scholarly journals Usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Lanfang Min ◽  
Xin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background There is a lack of studies comparing PCT, CRP and WBC levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections. It is necessary to explore the correlation between above markers and different types of ARTI. Methods 108 children with confirmed bacterial infection were regarded as group A, 116 children with virus infection were regarded as group B, and 122 children with mycoplasmal infection were regarded as group C. The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC of the three groups were detected and compared. Results The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C (p < 0.05). The positive rate of combined detection of PCT, CRP and WBC was significant higher than that of single detection. There was no significant difference in PCT, CRP and WBC levels between the group of G+ bacterial infection and G− bacterial infection (p > 0.05). ROC curve results showed that the AUC of PCT, CRP and WBC for the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory infections were 0.65, 0.55, and 0.58, respectively. Conclusions PCT, CRP and WBC can be combined as effective indicators for the identification of acute bacterial or no-bacterial infections in children. The levels of PCT and CRP have higher differential diagnostic value than that of WBC in infection, and the combined examination of the three is more valuable in clinic.

scholarly journals Application of PCT, CRP and WBC levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yang ◽  
Min Lanfang ◽  
Zhang Xin
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Tract Infections

Objective There is a lack of studies comparing Procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell (WBC) levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory infections. It is necessary to explore the correlation between above markers and different types of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Methods 108 children with confirmed bacterial infection were regarded as group A, 116 children with virus infection were regarded as group B, and 122 children with mycoplasma infection were regarded as group C. The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC of the three groups were detected and compared. Results The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C (P <0.05). The positive rate of combined detection of PCT, CRP and WBC was significantly higher than that of single detection. There was no significant difference of PCT, CRP and WBC levels between the group of Gram-positive (G+) bacteria infection and Gram-negative (G-) bacteria infection (P >0.05). ROC curve results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of PCT, CRP and WBC for the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory infections were 0.65, 0.55, and 0.58, respectively. Conclusions PCT, CRP and WBC can be used as effective indicators for the identification of acute bacterial or no-bacterial infections in children. The levels of PCT and CRP have higher differential diagnostic value than that of WBC in infection, and the combined examination of the three is more valuable in clinic.

scholarly journals Application of PCT, CRP and WBC levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Lanfang Min ◽  
Xin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background There is a lack of studies comparing PCT, CRP and WBC levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory infections. It is necessary to explore the correlation between above markers and different types of ARTI. Methods 108 children with confirmed bacterial infection were regarded as group A, 116 children with virus infection were regarded as group B, and 122 children with mycoplasma infection were regarded as group C. The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC of the three groups were detected and compared. Results The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C (P < 0.05). The positive rate of combined detection of PCT, CRP and WBC was significantly higher than that of single detection. There was no significant difference of PCT, CRP and WBC levels between the group of Gram-positive bacteria infection and Gram-negative bacteria infection (P > 0.05). ROC curve results showed that the AUC of PCT, CRP and WBC for the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory infections were 0.65, 0.55, and 0.58, respectively. Conclusions PCT, CRP and WBC can be used as effective indicators for the identification of acute bacterial or no-bacterial infections in children. The levels of PCT and CRP have higher differential diagnostic value than that of WBC in infection, and the combined examination of the three is more valuable in clinic.

Bacterial Infections of the Adult Upper Respiratory Tract

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K Certain ◽  
Miriam B Barshak
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common maladies experienced by humankind.1 The majority are caused by respiratory viruses. A Dutch case-controlled study of primary care patients with acute respiratory tract infections found that viruses accounted for 58% of cases; rhinovirus was the most common (24%), followed by influenza virus type A (11%) and corona­viruses (7%). Group A streptococcus (GAS) was responsible for 11%, and 3% of patients had mixed infections. Potential pathogens were detected in 30% of control patients who were free of acute respiratory symptoms; rhinovirus was the most common.2 Given the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance and the increasing awareness of the importance of a healthy microbiome, antibiotic use for upper respiratory infections should be reserved for those patients with clear indications for treatment. A recent study of adult outpatient visits in the United States found that respiratory complaints accounted for 150 antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 population annually, yet the expected “appropriate” rate would be 45.3 In other words, most antibiotic prescriptions for these complaints are unnecessary. Similarly, a study in the United Kingdom found that general practitioners prescribed antibiotics to about half of all patients presenting with an upper respiratory infection, even though most of these infections are viral.4 This review contains 5 figures, 16 tables, and 82 references. Keywords: infection, airway, sinusitis, otitis media, otitis externa, pharyngitis, epiglottitis, abscess

scholarly journals Impact of parental smoking on influenza and others respiratory infections in children

