Developing Country: A One Year’s Early Experience at a Private Facility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mwesigwa Boaz ◽  
Ngoma Febian ◽  
Abila Derrick Bary ◽  
Othieno Emmanuel ◽  
Zahra Award Warsame
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cervical Cytology ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Pap Smear Test ◽  
Smear Test

Abstract IntroductionWidespread cytology-based method of screening such as Pap smear test has significantly led to a reduction in the incidence and mortality associated with cervical cancer in many developed countries. In these countries, facilities needed for early detection of cervical cancer such as cytology laboratories are existent and generally available to their population. In a developing countries like Somalia, access to cytology services for cervical cancer screening remains limited and as result majority of patients present with advanced stage disease (stage III & IV) that is too difficult to treat.InterventionTo address this challenge, the management of AL-Zahra Specialty Hospital contracted a cytologist based in Uganda to guide in setting-up of cytology laboratory in the heart of Mogadishu, Somalia so as to provide cervical cancer screening and diagnostics services to the population. Other interventions made by the visiting cytologist involved guiding the procurement officer in the purchase of basic equipment, reagents, consumables and training of health care staff. This resulted into conducting 1020 cervical cytological tests over a period of 12months (1st September, 2018 to 30th September 2019).Lesions learntIn order to increase access to cytology services, we learnt that the federal government of Somalia should consider making cervical cytology (pap smear test) as part of routine screening policy for all sexually active women as part of health care package. An increase in sample volume may be improved through awareness campaigns and conducting community screening activities. ConclusionSomalia, a developing country has made great strides towards addressing the limited facilities for cervical cancer screening by using very limited funding. We hope that our experiences shall provide technical guidance & direction to physicians, laboratory managers and investors who wish to establish similar cervical cytology laboratories in an economically constrained low-resource setting.

scholarly journals Determinants of cervical cancer screening via Pap smear among female staff in a tertiary hospital in Niger-Delta of Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 4285
Author(s):  
Peter A. Awoyesuku ◽  
Basil O. Altraide ◽  
Dagogo A. Mac Pepple
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Hospital Workers ◽  
Pap Smear Test ◽  
Smear Test

Background: Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of death among women in the developing world, with poor prognosis attributed to lack of awareness about the disease and its prevention. Hospital workers’ attitude and practice to such an issue might positively or negatively influence people they come into contact with. This study is to assess the determinants of cervical cancer screening via Pap smear among Female Staff in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria.Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted between September and November 2015. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 265 female hospital workers on socio-demographic characteristics (age, parity, educational level and occupational category) and awareness and utilization of Pap smear test. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0.Results: Of the 265 respondents, only 40 (15.1%) had Pap smear test done at least once previously. Bivariate analysis of socio-demographic factors and Pap smear test uptake among the respondents was statistically significant for younger maternal age ≤35 years, not being married, higher educational level, professional occupation category and awareness of Pap smear. However, only maternal age, marital status and awareness of Pap smear remain statistically significant after multivariate analysis.Conclusions: Uptake of Pap smear test as a screening test for cervical cancer is low among female hospital workers. Identified determinants of cervical cancer screening via Pap smear test were younger age ≤35 years, not being married, higher educational level, professional occupational category and awareness of Pap smear.

scholarly journals A Study on Cervical Cancer Screening Using Pap Smear Test and Clinical Correlation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rekha Sachan ◽  
PushpLata Sachan ◽  
Meenakshi Singh ◽  
MunnaLal Patel
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Clinical Correlation ◽  
Pap Smear Test ◽  
Smear Test

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study on knowledge and attitude towards cervical cancer screening methods among women of reproductive age group in an urban area

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 1766-1771
Author(s):  
Tabitha Elizabeth Thomas ◽  
Manju ◽  
Timsi Jain
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pap Smear Test ◽  
Smear Test ◽  
Reproductive Age Group

