Policy disparities in fighting COVID-19 among Japan, Italy, Singapore and China

Abstract Objective In order to provide experiences for international epidemic control, this study systematically summarized the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention and control policies in Japan, Italy, China and Singapore, and also analyzed the possible inequalities that exist in these response approaches to improve global infectious disease control. Methods We summarized the epidemic prevention and control policies in Japan, Italy, China, and Singapore, and analyzed the policy effects of these four countries by using the data published by Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. Results As of May 27, 2020, the growing trend of new cases in Japan, Italy, China and Singapore has stabilized. However, the cumulative number of confirmed cases (231139) and case-fatality rate (14.3%) in Italy far exceeded those in the other three countries, and the effect of epidemic control was inferior. Singapore began to experience a domestic resurgence after April 5, with a cumulative number of confirmed cases reaching 32,876, but the case-fatality rate remained extremely low (0.1%). The growth of cumulative confirmed cases in China (84547) was almost stagnant, and the case-fatality rate was low (5.5%). The growth of cumulative confirmed cases in Japan (16661) increased slowly, and the case-fatality rate (4.8%) was slightly lower than that in China. Conclusion This study divided the epidemic prevention and control policies of the four countries into two categories: the blocking measures adopted by China and Singapore, and the mitigation measures adopted by Japan and Italy. According to the Epidemic control results of these four countries, we can conclude that the blocking measures were generally effective. As the core strategy of blocking measures, admitting mild patients into hospital and cases tracing helped curb the spread of the outbreak in Singapore and China. Countries should choose appropriate response strategies on the premise of considering their own situation, increase investment in health resources to ensure global health equity, and eventually control the spread of infectious diseases in the world effectively.

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Policy Disparities in Fighting COVID-19 Among Japan, Italy, Singapore and China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-77509/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaohan Wang ◽

Leiyu Shi ◽

Yuyao Zhang ◽

Haiqian Chen ◽

Gang Sun

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Mitigation Measures ◽

Cumulative Number ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Epidemic Control ◽

Growth Trend ◽

Control Policies ◽

And Control

Abstract Objective This study systematically summarizes the COVID-19 prevention and control policies of Japan, Italy, China and Singapore in order to provide policy basis for other countries currently coping with the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods This study summarizes the epidemic prevention and control policies in Japan, Italy, China, and Singapore, and analyzes the effects of policies in the four countries using official statistics.Results As of May 27, 2020, the growth trend of new cases in Japan, Italy, China and Singapore has all stabilized. However, the cumulative number of confirmed cases (231139) and case-fatality rate (14.3%) in Italy far exceeded those in the other three countries, and the effect of epidemic control was inferior. Singapore began to experience a domestic resurgence after April 5, with a cumulative number of confirmed cases reaching 32876, but the case-fatality rate remained extremely low (0.1%). The growth of cumulative confirmed cases in China (84547) is almost stagnant, and the case-fatality rate is low (5.5%). The growth of cumulative confirmed cases in Japan (16661) increased slowly, and the case-fatality rate (4.8%) was slightly lower than that in China.Conclusion This study divides the epidemic prevention and control policies of the four countries into two categories: the blocking measures taken by China and Singapore, and the mitigation measures taken by Japan and Italy. According to the results of epidemic control in the four countries, we can conclude that the blocking measures are more effective. Pay attention to the admission of mild patients and cases tracking as the core strategy of blocking measures, which can be considered in countries all over the world.

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Legionnaires' disease in Europe 2003-2004

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/esm.10.12.00588-en ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 11-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

K D Ricketts ◽

C Joseph

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Legionnaires Disease ◽

Hospital Acquired ◽

And Control ◽

Surveillance Scheme ◽

Epidemiological Information

Once a year, countries that collaborate in the European Surveillance Scheme for Travel Associated Legionnaires’ Disease (EWGLINET) are requested to submit a dataset that provides epidemiological and microbiological information on cases of legionnaires’ disease (nosocomial (hospital-acquired), community and travel related) detected in their country for that year. This paper presents the data collected for 2003 and 2004. For this period, 9166 cases were reported to the dataset by 35 countries, of which 941 cases were associated with outbreaks. Fourteen countries reported a total of 218 detected outbreaks. National infection rates varied between countries from 28.7 to less than one case per million population. This information is valuable in that it allows countries to assess the effectiveness of their national surveillance schemes in detecting cases. Over the two year period, 748 cases were reported to have died, giving a case fatality rate of 8.2%. The lack of detailed epidemiological information on deaths from legionnaires’ disease is highlighted. The establishment of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control is seen as an opportunity to develop European collaborations more fully, and to increase further the protection of Europeans from outbreaks of legionnaires’ disease.

