scholarly journals Community-based health financing: empirical evaluation of the socio-demographic factors determining its uptake in Awka, Anambra state, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix O. Iyalomhe ◽  
Paul O. Adekola ◽  
Giuseppe T. Cirella
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Anambra State

Abstract Background There is an increasing global concern of financing poor people who live in low- and middle-income countries. The burden of non-communicable diseases of these people is, by in large, connected to a lack of access to effective and affordable medical care, weak financing, and delivery of health services. Policymakers have assumed, until recently, that poor people in developing countries would not pay health insurance premiums for the cost of future hospitalization. The emergence of community-based health financing (CBHF) has brought forth a renewed and empowered alternative. CBHF schemes are designed to be sustainable, varying in size, and well organized. Developing countries, such as Nigeria, have been testing and finetuning such schemes in the hope that they may 1 day reciprocate high-income countries. Methods A sample size of 372 respondents was used to assess the slums of Awka, the capital city of Anambra State, Nigeria, and empirically evaluate the socio-demographic characteristics of those who uptake CBHF using the provider Jamii Bora Trust (JBT). Cross-sectional research used a quantitative research approach with the instrumentality of structured questionnaires. Descriptive analysis was adopted to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of those who have CBHF uptake in Awka and evaluate the presence and benefits of CBHF in the city’s slums. Results The results show that more youth and middle-aged persons from 18 to 50 years are more insured (i.e., 73.8% combined) than those who are over 50 years of age. Gender distribution confirm more females (i.e., 61.9%) to be health-insured than their male counterpart (i.e., 38.1%). This perhaps reflected the reproductive roles by women and the fact that women have better health-seeking behavioral attitude. Moreover, the results correlate with previous studies that confirm women are more involved in local sustainable associations in low-income settings, of this nature, in sub-Saharan Africa. Corroborating this further, married people are more insured (i.e., 73.8%) than those who are not married (i.e., 26.2%) and insured members report higher use of hospitalization care than the non-insured. Conclusion CBHF uptake favored members in the lower income quintiles who are more likely to use healthcare services covered by the JBT scheme. This confirmed that prepayment schemes and the pooling of risk could reduce financial barriers to healthcare among the urban poor. Recommendations are suggested to improve enrollment levels in the CBHF programs.

scholarly journals Feast and famine: Socioeconomic disparities in global nutrition and health

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Darnton-Hill ◽  
ET Coyne
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparities ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Global Nutrition

AbstractObjective:To review current information on under- and over-malnutrition and the consequences of socioeconomic disparities on global nutrition and health.Design:Malnutrition, both under and over, can no longer be addressed without considering global food insecurity, socioeconomic disparity, both globally and nationally, and global cultural, social and epidemiological transitions.Setting:The economic gap between the more and less affluent nations is growing. At the same time income disparity is growing within most countries, both developed and developing. Concurrently, epidemiological, demographic and nutrition transitions are taking place in many countries.Results:Fully one-third of young children in the world's low-income countries are stunted because of malnutrition. One-half of all deaths among young children are, in part, a consequence of malnutrition. Forty per cent of women in the developing world suffer from iron deficiency anaemia, a major cause of maternal mortality and low birth weight infants. Despite such worrying trends, there have been significant increases in life expectancy in nearly all countries of the world, and continuing improvements in infant mortality rates. The proportion of children malnourished has generally decreased, although actual numbers have not in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. Inequalities are increasing between the richest developed countries and the poorest developing countries. Social inequality is an important factor in differential mortality in both developed and developing countries. Many countries have significant pockets of malnutrition and increased mortality of children, while obesity and non-communicable disease (NCDs) prevalences are increasing. Not infrequently it is the poor and relatively disadvantaged sectors of the population who are suffering both. In the industrialized countries. cardiovascular disease incidence has declined, but less so in the poorer socioeconomic strata.conclusions:The apparent contradicitions found represent a particular point in time (population responses generally lag behind social and environmental transitions). They do also show encouraging evidence that interventions can have a positive impact, sometimes despite disadvantageous circumstances. However, it seems increasingly unlikely that food production will continue to keep up with population growth. It is also unlikely present goals for reducing protein-energy malnutrition prevalence will be reached. The coexistence of diseases of undernutrition and NCDs will have an impact on allocation of resources. Action needs to be continued and maintained at the international, national and individual level.