Cervical cancer, a malignant tumour of the cervix, the lowermost part of the uterus, is usually associated with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection. Asymptomatic in early stages, it becomes symptomatic as the disease progresses. Cancer cervix can be prevented with HPV vaccines and regular screening practices like the Pap smear test. Poor awareness, lack of knowledge on risk factors, signs and symptoms and socioeconomic limitations serve as barriers for women to take up cancer screening. This study was done to assess the knowledge and attitude towards cervical cancer screening practices among women. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-structured questionnaire among urban women of reproductive age group. Data were recorded, tabulated and analysed. Of the 248 women of the reproductive age group who were interviewed, 63% knew that cervical cancer is a leading cause of death among Indian women. Although 68.5% knew that HPV is the causative organism, only a quarter of them knew about the vaccination schedule. Only 42% of those who were aware of the Pap smear test knew the age at which screening had to be started. In conclusion, most of the participants knew about cervical cancer and its causative organism. However, their knowledge on preventive measures, HPV vaccine and Pap smear test was poor.

scholarly journals Study the Rate and Causes of the Screening Test of the Cervix Cancer Among Women in Ardabil City

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roya Motavalli ◽  
Tavakkol Mousazadeh ◽  
Amir Mousazadeh ◽  
Ayda Fallah Asadi
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cervix Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear Test ◽  
Smear Test ◽  
Cancer Screening Test ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

Cervix cancer is one of the most common cancers in women, particularly in developing countries and Asian countries that many science centers around the world consider the pap smear screening test as the best solution for the control of cervical cancer. Several studies have shown that to tend women for doing a pap smear is regularly decreasing, and about one-fifth of women have not had a pap smear. This study was done to investigate rate and causes of the cervix cancer screening test among women Ardabil. In this cross-sectional study, 300 women referred to health centers in Ardabil were selected by multistage sampling. Data were collected through a researcher made questionnaire. For data analysis, SPSS Software version 18 and descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The rate of cervical cancer screening test in this study was 48%. The role of knowledge as personal factors of pap smear screening test was significant statistically (p<0.05). Among the risk factors for cervical cancer, there was observed significant relationship between uterine diseases history and number of pregnancies and pap smear test (p<0.05). Of family and social factors on women's education and employment, occupation and level of education was no significant relationship with using pap smear test. However, there was a significant relationship family history of cancer and pap smear test (p<0.05). In all, prevention is always prior to treatment. One of the prevention ways is the screening test. Early diagnosis and early treatment of cervical cancer has a key role. So the female population needs planning by intervention programs for health education and regular screening to prevent cancer.

scholarly journals Study the Rate and Causes of the Screening Test of the Cervix Cancer Among Women in Ardabil City

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
Roya Motavalli ◽  
Tavakkol Mousazadeh ◽  
Amir Mousazadeh ◽  
Ayda Fallah Asadi
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cervix Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear Test ◽  
Smear Test ◽  
Cancer Screening Test ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

Cervix cancer is one of the most common cancers in women, particularly in developing countries and Asian countries that many science centers around the world consider the pap smear screening test as the best solution for the control of cervical cancer. Several studies have shown that to tend women for doing a pap smear is regularly decreasing, and about one-fifth of women have not had a pap smear. This study was done to investigate rate and causes of the cervix cancer screening test among women Ardabil. In this cross-sectional study, 300 women referred to health centers in Ardabil were selected by multistage sampling. Data were collected through a researcher made questionnaire. For data analysis, SPSS Software version 18 and descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The rate of cervical cancer screening test in this study was 48%. The role of knowledge as personal factors of pap smear screening test was significant statistically (p<0.05). Among the risk factors for cervical cancer, there was observed significant relationship between uterine diseases history and number of pregnancies and pap smear test (p<0.05). Of family and social factors on women's education and employment, occupation and level of education was no significant relationship with using pap smear test. However, there was a significant relationship family history of cancer and pap smear test (p<0.05). In all, prevention is always prior to treatment. One of the prevention ways is the screening test. Early diagnosis and early treatment of cervical cancer has a key role. So the female population needs planning by intervention programs for health education and regular screening to prevent cancer.

scholarly journals Role of awareness on cervical cancer screening uptake among HIV positive women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 174550652110170
Author(s):  
Kassahun Emru ◽  
Tsega-Ab Abebaw ◽  
Admas Abera
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Uptake ◽  
Hiv Positive Women

