scholarly journals An amplitude-based characteristic parameter extraction algorithm for cerebral edema detection based on electromagnetic induction

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingbo Chen ◽  
Gen Li ◽  
Huayou Liang ◽  
Shuanglin Zhao ◽  
Jian Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Frequency Characteristic ◽  
Electromagnetic Induction ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Characteristic Parameter ◽  
Parameter Extraction ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Characteristic Analysis ◽  
Amplitude Data

Abstract Background Cerebral edema is a common condition secondary to any type of neurological injury. The early diagnosis and monitoring of cerebral edema is of great importance to improve the prognosis. In this article, a flexible conformal electromagnetic two-coil sensor was employed as the electromagnetic induction sensor, associated with a vector network analyzer (VNA) for signal generation and receiving. Measurement of amplitude data over the frequency range of 1–100 MHz is conducted to evaluate the changes in cerebral edema. We proposed an Amplitude-based Characteristic Parameter Extraction (Ab-CPE) algorithm for multi-frequency characteristic analysis over the frequency range of 1–100 MHz and investigated its performance in electromagnetic induction-based cerebral edema detection and distinction of its acute/chronic phase. Fourteen rabbits were enrolled to establish cerebral edema model and the 24 h real-time monitoring experiments were carried out for algorithm verification. Results The proposed Ab-CPE algorithm was able to detect cerebral edema with a sensitivity of 94.1% and specificity of 95.4%. Also, in the early stage, it can detect cerebral edema with a sensitivity of 85.0% and specificity of 87.5%. Moreover, the Ab-CPE algorithm was able to distinguish between acute and chronic phase of cerebral edema with a sensitivity of 85.0% and specificity of 91.0%. Conclusion The proposed Ab-CPE algorithm is suitable for multi-frequency characteristic analysis. Combined with this algorithm, the electromagnetic induction method has an excellent performance on the detection and monitoring of cerebral edema.

scholarly journals Activation of P2X7 Promotes Cerebral Edema and Neurological Injury after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. e41229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Kimbler ◽  
Jessica Shields ◽  
Nathan Yanasak ◽  
John R. Vender ◽  
Krishnan M. Dhandapani
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Neurological Injury

scholarly journals Preoperative mucosal tolerance to brain antigens and a neuroprotective immune response following surgical brain injury

2012 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Ayer ◽  
Nazanin Jafarian ◽  
Wanqiu Chen ◽  
Richard L. Applegate ◽  
Austin R. T. Colohan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Myelin Basic Protein ◽  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Basic Protein ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
Mucosal Tolerance ◽  
Surgical Brain Injury

Object Intracranial surgery causes cortical injury from incisions, hemorrhage, retraction, and electrocautery. The term “surgical brain injury” (SBI) has been developed to categorize this injury inherent to the procedure. Neuroinflammation plays a significant role in SBI. Traditional antiinflammatory therapies are often limited by their immunosuppressive side effects and poor CNS penetration. This study uses mucosal tolerance to develop an immune system that is tolerant to brain myelin basic protein (MBP) so that inflammation can be suppressed in a timely and site-specific manner following surgical disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Methods A standard SBI model using CD57 mice was used. Nasopharyngeal mucosa was exposed to vehicle, ovalbumin, or MBP to develop mucosal tolerance to these antigens. Immunological tolerance to MBP was confirmed in vivo through hypersensitivity testing. Neurological scores, cerebral edema, and interleukin (IL)–1β and transforming growth factor (TGF)–β1 cytokine levels were measured 48 hours postoperatively. Results Hypersensitivity testing confirmed the development of immune tolerance to MBP. Myelin basic protein–tolerant mice demonstrated reduced neurological injury, less cerebral edema, decreased levels of IL-1β, and increased levels of TGFβ1 following SBI. Conclusions Developing preoperative immunological tolerance to brain antigens through mucosal tolerance provides neuroprotection, reduces brain edema, and modulates neuroinflammation following SBI.

Hardware Trojan Detection Technique Using Frequency Characteristic Analysis of Path Delay in Application Specific Integrated Circuits

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Ha Thai Tran ◽  
Phuc Van Hoang ◽  
Tuan Ngoc Do ◽  
Duong Hai Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Frequency Characteristic ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Hardware Security ◽  
Hardware Trojan ◽  
Path Delay ◽  
Characteristic Analysis ◽  
Hardware Trojan Detection ◽  
Ic Manufacturing ◽  
Application Specific

 Abstract—  Since the last decade, hardware Trojan (HT) have become a serious problem for hardware security because of outsourcing trends in Integrated Circuit (IC) manufacturing. As the fabrication of IC is becoming very complex and costly, more and more chipmakers outsource their designs or parts of the fabrication process. This trend opens a loophole in hardware security, as an untrusted company could perform malicious modifications to the golden circuit at design or fabrication stages. Therefore, assessing risks and proposing solutions to detect HT are very important tasks. This paper presents a technique for detecting HT using frequency characteristic analysis of path delay. The results show that measuring with the frequency step of 0.016 MHz can detect a HT having the size of 0.2% of the original design.Tóm tắt— Từ thập niên 2010, Trojan phần cứng (HT) đã trở thành một vấn đề nghiêm trọng đối với bảo mật phần cứng, do xu hướng thuê sản xuất mạch tích hợp (Integrated Circuit - IC). Khi quá trình chế tạo IC trở nên phức tạp và tốn kém, ngày càng nhiều nhà sản xuất chip lựa chọn phương án thuê lại một phần hoặc toàn bộ thiết kế IC. Xu hướng này tạo ra lỗ hổng trong bảo mật phần cứng, vì một công ty không đáng tin cậy có thể thực hiện các sửa đổi độc hại vào trong mạch nguyên bản ở giai đoạn thiết kế hoặc chế tạo. Do đó, đánh giá rủi ro và đề xuất giải pháp phát hiện HT là một trong những nhiệm vụ hết sức quan trọng. Bài báo này trình bày một giải pháp phát hiện HT sử dụng phân tích đặc tính tần số của độ trễ đường truyền tín hiệu. Kết quả cho thấy, thực hiện khảo sát với bước tần số 0,016 MHz có thể phát hiện được HT có kích thước 0,2% so với thiết kế ban đầu. 