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COVID-19-associated hospitalization rates and severe outcomes among Veterans from 5 Veteran Affairs Medical Centers, February 27-July 17, 2020 (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.24502 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Cristina Cardemil ◽

Rebecca Dahl ◽

Mila Prill ◽

Sheldon Brown ◽

Adrienne Perea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Targeted Prevention ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Veteran Affairs ◽

Medical Centers ◽

Hospitalization Rates ◽

And Control

UNSTRUCTURED COVID-19-associated hospitalization rates were highest among Veterans who were aged >85 years, Hispanic or Latino, and non-Hispanic Black (430, 343 and 332/100,000, respectively). Veterans who were aged ≥65 versus <65 years had 4.4 times higher case fatality rate, highlighting the need for targeted prevention and control efforts in this at-risk population.

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COVID-19 Pandemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A Social Inequality Report

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57060596 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (6) ◽

pp. 596

Author(s):

Yago Bernardo ◽

Denes do Rosario ◽

Carlos Conte-Junior

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Social Inequality ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Mitigation Measures ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Retrospective Report ◽

The Social ◽

The City

Background and Objectives: To perform a retrospective report on the lethality of COVID-19 in different realities in the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Materials and Methods: We accomplished an observational study by collecting the data about total confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in the top 10 high social developed neighborhoods and top 10 most populous favelas in RJ to determine the case-fatality rate (CFR) and compare these two different realities. Results: CFR was significatively higher in poverty areas of RJ, reaching a mean of 9.08% in the most populous favelas and a mean of 4.87% in the socially developed neighborhoods. Conclusions: The social mitigation measures adopted in RJ have benefited only smaller portions of the population, excluding needy communities.

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COVID-19 in Sudan

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.14520 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (02) ◽

pp. 204-208

Author(s):

Ayman Ahmed ◽

Nouh Saad Mohamed ◽

Sarah Misbah EL-Sadig ◽

Lamis Ahmed Fahal ◽

Ziad Bakri Abelrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Systems ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Control Measures ◽

Religious Practices ◽

Mass Gathering ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

High Case Fatality Rate ◽

The Government ◽

And Control

The steadily growing COVID-19 pandemic is challenging health systems worldwide including Sudan. In Sudan, the first COVID-19 case was reported on 13th March 2020, and up to 11 November 2020 there were 14,401 confirmed cases of which 9,535 cases recovered and the rest 3,750 cases were under treatment. Additionally, 1,116 deaths were reported, indicating a relatively high case fatality rate of 7.7%. Several preventive and control measures were implemented by the government of Sudan and health partners, including the partial lockdown of the country, promoting social distancing, and suspending mass gathering such as festivals and performing religious practices in groups. However, new cases still emerging every day and this could be attributed to the noncompliance of the individuals to the advocated preventive measurements.

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The Uncertainties Underlying Herd Immunity against COVID-19

10.20944/preprints202007.0159.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Farid Rahimi ◽

Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Therapy ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Herd Immunity ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Healthcare Systems ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Economic Implications ◽

Rate Transmission ◽

The Social ◽

And Control

Herd immunity happens when a relatively large proportion of a population becomes infected by an agent, subsequently recovers, and attains immunity against the same agent. That proportion thus indirectly protects the naïve population by preventing the spread of the infection. Herd immunity has been suggested to interrupt and control the COVID-19 pandemic. However, relying on establishing herd immunity can be catastrophic considering the virulence and lethality of SARS-CoV-2. Meanwhile our understanding of the pathogenesis, case-fatality rate, transmission routes, and antiviral therapy for COVID-19 remains limited now. Interrupting or slowing the COVID-19 transmission seems more opportune than vaccination, antiviral therapy, or herd immunity, all of which will take some time to yield. Thus, social distancing, face-masking, and hygiene are the most appropriate immediate countermeasures. Because the social fabrics, economic implications, and local demands of various nations are unique, early relaxation of restrictions may seem hasty particularly when fatality rates are high, or when the healthcare systems could be inadequate or become inundated. Conclusively, avoiding any overwhelmingly risky approach in fighting the pandemic is prudent.

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An Assessment of the Philippine Hospital Resources as Predictors of the Case Fatality Rate of COVID – 19

Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies ◽

10.32996/jefas.2022.4.18 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 118-130

Author(s):

Paul Benjamin Barrion ◽

Ray Patrick Basco ◽

Kevin jamir Pigao

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Health Resources ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

The Philippines ◽

Medical Attention ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Mechanical Ventilators ◽

Department Of Health ◽

Hospital Resources

In the heightened effects of the pandemic, health resources have been in constant limbo as supplies and availability of hospital resources take a toll as COVID-19 cases surge, resulting in shortages. Thus, health systems are overwhelmed, resulting in a higher fatality rate since the capacity to provide medical attention is diminished. In this paper, hospital resources refer to mechanical ventilators, ICU, isolation, and ward beds which are the critical factors of the case fatality rate (CFR) of COVID-19 in the Philippines. Data were retrieved from the Department of Health (DOH) Case Bulletins from October 26, 2020, to June 30, 2021, with 248 total observations. This research used the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Multiple Regression to determine if hospital resources are the predictors of the case fatality rate of COVID-19. Furthermore, the results show a significant relationship between the hospital resources and the case fatality rate of COVID-19 in the Philippines. This study can become a framework for further research concerned about hospital resources as the predictors of case fatality rates of different diseases in a pandemic.

