Impact of parental smoking on influenza and others respiratory infections in children

Respiratory Infections ◽

University Hospital ◽

Side Stream ◽

Quitting Smoking ◽

Observational Cohort ◽

BACKGROUND. The predisposition of cigarette smokers for the development of respiratory infections, including influenza, have been well documented. As well, those exposed to side stream smoke are prone to viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. AIM. The study aimed to evaluate whether the prevalence of smoking parents is higher among children with respiratory tract infections, including influenza, in comparison to the general population. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Observational, cohort study. The authors surveyed a cohort of patients and their families, hospitalized in the Paediatric University Hospital in Warsaw during 2018 influenza season. Patients were diagnosed with influenza (using PCR) or other respiratory tract infections. A questionnaire on smoking habits was performed. RESULTS. Overall, 72 patients were included in the study, median age 2 years and 9 months (IQR: 1.4 – 7.2), influenza was diagnosed in 43% (n= 31) of patients. The percentage of regularly smoking parents in the whole cohort amounted to 33.3% (44 of 132) and was statistically significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the general population (22.7%), whereas in the subgroup with influenza and non-influenza infections it reached 32.2% and 34.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. The prevalence of smoking parents of children with acute respiratory tract infections is higher than in the general population: exposing children to tobacco smoke is one of the risk factors for acquiring influenza and others respiratory tract infections. Quitting smoking can decrease the risk of infectious diseases.

Usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections in children

BMC Pulmonary Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12890-021-01756-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yang Li ◽

Lanfang Min ◽

Xin Zhang

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Abstract Background There is a lack of studies comparing PCT, CRP and WBC levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections. It is necessary to explore the correlation between above markers and different types of ARTI. Methods 108 children with confirmed bacterial infection were regarded as group A, 116 children with virus infection were regarded as group B, and 122 children with mycoplasmal infection were regarded as group C. The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC of the three groups were detected and compared. Results The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C (p < 0.05). The positive rate of combined detection of PCT, CRP and WBC was significant higher than that of single detection. There was no significant difference in PCT, CRP and WBC levels between the group of G+ bacterial infection and G− bacterial infection (p > 0.05). ROC curve results showed that the AUC of PCT, CRP and WBC for the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory infections were 0.65, 0.55, and 0.58, respectively. Conclusions PCT, CRP and WBC can be combined as effective indicators for the identification of acute bacterial or no-bacterial infections in children. The levels of PCT and CRP have higher differential diagnostic value than that of WBC in infection, and the combined examination of the three is more valuable in clinic.

Bacterial Infections of the Adult Upper Respiratory Tract

10.2310/fm.1237 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Laura K Certain ◽

Miriam B Barshak

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Group A Streptococcus ◽

The United States ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common maladies experienced by humankind.1 The majority are caused by respiratory viruses. A Dutch case-controlled study of primary care patients with acute respiratory tract infections found that viruses accounted for 58% of cases; rhinovirus was the most common (24%), followed by influenza virus type A (11%) and coronaviruses (7%). Group A streptococcus (GAS) was responsible for 11%, and 3% of patients had mixed infections. Potential pathogens were detected in 30% of control patients who were free of acute respiratory symptoms; rhinovirus was the most common.2 Given the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance and the increasing awareness of the importance of a healthy microbiome, antibiotic use for upper respiratory infections should be reserved for those patients with clear indications for treatment. A recent study of adult outpatient visits in the United States found that respiratory complaints accounted for 150 antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 population annually, yet the expected “appropriate” rate would be 45.3 In other words, most antibiotic prescriptions for these complaints are unnecessary. Similarly, a study in the United Kingdom found that general practitioners prescribed antibiotics to about half of all patients presenting with an upper respiratory infection, even though most of these infections are viral.4 This review contains 5 figures, 16 tables, and 82 references. Keywords: infection, airway, sinusitis, otitis media, otitis externa, pharyngitis, epiglottitis, abscess

Application of PCT, CRP and WBC levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections

10.22541/au.162878993.35055514/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Li Yang ◽

Min Lanfang ◽

Zhang Xin

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Objective There is a lack of studies comparing Procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell (WBC) levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory infections. It is necessary to explore the correlation between above markers and different types of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Methods 108 children with confirmed bacterial infection were regarded as group A, 116 children with virus infection were regarded as group B, and 122 children with mycoplasma infection were regarded as group C. The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC of the three groups were detected and compared. Results The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C (P <0.05). The positive rate of combined detection of PCT, CRP and WBC was significantly higher than that of single detection. There was no significant difference of PCT, CRP and WBC levels between the group of Gram-positive (G+) bacteria infection and Gram-negative (G-) bacteria infection (P >0.05). ROC curve results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of PCT, CRP and WBC for the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory infections were 0.65, 0.55, and 0.58, respectively. Conclusions PCT, CRP and WBC can be used as effective indicators for the identification of acute bacterial or no-bacterial infections in children. The levels of PCT and CRP have higher differential diagnostic value than that of WBC in infection, and the combined examination of the three is more valuable in clinic.

