Current perception threshold testing in chronic ankle instability

Abstract Background Damage to sensory input is an underlying pathology of chronic ankle instability (CAI). Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the sensory function of patients with CAI. The present study quantitatively evaluated sensory nerve function in patients with CAI and healthy controls using current perception threshold (CPT) measurements, as well as the influence of sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) on CPT values and the relations between CPT frequencies. Methods Fifty-nine subjects with CAI and 30 healthy controls participated in this study. CPT values at the anterior talofibular ligament region were recorded on the injured and uninjured sides in CAI patients and on both sides in the healthy control group. Between group differences were compared. The influence of sex, age and BMI on CPT values was evaluated. Correlations between different frequencies were also studied. Results There were no significant differences in age, sex, height, weight or BMI between the CAI and healthy control groups. The CPT values did not show a significant difference by sex. The CPT values did not significantly correlate with age or BMI. Compared to the control group, the CAI group had significantly higher CPT values on the injured and uninjured sides under 250-Hz and 5-Hz electrical stimuli; the difference between the groups was significant (p < 0.01), and the effect size were large. No significant difference was observed under 2000-Hz stimuli. There were correlations between CPT values at different frequencies (p < 0.01), especially 250 Hz and 5 Hz. Conclusion The present study revealed increased sensory thresholds in 250-Hz- and 5-Hz-related sensory nerve fibres in the injured and uninjured ankles of patients with CAI. This increase may indicate dysfunction of A-delta and C fibres. Sex, age and BMI did not significantly impact CPT values. There were correlations between CPT values at different frequencies, especially 250 Hz and 5 Hz. Level of evidence Level III, case-control study.

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Current Perception Threshold Testing in Chronic Ankle Instability

10.21203/rs.3.rs-48846/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ran Zhang ◽

Xi Zhang ◽

Yaping Chen ◽

Weiqun Song

Keyword(s):

Ankle Instability ◽

Sensory Nerve ◽

Chronic Ankle Instability ◽

Nerve Fibers ◽

Sensory Function ◽

Control Group ◽

Perception Threshold ◽

Current Perception Threshold ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Healthy Control

Abstract Background: Damage to sensory input is one of the pathologies underlying chronic ankle instability (CAI). Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the sensory function of patients with CAI. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate sensory nerve function in patients with CAI and healthy controls using current perception threshold (CPT) measurements.Methods: Fifty-nine subjects with CAI and 30 healthy control individuals participated in this study. CPT values at the anterior talofibular ligament region were tested on the injured and uninjured sides in CAI patients and on a random side in the healthy control group.Results: There were no significant differences in age, gender, height, weight or BMI between the CAI and healthy control groups. The CPT values did not show significant gender differences. The CPT values were not significantly correlated with age or BMI. Compared to the control group (250 Hz: 24.32±9.28, 5 Hz: 6.87±1.56), the CAI group had significantly higher CPT values on the injured (250 Hz: 42.83±28.49, 5 Hz: 23.43±18.53) and uninjured sides (250 Hz: 38.62±19.98, 5 Hz: 18.84±14.21) under 250 Hz and 5 Hz electrical stimuli (p<0.01). No significant difference was observed under 2000 Hz stimuli. There were correlations among CPT values at different frequencies (p<0.01).Conclusion: This study revealed increased sensory thresholds in injured and uninjured ankles of 250 Hz- and 5 Hz-related sensory nerve fibers among patients with CAI. The bilateral change in sensory threshold may indicate a central sensory modulation process.Level of Evidence: Level III, case-control study.