2020 ◽  
pp. 475-482
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Side Stream ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Tract Infections

BACKGROUND. The predisposition of cigarette smokers for the development of respiratory infections, including influenza, have been well documented. As well, those exposed to side stream smoke are prone to viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. AIM. The study aimed to evaluate whether the prevalence of smoking parents is higher among children with respiratory tract infections, including influenza, in comparison to the general population. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Observational, cohort study. The authors surveyed a cohort of patients and their families, hospitalized in the Paediatric University Hospital in Warsaw during 2018 influenza season. Patients were diagnosed with influenza (using PCR) or other respiratory tract infections. A questionnaire on smoking habits was performed. RESULTS. Overall, 72 patients were included in the study, median age 2 years and 9 months (IQR: 1.4 – 7.2), influenza was diagnosed in 43% (n= 31) of patients. The percentage of regularly smoking parents in the whole cohort amounted to 33.3% (44 of 132) and was statistically significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the general population (22.7%), whereas in the subgroup with influenza and non-influenza infections it reached 32.2% and 34.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. The prevalence of smoking parents of children with acute respiratory tract infections is higher than in the general population: exposing children to tobacco smoke is one of the risk factors for acquiring influenza and others respiratory tract infections. Quitting smoking can decrease the risk of infectious diseases.

scholarly journals The Clinical Application of Filmarray Respiratory Panel in Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in a Pediatric Hospital

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Fen Pan ◽  
Bingjie Wang ◽  
Yingying Shi ◽  
Qi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Human Rhinovirus ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Acute Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Predominant Pathogen ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIS) are the common diseases in children and common methods frequently fail to identify the infectious etiology especially for viruses. The Filmarray respiratory panel (FARP) can reliably and rapidly identify viruses and bacterial pathogens. This study is to evaluate the performance and clinical significance of FARP in children with ARTIS.Methods: A total of 90 nasopharyngeal secretion (NPS) samples from children with ARTIS were enrolled. The FARP assay for 17 pathogens and other common methods including direct fluorescence assay (DFA) were performed to analyze these samples. Clinical data of all patients was also collected and evaluated.Results: Among the 90 samples, 58 samples (64.4%) were positive for 13 pathogens by FARP and 18 positive samples were detected with multiple-virus (31.3%, 18/58). Human rhinovirus/ enterovirus (21.0%%, 17/58) were predominant pathogen, followed by adenovirus (18.5%). Higher proportions of various pathogens were identified in the infant and toddler (0–2 years) groups with human rhinovirus/enterovirus being mostly virus. Adenovirus were common in the group aged 3–5 years, but only three pathogens including M.pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus were also found in age group (6-14 years). Among 58 FARP positive patients, significant differences were in antibiotic prescription and use of hormone the single-organism-positive group and the multi-organism-positive group (P<0.05). Furthermore, there was significant difference in use of anti-virus and usage of hormone between severe respiratory infections group and non severe respiratory infections group (P<0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that FARP can provide the rapid detection of respiratory virus and atypical bacteria for children, especially with severe respiratory tract infections.

scholarly journals Human Neutrophil Lipocalin in Activated Whole Blood Is a Specific and Rapid Diagnostic Biomarker of Bacterial Infections in the Respiratory Tract

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Venge ◽  
Ann-Katrin Eriksson ◽  
Lena Douhan-Håkansson ◽  
Karlis Pauksen
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Human Neutrophil ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACT The distinction between bacterial and viral causes of infections of the respiratory tract is a major but important clinical challenge. We investigated the diagnostic performance of human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) in respiratory tract infections compared to those of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT). Patients were recruited from the emergency department and from a primary care unit (n = 162). The clinical diagnosis with regard to bacterial or viral cause of infection was complemented with objective microbiological/serological testing. HNL was measured in whole blood after preactivation with the neutrophil activator formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) (B-HNL), and CRP and PCT were measured in plasma. Head-to-head comparisons of the three biomarkers showed that B-HNL was a superior diagnostic means to distinguish between causes of infections, with areas under the concentration-time curve (AUCs) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for HNL of 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 0.96) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.82 to 0.97) for all respiratory infections and for upper respiratory infections, respectively, compared to 0.72 (95% CI, 0.63 to 0.80) and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.79) for CRP, respectively (P = 0.001). In relation to major clinical symptoms of respiratory tract infections (cough, sore throat, stuffy nose, and signs of sinusitis), AUCs varied between 0.88 and 0.93 in those patients with likely etiology (i.e., etiology is likely determined) of infection, compared to 0.63 and 0.71 for CRP, respectively, and nonsignificant AUCs for PCT. The diagnostic performance of B-HNL is superior to that of plasma CRP (P-CRP) and plasma PCT (P-PCT) in respiratory tract infections, and the activity specifically reflects bacterial challenge in the body. The rapid and accurate analysis of HNL by point-of-care technologies should be a major advancement in the diagnosis and management of respiratory infections with respect to antibiotic treatment.

