A cross-sectional study on knowledge and attitude towards cervical cancer screening methods among women of reproductive age group in an urban area

Cervical cancer, a malignant tumour of the cervix, the lowermost part of the uterus, is usually associated with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection. Asymptomatic in early stages, it becomes symptomatic as the disease progresses. Cancer cervix can be prevented with HPV vaccines and regular screening practices like the Pap smear test. Poor awareness, lack of knowledge on risk factors, signs and symptoms and socioeconomic limitations serve as barriers for women to take up cancer screening. This study was done to assess the knowledge and attitude towards cervical cancer screening practices among women. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-structured questionnaire among urban women of reproductive age group. Data were recorded, tabulated and analysed. Of the 248 women of the reproductive age group who were interviewed, 63% knew that cervical cancer is a leading cause of death among Indian women. Although 68.5% knew that HPV is the causative organism, only a quarter of them knew about the vaccination schedule. Only 42% of those who were aware of the Pap smear test knew the age at which screening had to be started. In conclusion, most of the participants knew about cervical cancer and its causative organism. However, their knowledge on preventive measures, HPV vaccine and Pap smear test was poor.

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Cervical cancer awareness among females of reproductive age group

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2019.26.06.3612 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (06) ◽

Author(s):

Uzma Hassan

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Age Group ◽

Cancer Awareness ◽

Pap Smear Test ◽

Smear Test ◽

Increase Risk ◽

Risk Of Cancer ◽

Reproductive Age Group

Objectives: To evaluate cervical cancer awareness among females of reproductive age group. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Setting: Gynecology OPD of Rawal General and Dental Hospital, Islamabad. Period: Six months; March to September 2016. Methods: Total 200 females of reproductive age group (15-49 years) were included (patients and their attendants), by using the non-probability convenience sampling. A semi structured questionnaire was filled by interview method by the researcher. Questions were related to awareness of females regarding cervical cancer. The response was noted in ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ and they were calculated in percentages. Results: Married females (56%), majority (45%) belonged to 27-38 years of age group, and maximum (46%) had intermediate education. Response in ‘Yes’ was; Heard about cervical cancer (68%), Heard about pap smear test (32%), Had pap smear test (5%), HPV is most common cause of cervical cancer (26%), HPV can spread through direct sexual contact (40%), Multiple sexual partners increase risk of cancer (64%), Smoking increase risk of cancer (40%), Vaccines available to prevent cervical cancer (38%). Cervical cancer be prevented by following all measures (40%), Never heard about Pap smear test (58%). Majority did not know how often pap smear test be done (43%). Both genders should have vaccine (55%). By following all the measures awareness of cervical cancer can be increased (48%). Conclusion: In this study awareness of cervical cancer along with its prevention was quite low in the women of reproductive age group. Insufficient knowledge of HPV infection was the reason of cervical cancer. The females were inadequately aware of the indications and significance of cervical cancer screening. Majority believed that Pap smear is performed only on the symptomatic women. The knowledge of women about the recipient of cervical cancer screening was poor.

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Screening of pre cancer and cancer cervix by Pap smear among women in reproductive age group: a community based study

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20185141 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 129

Author(s):

Suma R. K. ◽

Keerthi S. Yalaburgi

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Precancerous Lesions ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Premalignant Lesions ◽

Age Group ◽

Cancer Cervix ◽

Pap Smear Test ◽

Smear Test ◽

Reproductive Age Group

Background: Cervical cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide. The disproportionately high burden of cervical cancer in developing countries is largely due to a lack of screening that allows detection of precancerous and early stage cervical cancer. The objective of this study was to identify pre cancer, cancer of cervix by Pap smear test and the factors associated with cervical cancer.Methods: A cross sectional study was done among married women in the reproductive age group of 15-49 years in the urban field practice area of A.J. Institute of Medical Sciences, from Jan 2013 to March 2013. The study comprised of 357 women. A pretested semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Screening was done by Pap smear test. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software.Results: 49.6% women were in the age group of 40-49 years. 62 (17.4%) were illiterates. 67.5 % belonged to low socioeconomic status. Pap smear test detected premalignant lesions among 2.1% women; no cancer cervix cases were detected. Association between premalignant lesion and educational status, early age at marriage, multi parity, erosion cervix was found to be statistically significant.Conclusions: Regular cytological screening by Pap smear will help in early detection of precancerous lesions and thereby prevent cancer cervix.