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Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Systematic Review

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-50.9.01 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (10) ◽

pp. 1019-1033 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Megan N. Houston ◽

Johanna M. Hoch ◽

Matthew C. Hoch

Keyword(s):

Ankle Sprain ◽

Ankle Instability ◽

Data Extraction ◽

Patient Reported Outcome Measures ◽

Chronic Ankle Instability ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Hand Search ◽

Methodologic Quality ◽

Patient Reported ◽

Healthy Control

Context A comprehensive systematic literature review of the health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) differences among individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI), ankle-sprain copers, and healthy control participants has not been conducted. It could provide a better indication of the self-reported deficits that may be present in individuals with CAI. Objective To systematically summarize the extent to which HRQOL deficits are present in individuals with CAI. Data Sources We searched for articles in the electronic databases of EBSCO Host and PubMed Central using key words chronic, functional, mechanical, coper, instability, sprains, and patient-assessed. We also performed a hand search of reference lists, authors, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of the articles screened for inclusion. Study Selection Studies were included if they (1) incorporated a PRO as a participant descriptor or as a study outcome to compare adults with CAI to ankle-sprain copers or healthy controls, (2) were written in English, and (3) were published in peer-reviewed journals. Data Extraction Two authors independently assessed methodologic quality using the modified Downs and Black Index. Articles were filtered into 3 categories based on between-groups comparisons: CAI and copers, CAI and healthy control participants, copers and healthy participants. We calculated Hedges g effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals to examine PRO group differences. Data Synthesis Of the 124 studies assessed for eligibility, 27 were included. A total of 24 articles compared PROs in individuals with CAI and healthy controls, 7 compared individuals with CAI and copers, and 4 compared copers and healthy controls. Quality scores on the modified Downs and Black Index ranged from 52.9% to 88.2%, with 8 high-, 16 moderate-, and 3 low-quality studies. Overall, we observed moderate to strong evidence that individuals with CAI displayed deficits on generic and region-specific PROs compared with copers and healthy controls. However, evidence that differences exist between copers and healthy controls was conflicting. In addition, for dimension-specific outcomes, evidence to suggest that fear of reinjury is heightened in individuals with CAI was limited. Conclusions The evidence suggested that CAI is associated with functional and HRQOL deficits, particularly when examined with region-specific PROs. However, PROs do not appear to differ between copers and healthy controls.

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Comparison of Electromyographic Activity of Anterior Tibial Muscles and Long Fibular in Athletes With and Without Chronic Ankle Instability

Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.17921/2447-8938.2020v22n4p260-264 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 260-264

Author(s):

Giovanna Piai Cezar ◽

Barbara Pasqualino Fachin ◽

Christiane de Souza Guerino Macedo

Keyword(s):

Surface Electromyography ◽

Ankle Instability ◽

Functional Limitation ◽

Chronic Ankle Instability ◽

Control Group ◽

Electromyographic Activity ◽

Ankle Sprains ◽

Muscle Recruitment ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Anterior Tibial

AbstractChronic ankle instability (ICT) is common in jumping sports, may alter muscle recruitment, result in functional limitations and recurrence of sprains in this joint. The purpose of the study was to compare the muscle recruitment of the anterior tibial and long fibular muscles of athletes with and without chronic ankle instability by means of surface electromyography. Thirty-four athletes were recruited, divided into instability group (GI: n=14) and control group (GC: n=20), of both sexes and from different sport modalities, aged between 18 and 27 years old, history of ankle sprain in the last 12 months and functional limitation established by the Cumberland Ankle Instability (CAIT) questionnaire, the recruitment of the anterior tibial and long fibular muscles was analyzed by surface electromyography during the lunge exercise. The results for GI and GC were, respectively: age 21.3±2.88 and 22.4±3.25, height 1.77±0.10 and 1.74±0.08, CAIT 17[12.2-19] and 29.5 [27-30] (p<0.001). The anterior tibial and long fibular muscle recruitment in GI was 111.1[62.5-165.4] and 68.2±29, respectively and in GC 106.8[79.8-230.5] and 54.4±26.4, without significant difference. ICT did not interfere in the recruitment of the anterior tibial and long fibular muscles during the lunge exercise in athletes. Keywords: Ankle. Sprains and Strains. Health Evaluation. ResumoA instabilidade crônica do tornozelo (ICT) é comum em esportes de saltos, pode alterar o recrutamento muscular, resultar em limitações funcionais e recidivas de entorses nesta articulação. O objeto do estudo foi comparar o recrutamento muscular dos músculos tibial anterior e fibular longo de atletas com e sem instabilidade crônica de tornozelo por meio da eletromiografia de superfície. Foram recrutados 34 atletas, divididos em grupo instabilidade (GI: n=14) e grupo controle (GC: n=20), de ambos os sexos e de diferentes modalidades esportivas, com idade entre 18 e 27 anos, história de entorse de tornozelo nos últimos 12 meses e limitação funcional estabelecida pelo questionário Cumberland Ankle Instability (CAIT), o recrutamento dos músculos tibial anterior e fibular longo foi analisado pela eletromiografia de superfície durante o exercício de agachamento afundo. Os resultados para GI e GC foram, respectivamente: idade 21,3±2,88 e 22,4±3,25, altura 1,77±0,10 e 1,74±0,08, CAIT 17[12,2–19] e 29,5 [27-30] (p<0,001). O recrutamento muscular do tibial anterior e fibular longo no GI foi 111,1[62,5-165,4] e 68,2±29, respectivamente e no GC 106,8[79,8-230,5] e 54,4±26,4, sem diferença significativa. A ICT não interferiu no recrutamento dos músculos tibial anterior e fibular longo durante a realização do exercício de agachamento afundo em atletas. Palavras-chave: Tornozelo. Entorses e Distensões. Avaliação em Saúde