FINANCIAL INCLUSION THROUGH MICRO FINANCE

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
P. Nagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Finance has become an essential part of an economy for development of the society as well as economy of nation. World leaders are embracing nancial inclusion at an accelerating pace, because they know that an inclusive nancial system that responsibly reaches all citizens is an important ingredient for social and economic progress for emerging markets and developing countries. Despite the political tailwind, half of the working-age adults globally – 2.5 billion people – remain excluded from formal nancial services. Instead, they have to rely on the age-old informal mechanisms of the moneylender or pawnbroker for credit or the rotating savings club and vulnerable livestock for savings. The pandemic has had a momentous impact on economies and societies around the world. At the same time, it has shown that, with the right approach, it is possible to protect and safeguard the economy. . Through Financial inclusion we can achieve equitable and inclusive growth of the nation. Financial inclusion stands for delivery of appropriate nancial services at an affordable cost, on timely basis to vulnerable groups such as low income groups and weaker section who lack access to even the most basic banking services. It helps in economic development as it widens the resource base of the nancial system by developing a culture of savings among large segment of rural population. Further, nancial inclusion protects their nancial wealth and other resources in exigent circumstances by bringing low income groups within the perimeter of formal banking sector. Financial inclusion engages in including poor people in the formal banking industry with the intention of securing their minimal nances for future purposes. Micronance has become a medium of extending nancial services to unbanked sections of population. Micronance is banking the unbankables, bringing credit, savings and other essential nancial services within the reach of millions of people who are too poor to be served by regular banks, in most cases because they are unable to offer sufcient collateral. In a country like India with almost 30% (more than 360 million) people still below poverty line and according to latest census gures, more than 70% or 840 million people living in rural areas with little or no access to formal banking and other nancial services, micronance has a big role to play in order to bridge this gap. The Micro Finance Institutions occupies key position in nancial inclusion through micro nance where the exclusion. In developing countries, the growth of micronance institutions (MFIs) which specically target low income individuals are viewed as potentially useful for promotion of nancial inclusion. Even though MFIs at present, mainly offer only credit products; as they grow, they are likely to expand their product range to include other nancial services.

A Systems Approach for Sustainably Reducing Childhood Diarrheal Deaths in Developing Countries

2016 ◽  
pp. 1208-1227
Author(s):  
Monica Gray
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
Sub Saharan

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death and is the major cause of malnutrition in children under age 5 worldwide. More than 50 percent of the cases occur in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Open defecation, substandard fecal disposal systems, and contaminated water supplies are the typical causes of diarrheal diseases. This public health crisis in low income countries mirrors the experiences of today's industrialized nations two centuries ago. The lessons learned from their sanitary evolution can be instructive in charting a sustainable path towards saving the lives of almost 2 million children annually. In this chapter a case study of Cuba's sanitary reformation is also presented to showcase successes, similar to those of developed countries, within a developing country and economically challenging context.

Genetic engineering and social justice: A reflection on Amartya Sen’s capability approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 205789112090768
Author(s):  
Gerry F Arambala
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sub Saharan

Over the past decades, biomedical researchers have made great progress in finding the treatment for many diseases which have been considered in the past as incurable. The struggle for longevity and positive health has been addressed by medical science. People who can afford it are assured by the promise of genetic engineering. But while there has been considerable development in the treatment of diseases, the number of mortalities in poor countries remains high, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia. Around 8 million people die each year worldwide due to poverty-related health issues. Despite the advancement in the treatment of diseases, poor people in most of the developing countries worldwide are dying each year. This article will argue that human poverty and the existence of infectious diseases are inseparable social phenomena that affect the fate of the poor in developing countries. Following Amartya Sen, this article will argue that access to advanced health care services should be affordable to all, and should form part of individual freedoms that the national policies of a country must secure.

Taxpayer's Attitude Towards Tax Evasion in a Developing Country

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Harun Ur Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Fairness Perception ◽  
Knowledge Audit

As tax evasion is an acute problem in developing countries, the study aims to examine the factors that influence the taxpayers' attitudes towards tax evasion encompassing the moderating effect of demographic characteristics on tax evasion. The study uses structural equation modeling (SEM) as the tool to analyze the primary data collected from different sections of respondents. The study shows that fairness perception, tax knowledge, audit, and enforcement initiatives negatively influence taxpayers' attitudes towards tax evasion, while corruption, discrimination, and complexity in the tax system influence them positively. Further, the study found that males, younger, married, graduate, self-employed, and people with low-income become more influenced by the factors of tax evasion than female, older, unmarried, under-graduated, job holders, and people with high income. The findings of this study provide the governments of the developing countries and their tax authorities a valuable understanding, which in turn helps them reform the taxpayers' compliance framework.