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Determinants and levels of cervical Cancer screening uptake among women of reproductive age in South Africa: evidence from South Africa Demographic and health survey data, 2016

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-12020-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Monica Ewomazino Akokuwebe ◽

Erhabor Sunday Idemudia ◽

Abiel M. Lekulo ◽

Ogone Warona Motlogeloa

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Pap Smear Test ◽

Smear Test ◽

Screening Uptake ◽

Insurance Cover

Abstract Background Cervical cancer (CC) is the cancer with the most incidents and the leading cause of cancer mortality among women in South Africa. CC screening is one of the most cost-effective control approaches for the disease burden. This study assessed the determinants and individual-level indicators of cervical cancer screening uptake among women of reproductive age in South Africa. Methods We analyzed data from the 2016 South Africa Demographic Health Survey. Our analysis focused on 5903 women (15–49 years). We conducted Chi-square test for bivariate analysis, and multivariate binary logistics regression was used to analyze independent association between individual-level factors and women who have had Pap smear testing. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results The mean age at cervical cancer screening uptake among women in South Africa was 40.8 years (SD 18.6, range 15–95 years). A majority of the women (39.3%) were aged 45 years and above and 54.6% of them resides in urban settlements. About 35.4% of women (n = 2098) have had a Pap smear test, with 66.5% of them who had a Pap smear test resides in Western Cape province. The proportion of women who had a Pap smear test was significantly higher among those with higher educational attainment (68.7%, p = 0.000), in the rich wealth index (50.1%, p = 0.000), and those with health insurance cover (60.3%, p = 0.000). Pap smear testing was found to be more prevalent among women aged 45+ years, were in the white population group, had higher education, were divorced, and had health insurance cover. The predominance of Pap smear test was 14% higher among women who are working in the professional/formal sector (AOR; 1.38, 95% CI; 1.14–1.69). The uptake of Pap smear test was also higher among women aged 35–44 years. Conclusions The prevalence of cervical cancer uptake is substantially low among women aged 15–24 years in South Africa and shows a degree of between-provinces differences. Therefore, heath educational interventions aimed at increasing the uptake of cervical cancer screening services in South Africa are critically needed.

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Cervical Cancer Screening: Comparison of conventional Pap smear test, liquid-based cytology and human papillomavirus testing as stand-alone or co-testing strategies

Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention ◽

10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1003 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. cebp.1003.2020

Author(s):

Linda A Liang ◽

Thomas Einzmann ◽

Arno Franzen ◽

Katja Schwarzer ◽

Gunther Schauberger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Test Liquid ◽

Pap Smear Test ◽

Smear Test ◽

Testing Strategies ◽

Liquid Based Cytology

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Study the Rate and Causes of the Screening Test of the Cervix Cancer Among Women in Ardabil City

Asian Pacific Journal of Environment and Cancer ◽

10.31557/apjec.2018.1.1.15 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Roya Motavalli ◽

Tavakkol Mousazadeh ◽

Amir Mousazadeh ◽

Ayda Fallah Asadi

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Screening Test ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Cervix Cancer ◽