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Eversion Strength and Surface Electromyography Measures With and Without Chronic Ankle Instability Measured in 2 Positions

Foot & Ankle International ◽

10.1177/1071100717701231 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (7) ◽

pp. 769-778 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Lindsy Donnelly ◽

Luke Donovan ◽

Joseph M. Hart ◽

Jay Hertel

Keyword(s):

Surface Electromyography ◽

Sagittal Plane ◽

Ankle Instability ◽

Chronic Ankle Instability ◽

Control Group ◽

Neutral Position ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Healthy Group ◽

Peroneus Longus ◽

And Control

Background: Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) have demonstrated strength deficits compared to healthy controls; however, the influence of ankle position on force measures and surface electromyography (sEMG) activation of the peroneus longus and brevis has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare sEMG amplitudes of the peroneus longus and brevis and eversion force measures in 2 testing positions, neutral and plantarflexion, in groups with and without CAI. Methods: Twenty-eight adults (19 females, 9 males) with CAI and 28 healthy controls (19 females, 9 males) participated. Hand-held dynamometer force measures were assessed during isometric eversion contractions in 2 testing positions (neutral, plantarflexion) while surface sEMG amplitudes of the peroneal muscles were recorded. Force measures were normalized to body mass, and sEMG amplitudes were normalized to a resting period. Results: The group with CAI demonstrated less force when compared to the control group ( P < .001) in both the neutral and plantarflexion positions: neutral position, CAI: 1.64 Nm/kg and control: 2.10 Nm/kg) and plantarflexion position, CAI: 1.40 Nm/kg and control: 1.73 Nm/kg). There were no differences in sEMG amplitudes between the groups or muscles ( P > .05). Force measures correlated with both muscles’ sEMG amplitudes in the healthy group (neutral peroneus longus: r = 0.42, P = .03; plantarflexion peroneus longus: r = 0.56, P = .002; neutral peroneus brevis: r = 0.38, P = .05; plantarflexion peroneus longus: r = 0.40, P = .04), but not in the group with CAI ( P > .05). Conclusions: The group with CAI generated less force when compared to the control group during both testing positions. There was no selective activation of the peroneal muscles with testing in both positions, and force output and sEMG activity was only related in the healthy group. Clinical relevance: Clinicians should assess eversion strength and implement strength training exercises in different sagittal plane positions and evaluate for other pathologies that may contribute to reduced eversion strength in patients with CAI. Level of Evidence: Level III, cross-sectional

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Distribution of HLA antigens in families of patients with leukaemias

Medicinski pregled ◽

10.2298/mpns0802022v ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 61 (1-2) ◽

pp. 22-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Svetlana Vojvodic

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Hla Antigens ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Hla Association ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Recessive Genes ◽