scholarly journals High-Frequency Electromagnetic Induction (HFEMI) Sensor Results from IED Constituent Parts

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 2355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Barrowes ◽  
Mikheil Prishvin ◽  
Guy Jutras ◽  
Fridon Shubitidze
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Electromagnetic Induction ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Discrimination Capability ◽  
Metal Detectors ◽  
Metallic Parts ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Improvised Explosive

The detection and classification of subsurface improvised explosive devices (IEDs) remains one of the most pressing military and civilian problems worldwide. These IEDs are often intentionally made with either very small metallic parts or less-conducting parts in order to evade low-frequency electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors, or metal detectors, which operate at frequencies of 50 kHz or less. Recently, high-frequency electromagnetic induction (HFEMI), which extends the established EMI frequency range above 50 kHz to 20 MHz and bridges the gap between EMI and ground-penetrating radar frequencies, has shown promising results related to detecting and identifying IEDs. In this higher frequency range, less-conductive targets display signature inphase and quadrature responses similar to higher conducting targets in the LFEMI range. IED constituent parts, such as carbon rods, small pressure plates, conductivity voids, low metal content mines, and short wires respond to HFEMI but not to traditional low-frequency EMI (LFEMI). Results from recent testing over mock-ups of less-conductive IEDs or their components show distinctive HFEMI responses, suggesting that this new sensing realm could augment the detection and discrimination capability of established EMI technology. In this paper, we present results of using the HFEMI sensor over IED-like targets at the Fort AP Hill test site. We show that results agree with numerical modeling thus providing motives to incorporate sensing at these frequencies into traditional EMI and/or GPR-based sensors.

Location of Partial Discharge Source Model Based on Transformer Single-Winding

2014 ◽  
Vol 628 ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
Xiao Hui Song ◽  
Xia Feng ◽  
Zhi Zhong Guo ◽  
Jun Feng Di
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Characteristic ◽  
Partial Discharge ◽  
Source Model ◽  
New Method ◽  
Characteristic Analysis ◽  
Software Simulation ◽  
Discharge Source ◽  
Transformer Winding ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
Calculation Analysis

This paper presents a new method to locate partial discharge source of transformer single-winding with the transformer single-winding model and Matlab software simulation. This transformer single-winding model is composed of 300m long wire, which is equivalent to the parameter model composed of only capacitors and inductors through the frequency characteristic analysis of transformer winding. In the process of simulation, the bushing and neutral point current of transformer winding are measured when partial discharge occurs in different position. Then we can get position factor related to the current mean and variance measured through calculation, analysis and deduction. Accordingly the position of partial discharge can be found by corresponding relation. This simulation indicates that this method is effective and practical.

scholarly journals A noninvasive flexible conformal sensor for accurate real-time monitoring of local cerebral edema based on electromagnetic induction

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10079
Author(s):  
Jingbo Chen ◽  
Gen Li ◽  
Mingsheng Chen ◽  
Gui Jin ◽  
Shuanglin Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
Induction Phase ◽  
Real Time Monitoring ◽  
Physical Experiments ◽  
Single Coil ◽  
Coil Structure

Cerebral edema (CE) is a non-specific pathological swelling of the brain secondary to any type of neurological injury. The real-time monitoring of focal CE mostly found in early stage is of great significance to reduce mortality and disability. Magnetic Induction Phase Shift (MIPS) is expected to achieve non-invasive continuous monitoring of CE. However, most existing MIPS sensors are made of hard materials which makes it difficult to accurately retrieve CE information. In this article, we designed a conformal two-coil structure and a single-coil structure, and studied their sensitivity map using finite element method (FEM). After that, the conformal MIPS sensor that is preferable for local CE monitoring was fabricated by flexible printed circuit (FPC). Next, physical experiments were conducted to investigate its performance on different levels of simulated CE solution volume, measurement distance, and bending. Subsequently, 14 rabbits were chosen to establish CE model and another three rabbits were selected as controls. The 24-hour MIPS real-time monitoring experiments was carried out to verify that the feasibility. Results showed a gentler attenuation trend of the conformal two-coil structure, compared with the single-coil structure. In addition, the novel flexible conformal MIPS sensor has a characteristic of being robust to bending according to the physical experiments. The results of animal experiments showed that the sensor can be used for CE monitoring. It can be concluded that this flexible conformal MIPS sensor is desirable for local focusing measurement of CE and subsequent multidimensional information extraction for predicting model. Also, it enables a much more comfortable environment for long-time bedside monitoring.

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