Prevalence of Bacterial Lower Respiratory Tract Infections at a Tertiary Hospital in Jordan

The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents ◽

10.3823/837 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Nathir Obeidat ◽

Isam Bsisu ◽

Faruque Parvez ◽

Zafrin Islam ◽

Zaina Obeidat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Disease ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

University Hospital ◽

World Health ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Background: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that LRTI are the most common global cause of death from infectious diseases. However, the specific etiologic agent associated with LRTI is often unknown. Aims: We determined the bacterial infections and seasonal patterns associated with LRTI among hospitalized cases at Jordan University Hospital (JUH) for a period of five years. Methods: We conducted a multi-year study among hospitalized patients in Jordan on LRTI-associated bacterial etiology. Results: We found bacterial infections among 105 (21.1%) out of 495 LRTI patients. The most frequently identified bacteria in the LRTI patients were Staphylococcus aureus (7.7%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.1%). Most of the LRTI patients (95.2%) had at least one chronic disease and many were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (16.8%). Of the 18 (3.64%) patients with LRTI who died at the hospital, 2 had a bacterial infection. We noticed a seasonal pattern of bacterial infections, with the highest prevalence during the winter months. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that early identification of bacterial agents and control of chronic disease may improve clinical management and reduce morbidity and mortality from LRTI.

Human Neutrophil Lipocalin in Activated Whole Blood Is a Specific and Rapid Diagnostic Biomarker of Bacterial Infections in the Respiratory Tract

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00064-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Per Venge ◽

Ann-Katrin Eriksson ◽

Lena Douhan-Håkansson ◽

Karlis Pauksen

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Human Neutrophil ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Diagnostic Performance ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

The Body ◽

ABSTRACT The distinction between bacterial and viral causes of infections of the respiratory tract is a major but important clinical challenge. We investigated the diagnostic performance of human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) in respiratory tract infections compared to those of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT). Patients were recruited from the emergency department and from a primary care unit (n = 162). The clinical diagnosis with regard to bacterial or viral cause of infection was complemented with objective microbiological/serological testing. HNL was measured in whole blood after preactivation with the neutrophil activator formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) (B-HNL), and CRP and PCT were measured in plasma. Head-to-head comparisons of the three biomarkers showed that B-HNL was a superior diagnostic means to distinguish between causes of infections, with areas under the concentration-time curve (AUCs) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for HNL of 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 0.96) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.82 to 0.97) for all respiratory infections and for upper respiratory infections, respectively, compared to 0.72 (95% CI, 0.63 to 0.80) and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.79) for CRP, respectively (P = 0.001). In relation to major clinical symptoms of respiratory tract infections (cough, sore throat, stuffy nose, and signs of sinusitis), AUCs varied between 0.88 and 0.93 in those patients with likely etiology (i.e., etiology is likely determined) of infection, compared to 0.63 and 0.71 for CRP, respectively, and nonsignificant AUCs for PCT. The diagnostic performance of B-HNL is superior to that of plasma CRP (P-CRP) and plasma PCT (P-PCT) in respiratory tract infections, and the activity specifically reflects bacterial challenge in the body. The rapid and accurate analysis of HNL by point-of-care technologies should be a major advancement in the diagnosis and management of respiratory infections with respect to antibiotic treatment.

The risk for respiratory tract infections and antibiotic in a general population and among asthmatics

ERJ Open Research ◽

10.1183/23120541.00429-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 00429-2021

Author(s):

Marta A. Kisiel ◽

Xingwu Zhou ◽

Eythor Björnsson ◽

Mathias Holm ◽

Anna Dahlman-Höglund ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Female Gender ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Antibiotics Use ◽

AimThe aim of this study was to investigate occupational, environmental, early life, and other risk factors associated with respiratory infections and antibiotics use, in a general population and among asthmatics.MethodThis study included 15 842 participants of the RHINE study aged 25–54 years from five Nordic countries, who answered a questionnaire covering respiratory outcomes, exposures, demographic characteristics and numbers of infections and courses of antibiotics the last 12 months. Multiple logistic regression with and without adjustment for age, gender, smoking status, BMI and center were used to study the risk of infection and antibiotics in relation to asthma, and also the association between infection and antibiotics and occupations.ResultsIn the whole population, 11.6% reported having three or more respiratory infections, and 14.7% had used antibiotics because of respiratory tract infections within the last year. Asthmatics reported a tripled odd for such infections (adjusted OR (95% CI) 2.98 (2.53–3.52) and antibiotics use (adjusted OR 3.67 (3.18–4.24) as compared to non-asthmatics. Both in the general and the asthmatic population, female gender, obesity and exposure to building dampness were associated with respiratory infections. Female gender, and current smoking and living in Tartu were associated with antibiotic use. The use of antibiotics was doubled in people hospitalised for severe respiratory infection in childhood.ConclusionIn this study we identified several factors associated with increased respiratory infections and use of antibiotics in a general population and among asthmatics. The frequency of respiratory infections and subsequent antibiotic treatment were increased among asthmatics.