Healthy Control ◽

Hla Compatibility ◽

Complex Influence

Introduction. Since the discovery of major histocompatihility complex influence on manse leukaemia in 1964, an HLA association with leukaemia in humans has been considered as a possible genetic risk factor that contributes to development of leukaemia. In addition to associations of several IILA antigens with leukaemias, it has been observed that patients with leukaemia have an increase in the frequency of HLA identical siblings, higher degree of HLA compatibility with their parents as well as higher parental HLA sharing rate in comparison to the families without patients suffering from leukaemia. Material and methods. To test hypothesis that susceptibility to leukaemia can be caused bv influence of a recessive genes associated with the major histocompatibilily complex in man, we analyzed the distribution of I class HLA antigens in 77 families of patients suffering from different types of leukaemia. In the affected families and in 72 families of healthy controls, we investigated HLA identical sibling frequency, parental sharing of one, two or three HLA antigens and degree of compatibility of parents and off springs: existence of haploidentity, compatibility in l' and 4/4 HLA antigens of A and B loci. Results We have found that in families with affected persons there is a statistically significant difference in number of HLA identical siblings in comparison to the group of healthy controls (t=2,63). Also the results have shown that among the parents of affected persons there is a statistically significant difference in mutual compatibility in one (t=3,012) and two ft= 2,4) HLA antigens. In addition, we observed an increase in the frequency of higher rate of compatibility between patients and their parents (t=3,88) in l' HLA antigens, to their mothers (t=2,83) and to their fathers (t=2,55), respectively, in comparison to the healthy control group. Conclusion The results of this study show that in families with persons suffering from leukaemia there are possible recessive factors associated with HLA system which could cause distorsion of HLA antigens segregation and as a possible genetical risk factor contribute to development of leukaemia. .

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Lower Extremity Muscle Activation in Patients With or Without Chronic Ankle Instability During Walking

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-50.2.06 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 350-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Mark A. Feger ◽

Luke Donovan ◽

Joseph M. Hart ◽

Jay Hertel

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Surface Electromyography ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Ankle Instability ◽

Chronic Ankle Instability ◽

Control Group ◽

Ankle Sprains ◽

Activation Time ◽

Peroneus Longus ◽

Healthy Control

Context Ankle sprains are among the most common musculoskeletal injuries, and many individuals with ankle sprains develop chronic ankle instability (CAI). Individuals with CAI exhibit proprioceptive and postural-control deficits, as well as altered osteokinematics, during gait. Neuromuscular activity is theorized to play a pivotal role in CAI, but deficits during walking are unclear. Objective To compare motor-recruitment patterns as demonstrated by surface electromyography amplitudes between participants with CAI and healthy control participants during walking. Design Descriptive laboratory study. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Fifteen adults with CAI (5 men, 10 women; age = 23 ± 4.2 years, height = 173 ± 10.8 cm, mass = 72.4 ± 14 kg) and 15 matched healthy control adults (5 men, 10 women; age = 22.9 ± 3.4 years, height = 173 ± 9.4 cm, mass = 70.8 ± 18 kg). Intervention(s) Participants walked shod on a treadmill while surface electromyography signals were recorded from the anterior tibialis, peroneus longus, lateral gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and gluteus medius muscles. Main Outcome Measure(s) Preinitial contact amplitude, postinitial contact amplitude, time of activation relative to initial contact, and percentage of activation time across the stride cycle were calculated for each muscle. Results Time of activation for all muscles tested occurred earlier in the CAI group than in the control group. The peroneus longus was activated for a longer duration across the entire stride cycle in the CAI group (36.0% ± 10.3%) than the control group (23.3% ± 22.2%; P = .05). No differences were noted between groups for measures of electromyographic amplitude at either preinitial or postinitial contact (P > .05). Conclusions We identified differences between the CAI and control groups in the timing of muscle activation relative to heel strike in multiple lower extremity muscles and in the percentage of activation time across the entire stride cycle in the peroneus longus muscle. Individuals with CAI demonstrated neuromuscular-activation strategies throughout the lower extremity that were different from those of healthy control participants. Targeted therapeutic interventions for CAI may need to be focused on restoring normal neuromuscular function during gait.