scholarly journals The clinical application of Filmarray respiratory panel in children especially with severe respiratory tract infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fen Pan ◽  
Bingjie Wang ◽  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Yingying Shi ◽  
Qi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Human Rhinovirus ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the common diseases in children and the routine detection methods frequently fail to identify the infectious pathogens especially for viruses. The Filmarray respiratory panel (FARP) can reliably and rapidly identify viruses and bacteria pathogens. This study is to evaluate the performance and clinical significance of FARP in children. Methods Children diagnosed with RTIs in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) were enrolled in this study. Nasopharyngeal secretion (NPS) samples of these children were collected and the FARP assay for 17 pathogens and routine microbiological methods were performed. Clinical data of all patients was also collected and evaluated. Results A total of 90 children were enrolled into this study and 58 patients (64.4%) were positive for 13 pathogens by FARP, with 18 being detected positive with multiple-virus (31.3%, 18/58). Human rhinovirus/enterovirus (21.0%%, 17/58) were the predominant pathogen, followed by adenovirus (18.5%). Higher proportions of various pathogens were identified in the infant and toddler (0–2 years) groups with human rhinovirus/enterovirus being mostly virus. Adenovirus were common in the group aged 3–5 years, but only three pathogens including M.pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus were also found in age group (6–14 years). Among 58 FARP positive patients, significant differences were found in antibiotic prescription and use of glucocorticoid between the single-organism-positive group and the multi-organism-positive group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was significant difference in use of anti-virus and usage of glucocorticoid between severe respiratory infections group and non severe respiratory infections group (P < 0.05). Conclusions This study demonstrated that FARP can provide the rapid detection of respiratory virus and atypical bacteria for children, especially with severe respiratory tract infections.

Bacterial Infections of the Adult Upper Respiratory Tract

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K Certain ◽  
Miriam B Barshak
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common maladies experienced by humankind.1 The majority are caused by respiratory viruses. A Dutch case-controlled study of primary care patients with acute respiratory tract infections found that viruses accounted for 58% of cases; rhinovirus was the most common (24%), followed by influenza virus type A (11%) and corona­viruses (7%). Group A streptococcus (GAS) was responsible for 11%, and 3% of patients had mixed infections. Potential pathogens were detected in 30% of control patients who were free of acute respiratory symptoms; rhinovirus was the most common.2 Given the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance and the increasing awareness of the importance of a healthy microbiome, antibiotic use for upper respiratory infections should be reserved for those patients with clear indications for treatment. A recent study of adult outpatient visits in the United States found that respiratory complaints accounted for 150 antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 population annually, yet the expected “appropriate” rate would be 45.3 In other words, most antibiotic prescriptions for these complaints are unnecessary. Similarly, a study in the United Kingdom found that general practitioners prescribed antibiotics to about half of all patients presenting with an upper respiratory infection, even though most of these infections are viral.4 This review contains 5 figures, 16 tables, and 82 references. Keywords: infection, airway, sinusitis, otitis media, otitis externa, pharyngitis, epiglottitis, abscess

scholarly journals The Incidence of Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococci in Throat Specimens from Upper Respiratory Infections

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irfan Sevinc ◽  
Murat Enoz
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Group A ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Objective: The aim of the study is researching the incidence of group A beta hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) in upper respiratory tract infections in Turkey. Study design: This is a descriptive study. Subject and Methods: Totally, 3964 throat swabs obtained from patients with upper respiratory tract infections were cultured for isolation of GABHS in Corlu Military Hospital, Department of Microbiology, between April 2002 and April 2004. Standard microbiological techniques were used in the screening. Results: In this study, GABHS were isolated from 230 (5.80 %) of 3964 patients. The rate of isolation was 79 (5.65 %)/914 in 2002 year, 103 (5.55 %)/1857 in 2003 year, and 48 (6.77 %)/709 in 2004 year. The rate of isolation was 50 (5.47 %)/914 in the spring, 21 (3.21 %)/642 in the summer, 49 (5.81 %)/844 in the autumn, and 110 (7.03 %)/1564 in the winter. Conclusion: We found that the overall incidence of GABHS in respiratory tract infections (5,80 %) was lower than other studies and the incidence was the highest in the winter.

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