Pap Smear Test ◽

Smear Test ◽

Cancer Screening Test ◽

Pap Smear Screening

Cervix cancer is one of the most common cancers in women, particularly in developing countries and Asian countries that many science centers around the world consider the pap smear screening test as the best solution for the control of cervical cancer. Several studies have shown that to tend women for doing a pap smear is regularly decreasing, and about one-fifth of women have not had a pap smear. This study was done to investigate rate and causes of the cervix cancer screening test among women Ardabil. In this cross-sectional study, 300 women referred to health centers in Ardabil were selected by multistage sampling. Data were collected through a researcher made questionnaire. For data analysis, SPSS Software version 18 and descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The rate of cervical cancer screening test in this study was 48%. The role of knowledge as personal factors of pap smear screening test was significant statistically (p<0.05). Among the risk factors for cervical cancer, there was observed significant relationship between uterine diseases history and number of pregnancies and pap smear test (p<0.05). Of family and social factors on women's education and employment, occupation and level of education was no significant relationship with using pap smear test. However, there was a significant relationship family history of cancer and pap smear test (p<0.05). In all, prevention is always prior to treatment. One of the prevention ways is the screening test. Early diagnosis and early treatment of cervical cancer has a key role. So the female population needs planning by intervention programs for health education and regular screening to prevent cancer.

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Absence of Endocervical / Transformation Zone Component in Cervical Papanicolaou Smears in Northeastern Region of Peninsular Malaysia: Prevalence and Risk Factors

International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) ◽

10.31344/ijhhs.v4i3.197 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 178

Author(s):

Siti Mariam Ja’afar ◽

Hafizuddin Awang ◽

Raja Meriam Raja Ibrahim ◽

Zuraini Yasin ◽

Zawiyah Dollah

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Peninsular Malaysia ◽

Difficult Patient ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Transformation Zone ◽

Pap Smear Test ◽

Smear Test ◽

Pap Smear Screening

Background:Negative result from a satisfactory Papanicolaou (Pap) smear without endocervical cells and transformation zone (EC/TZ) components does not increase the chances of cervical cancer. However, a preparation of without EC/TZ components cannot rule out cervical cancer. Therefore, we aimed to study the factor associated with absence of EC/TZ components in Pap smear in Pasir Puteh District.Materials and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study between groups of presence and absence of EC/TZ components in Pap smear test results was conducted among 114 samples of Pap smear screening who fulfilled study criteria in Pasir Puteh district, Kelantan state of Malaysia. Data were collected from Pap smear registry between 15th December 2019 and 15thJanuary 2020. Descriptive statistics, simple and multiple logistic regressions were used for data analysis.Results and Discussion: The prevalence of Pap smear samples with absence of EC/TZ components was 14.2% (95%CI: 0.11, 0.16). Multiple variable analysis using multiple logistic regression revealed BMI and nurses’ working duration as the significant factors associated with absence of EC/TZ components with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 1.08 (95%CI:1.01, 1.16); p<0.05) and 0.85 (95%CI:0.76, 0.96; p<0.05) respectively.Conclusion:Majority of cervical cancer lesion happened in EC/TZ zone. Therefore, it is important to make sure staffs who conduct Pap smear test have received adequate training and used good sampling equipment in difficult patient to ensure the yield of the smear is satisfactory with presence of EC/TZ zone.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 04 No. 03 July’20 Page : 178-183

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Knowledge and Awareness of Cervical Cancer and Screening Practices among Nurses at Lahore General Hospital, Pakistan

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i730453 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 7-12

Author(s):

Nazia Ayub ◽

Mahliqa Maqsud ◽

Huma Tahseen ◽

Mehmona Sharif ◽

Nahid Waris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

General Hospital ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Early Marriage ◽

Age Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Screening Practices ◽

Abnormal Growth ◽

Study Participants

Objective: To find out the knowledge, awareness and screening practices of cervical cancer among nurses at Lahore general Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, interview based study was conducted on 250 nurses at Lahore general Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. The duration of this study was one year from 2017 to 2018. All the cases underwent interview based information regarding cervical cases. The questionnaire was applied to assess the knowledge, awareness and screening practices about cervical cancer among nurses. Data was collected via self-made proforma. Results: Most of the study participants were less than 35 years. 72% nurses were married and 28% were married. Most of the study participants 96% known that cervical cancer is the abnormal growth of cervical cells and few were unaware regarding it. According to causes of cervical cancer, 70% to 75.6% participants agreed with the causes of early marriage and multiple sex partners, while others had ideas of smoking, infection and hereditary causes. 25.5% nurses answered that it can occur in any age group, 11.2% replied in reproductive age group, 42.8% were agreed with menopausal age group and 20.4% had no idea. 75.6% to 95.5% nurses were in the favor of scanning, pap smear test and cervical biopsy methods. 85 participants said it is a preventable disease via vaccination, early diagnosis and safe sex activities. Conclusion: It was concluded that nurses had satisfactory knowledge and screening practice cervical cancer at Lahore general Hospital.