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Evaluation of Oral Stereognosis in Relation to Tactile Ability and Patient Satisfaction

Journal of Oral Implantology ◽

10.1563/aaid-joi-d-17-00130 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (6) ◽

pp. 468-475

Author(s):

Leblebicioglu Kurtulus Ikbal ◽

Kilic Kerem ◽

Eraslan Ravza ◽

Unlu Damla ◽

Çalışkan Ahmet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Patient Satisfaction ◽

Complete Denture ◽

Sensory Function ◽

The Other ◽

Control Group ◽

Complete Dentures ◽

Perception Threshold ◽

Pressure Threshold ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Oral Perception

We investigated the oral stereognostic ability (OSA) of dentate individuals, conventional complete denture patients, and maxillary implant-supported denture patients with bar attachments. Stereognosis tests were carried out, and the relationship between OSA and patient satisfaction was assessed with a satisfaction survey: the Turkish version of the oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-TR-14). To compare differences in oral sensory function among individuals with natural dentition, complete denture wearers, and maxillary implant-supported denture wearers, tactile awareness (thickness perception threshold) and pressure awareness (threshold of lateral loading) were assessed. According to the results, the oral perception level of natural dentate patients was higher than that of the complete denture group and maxillary implant-supported complete denture group at the end of the study. There was no statistically significant difference in OHIP-TR-14 scores between the maxillary implant-supported complete denture group and the complete denture group (P < .05). The control group perceived the applied lateral and vertical forces statistically earlier than the other groups (P < .001). There was no statistically significant difference between the complete denture and maxillary implant-supported denture groups in terms of the lateral pressure threshold or thickness tactile threshold (P > .05). At the end of the study it was concluded that there was no correlation between oral perception levels and satisfaction in patients with complete dentures and patients with maxillary implant-supported complete dentures. The control group, compared with the complete denture and maxillary implant-supported complete denture groups, perceived the lateral and vertical forces statistically earlier than the other groups.

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Dopamine adjusts the circadian gene expression of Per2 and Per3 in human dermal fibroblasts from ADHD patients

Journal of Neural Transmission ◽

10.1007/s00702-021-02374-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Frank Faltraco ◽

Denise Palm ◽

Adriana Uzoni ◽

Lena Borchert ◽

Frederick Simon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Dermal Fibroblast ◽

Sleep Onset ◽

Dermal Fibroblasts ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Circadian Gene ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Circadian Preference

AbstractA link between dopamine levels, circadian gene expression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has already been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of these relationships by measuring circadian gene expression in primary human-derived dermal fibroblast cultures (HDF) after dopamine exposure. We analyzed circadian preference, behavioral circadian and sleep parameters as well as the circadian gene expression in a cohort of healthy controls and participants with ADHD. Circadian preference was evaluated with German Morningness-Eveningness-Questionnaire (D-MEQ) and rhythms of sleep/wake behavior were assessed via actigraphy. After ex vivo exposure to different dopamine concentrations in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cultures, the rhythmicity of circadian gene expression (Clock, Bmal1, Per1-3, Cry1) was analyzed via qRT-PCR. We found no statistical significant effect in the actigraphy of both groups (healthy controls, ADHD group) for mid-sleep on weekend days, mid-sleep on weekdays, social jetlag, wake after sleep onset, and total number of wake bouts. D-MEQ scores indicated that healthy controls had no evening preference, whereas subjects with ADHD displayed both definitive and moderate evening preferences. Dopamine has no effect on Per3 expression in healthy controls, but produces a significant difference in the ADHD group at ZT24 and ZT28. In the ADHD group, incubation with dopamine, either 1 µM or 10 µM, resulted in an adjustment of Per3 expression to control levels. A similar effect also was found in the expression of Per2. Statistical significant differences in the expression of Per2 (ZT4) in the control group compared to the ADHD group were found, following incubation with dopamine. The present study illustrates that dopamine impacts on circadian function. The results lead to the suggestion that dopamine may improve the sleep quality as well as ADHD symptoms by adjustment of the circadian gene expression, especially for Per2 and Per3.