Background: Cervical cancer is the second commonest cancer among women living in less developed countries. Although cervical cancer screening for HIV-infected women has been started in different centers in Addis Ababa, there is a paucity of data on the uptake of this service, particularly among HIV-infected women. Objective: This study is aimed to assess the level and determinants of cervical cancer screening uptake among HIV-positive reproductive-age women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire on 411 HIV-infected women aged 15–49 years in St. Paul’s and Zewditu Hospitals. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire on randomly selected study participants’ proportional allocation in the two hospitals. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess predictors of cervical cancer screening uptake. Results: Only 25.5% of HIV-positive reproductive-age women have been screened for cervical cancer. Respondents who have not heard about cervical cancer and the screening were 75% and 78% less likely to be screened compared to their counterparts, respectively. Conclusion: The uptake of cervical cancer screening was low in the study area. Awareness about cervical cancer screening was positively associated with cervical cancer screening uptake. Specific awareness programs focusing HIV positive women need to be implemented.

scholarly journals Utilization of Cervical Cancer Screening Services among Women in Vhembe District, South Africa: A Cross-Sectional Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 451-463
Author(s):  
Elisa N. Vhuromu ◽  
Daniel T. Goon ◽  
Maria S. Maputle ◽  
Rachel T. Lebese ◽  
Benedine U. Okafor
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Services ◽  
Vhembe District

Aim:Screening for early detection and treatment of cervical cancer is a cornerstone of prevention. The purpose of this study was to assess the awareness in women about the utilization of cervical cancer screening services in Vhembe District, South Africa.Methods:This cross-sectional study involved a random selection of 500 women aged 20-59 years in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Data was collectedviaa self-structured questionnaire on the demographic variables, provision, utilization and awareness of cervical cancer screening services.Results:The majority of the participants agreed to have cervical cancer screening services in their clinics (79.2%), and never had a Pap smear (58.6%). Most women would not go for cervical cancer screening, mainly because of a lack of facilities (30.0%), fear of pain (24.4%), and embarrassment (15.2%). Most participants indicated that Pap smear test meant scraping the cervix to detect abnormal cancerous cells (39.2%) and 34.2% did not know a Pap smear. Majority of the participants indicated Pap smears should be done every 10 years (65.8%); Pap smears could detect cervical cancer earlier (66.8%), and had heard about cervical cancer (71.6%). The majority of the participants considered cervical cancer as a serious problem to warrant considerable attention (59.4%); and some perceived cervical cancer as transmittable through multiple sexual partners (22.2%). The majority of the participants were aware of a vaccine against cervical cancer for girls at school (69.0%), and it was indicated that government should use health education to encourage women to attend cervical screening services (51.6%).Conclusion:Despite the free availability of cervical cancer screening services and awareness, the utilization of cervical cancer screening services is low. There is a need to intensify cervical screening health talks and campaigns, and to provide alternative accessible options for screening services for women in rural areas.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Acceptability of Cervical Cancer Screening among Adult Women Visiting in Gynecological OPD

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
Bishnu Kumari Shrestha ◽  
Devi Kumari Sapkota ◽  
Mathura Sapkota
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Health Care Provider ◽  
Care Provider ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Pap Smear Test ◽  
Level Of Significance

Background: Cervical cancer is the most common form of cancer among women developing countries. Pap smear is a very significant screening test for reduction of incidence and mortality from cervical cancer. The pap smear test  detect precancerous cell change on the cervix that might become cervical cancer if they are not treated appropriately. The objective of this research is to find out the knowledge and acceptability of cervical cancer screening among adult women. Methods: A cross-sectional research design was conducted among 425 gynecological patients of Bharatpur hospital OPD of 30 to59 years of age. Semi structured questionnaire was used in data collection. Results: The mean age of participants was 40.07±7.9 years. Majority of the respondents, 247 (58.1%) had good knowledge in cervical cancer screening and 282 (66.4%) of the respondent accepted Pap smear test. Mean knowledge score on sign and symptom of cervical cancer was 62.1%, in risk factor was 72.8% and in preventive measure was 82%. Study showed the association between respondents knowledge of cervical cancer screening with educational status (p=0.04), religion (p=0.01) at 0.05 level of significance. There was association between respondents’ level of knowledge and acceptability of cervical   cancer screening (p=0.02) at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusions: Majority of participant had never screened for cervical cancer, information get from health care provider was poor and acceptability rate is low. So the study recommends that health care provider should provide the information education and communication (IEC) at all level of delivery towards cervical cancer screening.

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