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Study the Rate and Causes of the Screening Test of the Cervix Cancer Among Women in Ardabil City

Asian Pacific Journal of Environment and Cancer ◽

10.31557/apjec.2018.1.1.15-17 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 15-17

Author(s):

Roya Motavalli ◽

Tavakkol Mousazadeh ◽

Amir Mousazadeh ◽

Ayda Fallah Asadi

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Screening Test ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Cervix Cancer ◽

Pap Smear Test ◽

Smear Test ◽

Cancer Screening Test ◽

Pap Smear Screening

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Assess the Knowledge Regarding Pap Smear Among Women

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology ◽

10.32628/ijsrst196216 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 87-90

Author(s):

V. Kumari ◽

Jayanthi V ◽

Indira S ◽

N Subhashini

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Early Stage ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cervical Lesions ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pap Smear Test ◽

Smear Test ◽

Adequate Knowledge ◽

Level Of Knowledge

Background: Cervical cancer screening is an essential part of women’s routine health care. The Pap smear test is the way to detect abnormal cervical cells including precancerous cervical lesions as well as early stage cervical cancer. Objectives: 1.To assess the level of knowledge regarding Pap smear among women. 2. To find out the association between level of knowledge regarding Pap smear among women with their selected socio demographic variables. Methodology: Cross sectional descriptive research design was used to conduct research study. 30 women residing at Kamakshi Nagar in Nellore were selected by using non probability convenience sampling technique. Result: The result reveals that,out of 30 women, 17 (57%) had in adequate knowledge, 10 (33%) had moderately adequate knowledge and only 3(10%) had adequate knowledge regarding pap smear. Conclusion: The study concluded that majority of women had inadequate knowledge on pap smear test .hence there is a need to conduct awareness programme in community to raise the level of awareness on pap smear test

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Setting Up a Cytology Laboratory for Cervical Cancer Screening in a Developing Country: A One Year’s Early Experience at a Private Facility

10.21203/rs.3.rs-804082/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mwesigwa Boaz ◽

Ngoma Febian ◽

Abila Derrick Bary ◽

Othieno Emmanuel ◽

Zahra Award Warsame

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Developing Country ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Cervical Cytology ◽

Disease Stage ◽

Pap Smear Test ◽

Smear Test

Abstract IntroductionWidespread cytology-based method of screening such as Pap smear test has significantly led to a reduction in the incidence and mortality associated with cervical cancer in many developed countries. In these countries, facilities needed for early detection of cervical cancer such as cytology laboratories are existent and generally available to their population. In a developing countries like Somalia, access to cytology services for cervical cancer screening remains limited and as result majority of patients present with advanced stage disease (stage III & IV) that is too difficult to treat.InterventionTo address this challenge, the management of AL-Zahra Specialty Hospital contracted a cytologist based in Uganda to guide in setting-up of cytology laboratory in the heart of Mogadishu, Somalia so as to provide cervical cancer screening and diagnostics services to the population. Other interventions made by the visiting cytologist involved guiding the procurement officer in the purchase of basic equipment, reagents, consumables and training of health care staff. This resulted into conducting 1020 cervical cytological tests over a period of 12months (1st September, 2018 to 30th September 2019).Lesions learntIn order to increase access to cytology services, we learnt that the federal government of Somalia should consider making cervical cytology (pap smear test) as part of routine screening policy for all sexually active women as part of health care package. An increase in sample volume may be improved through awareness campaigns and conducting community screening activities. ConclusionSomalia, a developing country has made great strides towards addressing the limited facilities for cervical cancer screening by using very limited funding. We hope that our experiences shall provide technical guidance & direction to physicians, laboratory managers and investors who wish to establish similar cervical cytology laboratories in an economically constrained low-resource setting.

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