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Quantitative Analysis of Deltoid Ligament Degradation in Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability Using Computed Tomographic Images

Foot & Ankle International ◽

10.1177/1071100721997070 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107110072199707

Author(s):

Yasunari Ikuta ◽

Tomoyuki Nakasa ◽

Junichi Sumii ◽

Akinori Nekomoto ◽

Nobuo Adachi

Keyword(s):

Ankle Instability ◽

Ct Images ◽

Chronic Ankle Instability ◽

Control Group ◽

Deltoid Ligament ◽

Anterior Talofibular Ligament ◽

Mri Findings ◽

Calcaneofibular Ligament ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Strong Negative Correlation

Background: Rotational ankle instability (RAI) is associated with the faster onset of severe ankle osteoarthritis via dysfunction of the anterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament, and deltoid ligament. No specific clinical examination is available for RAI, and diagnostic imaging has limitations in evaluating ligament degradation. This study investigated the deltoid ligament degeneration using Hounsfield unit (HU) values on computed tomography (CT) images. Methods: Patients were enrolled in this retrospective analysis if they had undergone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scans of the ankle. The chronic ankle instability (CAI) group comprised 20 ankles with CAI (9 men, 11 women; mean age, 28.7 years) and the control group comprised 28 ankles (16 men, 12 women, mean age, 41.3 years). The average HU values of the deep posterior tibiotalar ligament (dPTL) that constitutes the deltoid ligament were measured on coronal CT images, and MRI results were used as a reference. All patients were subdivided based on the MRI findings of dPTL injury such as fascicular disruption, irregularity, and the loss of striation. Results: A strong negative correlation was identified between age and HU values for all patients (Spearman ρ = −0.63; P < .001). The mean HU values of the dPTL for participants aged <60 years were 81.0 HU for the control group (21 ankles) and 69.5 HU for the CAI group ( P = .0075). No significant differences in the HU values were observed for the dPTL among the MRI subgroups. Conclusion: In addition to the conventional imaging examination such as stress radiographs and MRI, HU measurements of CT images could be useful for quantitatively and noninvasively evaluating degenerative changes in the deltoid ligament for CAI patients to assist the diagnosis of RAI. Level of Evidence: Level III. case-control study.

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Talar and Subtalar T1ρ Relaxation Times in Limbs with and without Chronic Ankle Instability

Cartilage ◽

10.1177/1947603521994626 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 194760352199462

Author(s):

Kyeongtak Song ◽

Brian Pietrosimone ◽

Joshua N. Tennant ◽

Daniel B. Nissman ◽

Katherine M. Dederer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ankle Instability ◽

Relaxation Times ◽

Chronic Ankle Instability ◽

Talar Dome ◽

Contralateral Limb ◽

Secondary Purpose ◽

Healthy Control ◽

Control Limb ◽

Proteoglycan Content ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Objective The primary aim was to determine differences in talocrural and subtalar joint (STJ) articular cartilage composition, using T1ρ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relaxation times, between limbs in individuals with unilateral chronic ankle instability (CAI) and compare with an uninjured control. Our secondary purpose was to determine the association between talocrural and STJ composition in limbs with and without CAI. Design T1ρ MRI relaxation times were collected on 15 CAI (11 females, 21.13 ± 1.81 years, body mass index [BMI] = 23.96 ± 2.74 kg/m2) and 15 uninjured control individuals (11 females, 21.07 ± 2.55 years, BMI = 24.59 ± 3.44 kg/m2). Talocrural cartilage was segmented manually to identify the overall talar dome. The SJT cartilage was segmented manually to identify the anterior, medial, and posterior regions of interest consistent with STJ anatomical articulations. For each segmented area, a T1ρ relaxation time mean and variability value was calculated. Greater T1ρ relaxation times were interpreted as decreased proteoglycan content. Results Individuals with CAI demonstrated a higher involved limb talocrural T1ρ mean and variability relative to their contralateral limb ( P < 0.05) and the healthy control limb ( P < 0.05). The CAI-involved limb also had a higher posterior STJ T1ρ mean relative to the healthy control limb ( P < 0.05). In healthy controls ( P < 0.05), but not the CAI-involved or contralateral limbs (p>0.05), talocrural and posterior STJ composition measures were positively associated. Conclusions Individuals with CAI have lower proteoglycan content in both the talocrural and posterior STJ in their involved limbs relative to the contralateral and a healthy control limb. Cartilage composition findings may be consistent with the early development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis.

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