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Policy disparities in response to COVID-19 between Singapore and China

International Journal for Equity in Health ◽

10.1186/s12939-021-01525-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiaohan Wang ◽

Leiyu Shi ◽

Yuyao Zhang ◽

Haiqian Chen ◽

Gang Sun

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Urban Communities ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Central Government ◽

Control Measures ◽

Cumulative Number ◽

Control Policies ◽

Response Strategies ◽

Set Up ◽

And Control

Abstract Objective The study analyzed the common points and discrepancies of COVID-19 control measures of the two countries in order to provide appropriate coping experiences for countries all over the world. Method This study examined the associations between the epidemic prevention and control policies adopted in the first 70 days after the outbreak and the number of confirmed cases in China and Singapore using the generalized linear model. Policy comparisons and disparities between the two countries were also discussed. Results The regression models show that factors influencing the cumulative number of confirmed cases in China: Locking down epicenter; activating Level One public health emergency response in all localities; the central government set up a leading group; classified management of “four categories of personnel”; launching makeshift hospitals; digital management for a matrix of urban communities; counterpart assistance. The following four factors were the key influencing factors of the cumulative confirmed cases in Singapore: The National Centre for Infectious Diseases screening center opens; border control measures; surveillance measures; Public Health Preparedness Clinics launched. Conclusions Through analyzing the key epidemic prevention and control policies of the two countries, we found that the following factors are critical to combat COVID-19: active case detection, early detection of patients, timely isolation, and treatment, and increasing of medical capabilities. Countries should choose appropriate response strategies with health equity in mind to ultimately control effectively the spread of COVID-19 worldwide.

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Environmental and climatic impact on the infection and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 in Peru

Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Victor J. Samillan ◽

Diana Flores-León ◽

Eduardo Rojas ◽

Brian R. Zutta

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Population Density ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Environmental Data ◽

Cumulative Number ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Bivariate Correlation

Abstract Objectives The role of the environment and climate in the transmission and case fatality rates of SARS-CoV-2 is still being investigated a year into the pandemic. Elevation and air quality are believed to be significant factors in the development of the pandemic, but the influence of additional environmental factors remains unclear. Methods We explored the relationship between the cumulative number of infections and mortality cases with climate (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, water vapor pressure, wind), environmental data (elevation, normalized difference vegetation index or NDVI, particulate matter at 2.5 μm or PM2.5 and NO2 concentration), and population density in Peru. We use confirmed cases of infection from 1,287 districts and mortality in 479 districts, we used Spearman’s correlations to assess the bivariate correlation between environmental and climatic factors with cumulative infection cases, cumulative mortality and case-fatality rate. We explored district cases within the ecozones of coast, sierra, high montane forest and lowland rainforest. Results Multiple linear regression models indicate elevation, mean solar radiation, air quality, population density and green vegetation cover, as a socioeconomic proxy, are influential factors in the distribution of infection and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 in Peru. Case-fatality rate was weakly associated with elevation. Conclusions Our results also strongly suggest that exposure to poor air quality is a significant factor in the mortality of individuals below the age of 30. We conclude that environmental and climatic factors do play a significant role in the transmission and case fatality rates in Peru, however further study is required to see if these relationships are maintained over time.

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Egypt's COVID-19 Recent Happenings and Perspectives: A Mini-Review

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.696082 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

AbdulRahman A. Saied ◽

Asmaa A. Metwally ◽

Norah Abdullah Bazekh Madkhali ◽

Shafiul Haque ◽

Kuldeep Dhama

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Health Concerns ◽

The World ◽

The Usa ◽

Egyptian Government ◽

Low Prevalence ◽

And Control

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected countries across the world. While the zoonotic aspects of SARS-CoV-2 are still under investigation, bats and pangolins are currently cited as the animal origin of the virus. Several types of vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and are being used in vaccination drives across the world. A number of countries are experiencing second and third waves of the pandemic, which have claimed nearly four million lives out of the 180 million people infected globally as of June 2021. The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutants are posing high public health concerns owing to their rapid transmissibility, higher severity, and in some cases, ability to infect vaccinated people (vaccine breakthrough). Here in this mini-review, we specifically looked at the efforts and actions of the Egyptian government to slow down and control the spread of COVID-19. We also review the COVID-19 statistics in Egypt and the possible reasons behind the low prevalence and high case fatality rate (CFR%), comparing Egypt COVID-19 statistics with China (the epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic) and the USA, Brazil, India, Italy, and France (the first countries in which the numbers of patients infected with COVID-19). Additionally, we have summarized the SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccines used in Egypt, and the use of medicinal plants as preventive and curative options.

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