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Extreme Poverty in Developing Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmore Mahembe ◽  
Nicholas M. Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Poor People ◽  
World Population ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract This paper aims to analyses the trends and dynamics of extreme poverty in developing countries. The study attempts to answer one critical question: has the world achieved its number one Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of reducing extreme poverty by half by 2015? The methodology used in this study mainly involves a descriptive data analysis during the period 1981-2015. The study used the World Bank’s US$1.90 a day line (popularly known as $1 a day line) in 2011 prices to measure the level of absolute poverty. In order to analyze the dynamics of poverty across different regions, the study grouped countries into five regions: i) sub-Saharan Africa; ii) East Asia and the Pacific; iii) South Asia; iv) Europe and Central Asia; and v) Latin America and the Caribbean. The study found that in 1990, there were around 1.9 billion people living below US$1.90 a day (constituting 36.9 percent of the world population) and this number is estimated to have reduced to around 700 million people in 2015, with an estimated global poverty rate of 9.6 percent. The world met the MDG target in 2010, which is five years ahead of schedule. However, extreme poverty is becoming increasingly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia (SA), where its depth and breadth remain a challenge. SSA remains the poorest region, with more than 35 percent of its citizens living on less than US$1.90 a day. Half of the world’s extremely poor people now live in SSA, and it is the only region which has not met its MDG target.

scholarly journals Determinants of Community-Based Health Insurance Scheme Enrolment in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Olowe
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
Thematic Synthesis ◽  
Community Based Health Insurance ◽  
The People ◽  
The Third World

In developing Nations, the Community-based Health Insurance (CBHI) scheme is a potential approach to increasing access to quality healthcare. It has the potency of generating financial resources for health services; plus improve on the standard of life of the people. Evidence based reports suggest that enrolment into the CBHI is still low, particularly among low income earners of the third world nations. Thus, this study was undertaken to review and help formulate policies by existential evidence on the factors that determines enrolment into the CBHI in developing countries. Study adopted the thematic synthesis of both qualitative and mixed method studies that report the above measure of interest. Study relied on Ovid Medline In-Process and other Non-Indexed citations till present. Study sourced the web of Knowledge, Google Scholar for articles relating to enrolment into CBHI in developing countries. Six studies (qualitative and mixed method studies) reporting qualitative results on the factors determining enrolment into CBHI in developing countries met the inclusion criteria. Quality assessment was carried out on each study and findings were synthesised with the aid of thematic synthesis. Four major themes were identified by interpreting and categorizing the themes across all selected studies; Individual factors, Scheme factors, Service provider factors and Requirement to team up with others before enrolment. In the end, study observed enrolment into CBHI scheme in developing countries to be driven by several factors including age and policy making, most of which positively or negatively influence decisions made by households to enrol or not in the CBHI scheme. Findings from this review are expected to contribute to policy and decision making for health care centres under CBHI scheme in developing countries.

scholarly journals Asthma in Children With Comorbid Obesity

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 880-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly A. Martin ◽  
Eleanor C. Floyd ◽  
Sara K. Nixon ◽  
Sandra Villalpando ◽  
Madeleine Shalowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Community Based Participatory Research ◽  
School Level ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Key Informants ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Community Agencies ◽  
Low Income Children

This article describes formative work conducted to inform design of an intervention targeting asthma control in overweight/obese children. Using a PRECEDE-PROCEED framework and a community-based participatory research approach, investigators conducted key informant interviews and focus groups in a low-income urban community. Key informants ( N = 18) represented schools and community agencies. Focus groups were conducted with caregivers (4 groups, N = 31) and children (3 groups, N = 30). Focus group participants were low-income and African American, Puerto Rican, or Mexican. Children were age 5 to 12 years and overweight or obese with a diagnosis of asthma; caregivers had a child meeting these criteria. A range of issues competed with families’ day-to-day prioritization and management of asthma, with social limitations reported as the most important issue. Many school-level and individual-level barriers were described. Caregivers and children drew strong connections between asthma and obesity and described their need to comanage these conditions. The connection between the diseases was not as obvious for the key informants, many of whom control the services families receive. These results led to an understanding of key targets and components that are needed for a multilevel community-based intervention to be relevant and appropriate in low-income children with both asthma and obesity.

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