Bacterial Infections of the Adult Upper Respiratory Tract

10.2310/im.1237 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Laura K Certain ◽

Miriam B Barshak

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Group A Streptococcus ◽

The United States ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Human medicines European public assessment report (EPAR): Vabomere, meropenem / vaborbactam, Urinary Tract Infections,Bacteremia,Bacterial Infections,Respiratory Tract Infections,Pneumonia,Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated, Date of authorisation: 20/11/2018, Revision: 1, Status: Authorised

Case Medical Research ◽

10.31525/cmr-6ac6ef ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Urinary Tract Infections ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Assessment Report ◽

European Public ◽

European Public Assessment Report ◽

Viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infections in Macao: a retrospective study from 2014 to 2017

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-05996-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Cheng Lei ◽

Lisong Yang ◽

Cheong Tat Lou ◽

Fan Yang ◽

Kin Ian SiTou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Viral Etiology ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Abstract Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the leading causes of hospitalization in children. Understanding the local dominant viral etiologies is important to inform infection control practices and clinical management. This study aimed to investigate the viral etiology and epidemiology of respiratory infections among pediatric inpatients in Macao. Methods A retrospective study using electronic health records between 2014 and 2017 at Kiang Wu Hospital was performed. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were obtained from hospitalized children aged 13 years or younger with respiratory tract diseases. xMAP multiplex assays were employed to detect respiratory agents including 10 respiratory viruses. Data were analyzed to describe the frequency and seasonality. Results Of the 4880 children enrolled in the study, 3767 (77.1%) were positive for at least one of the 13 viral pathogens tested, of which 2707 (55.5%) being male and 2635 (70.0%) under 2 years old. Among the positive results, there were 3091 (82.0%) single infections and 676 (18.0%) multiple infections. The predominant viruses included human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/EV 27.4%), adenovirus (ADV, 15.8%), respiratory syncytial virus B (RSVB, 7.8%) and respiratory syncytial virus A (RSVA, 7.8%). The detection of viral infection was the most prevalent in autumn (960/1176, 81.6%), followed by spring (1095/1406, 77.9%), winter (768/992, 77.4%), and summer (944/1306, 72.3%), with HRV/EV and ADV being most commonly detected throughout the 4 years of study period. The detection rate of viral infection was highest among ARI patients presented with croup (123/141, 87.2%), followed by lower respiratory tract infection (1924/2356, 81.7%) and upper respiratory tract infection (1720/2383, 72.2%). FluA, FluB and ADV were positive factors for upper respiratory tract infections. On the other hand, infection with RSVA, RSVB, PIV3, PIV4, HMPV, and EV/RHV were positively associated with lower respiratory tract infections; and PIV1, PIV2, and PIV3 were positively associated with croup. Conclusions This is the first study in Macao to determine the viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for ARIs. The study findings can contribute to the awareness of pathogen, appropriate preventative measure, accurate diagnosis, and proper clinical management of respiratory viral infections among children in Macao.

Characterization of the microflora of ventilator-associated respiratory tract infections in patients with severe trauma

Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) ◽

10.17816/eid40826 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 8-13

Author(s):

O. A Orlova ◽

V. G Akimkin

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Severe Trauma ◽

Surgical Intensive Care Unit ◽

Surgical Intensive Care ◽

Microbial Associations ◽

Initial Severity ◽

Rationale The relevance of ventilator-associated respiratory tract infections in severe injury patients (SIP) is associated with both features of causative pathogens and the initial severity of the state of patients. Among causative pathogens nosocomial flora is dominant. Purpose - to perform an analysis of the microbiological monitoring of ventilator-associated respiratory tract infections in SIP. The analysis was based on the results of a prospective epidemiological, clinical, and instrumental study of 100 SIP with ventilator-associated respiratory tract infections, stayed in the surgical intensive care unit. The proportion of ventilator-associated respiratory infections in the structure of nosocomial infections in these patients is between 90 - 95%, at that there was revealed the prevalence of nosocomial pneumonia (61%). Ventilator-associated respiratory tract infection most commonly occurs during the first 10 days of mechanical ventilation. The prevailing flora was represented by Gram negative Acinetobacter baumamnnii (40.3 ± 2.1%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38.4% ± 3.2%). Isolated microorganisms possessed multiple antibiotic resistance, with the greatest extent to aminoglycosides - 69.5%, fluoroquinolones - 40.3%, penicillin - 37.6%; cephalosporins (third generation) - 33.8%. There is noted marked preponderance of microbial associations compared with monocultures 57.1 ± 5.3%.