scholarly journals Magnitude of rise in proneurotensin is related to amount of triglyceride appearance in blood after standardized oral intake of both saturated and unsaturated fat

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayesha Fawad ◽  
Celine Fernandez ◽  
Andreas Bergmann ◽  
Joachim Struck ◽  
Peter M. Nilsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Plasma Triglycerides ◽  
Unsaturated Fat ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Intestinal Fat Absorption

Abstract Background In rodents, neurotensin contributes to high fat diet induced obesity by facilitation of intestinal fat absorption. The effect of oral lipid load on plasma proneurotensin and relationship with plasma triglycerides in humans is unknown. Aim To investigate the acute effects of an oral lipid load on proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides and their interrelationships in healthy individuals. Setting/ methods Twenty-two healthy subjects were given 150 mL of full milk cream (54 g fat) and 59 mL of pure olive oil (54 g fat) in the fasted state at two different occasions separated by at least 1 week in random order. Venous blood was drawn at fasted before 0 h (h) and at 1 h, 2 h and 4 h after ingestion. Post-ingested values of proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides were compared with fasting levels and post ingestion Area Under the Curve (AUC) of proneurotensin was correlated with that of plasma triglycerides. Results An immediate rise of plasma proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides were observed after ingestion of cream with maximum increase at 2 h for proneurotensin [mean (95% confidence interval)] of 22 (12–31) pmol/L (P < 0.001) and at 3 h for triglycerides of 0.60 (0.43–0.78) mmol/L (P < 0.001). Similarly, plasma proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides increased after ingestion of olive oil with maximum increase of proneurotensin at 3 h of 62 (46–78) pmol/L (P < 0.001) and plasma triglycerides at 3 h of 0.32 (0.18–0.45) mmol/L (P < 0.001). The post lipid load AUC for proneurotensin correlated significantly with the AUC for plasma triglycerides both after cream (r = 0.49, P = 0.021) and olive oil (r = 0.55, P = 0.008), respectively. Conclusion Proneurotensin increases after an oral lipid load of both cream and olive oil and the rise of post-ingestion plasma triglycerides is significantly related to the rise of post-ingestion proneurotensin.

scholarly journals Magnitude of rise in proneurotensin is related to amount of triglyceride appearance in blood after a standardized oral intake of both saturated and unsaturated fats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayesha Fawad ◽  
Celine Fernandez ◽  
Andreas Bergmann ◽  
Joachim Struck ◽  
Peter M Nilsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Plasma Triglycerides ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Intestinal Fat Absorption

Abstract Background: In rodents, neurotensin contributes to high fat diet induced obesity by facilitation of intestinal fat absorption. The effect of oral lipid load on plasma proneurotensin and relationship with plasma triglycerides in humans is unknown. Aim: To investigate the acute effects of an oral lipid load on proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides and their interrelationships in healthy individuals. Setting/ Methods: Twenty-two healthy subjects were given 150 mL of full milk cream (54g fat) and 59 mL of pure olive oil (54 g fat) in the fasted state at two different occasions separated by at least 1 week in random order. Venous blood was drawn at fasted before 0 hours (h) and at 1h, 2h and 4h after ingestion. Post-ingested values of proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides were compared with fasting levels and post ingestion Area Under the Curve (AUC) of proneurotensin was correlated with that of plasma triglycerides. Results: An immediate rise of plasma proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides were observed after ingestion of cream with maximum increase at 2 h for proneurotensin [mean (95% confidence interval)] of 22 (12-31) pmol/L (P<0.001) and at 3 h for triglycerides of 0.60 (0.43-0.78) mmol/L (P<0.001). Similarly, plasma proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides increased after ingestion of olive oil with maximum increase of proneurotensin at 3 h of 62 (46-78) pmol/L (P<0.001) and plasma triglycerides at 3 h of 0.32 (0.18-0.45) mmol/L (P<0.001). The post lipid load AUC for proneurotensin correlated significantly with the AUC for plasma triglycerides both after cream (r=0.49, P=0.021 ) and olive oil (r=0.55, P=0.008 ), respectively. Conclusion: Proneurotensin increases after an oral lipid load of both cream and olive oil and the rise of post-ingestion plasma triglycerides is significantly related to the rise of post-ingestion proneurotensin.

scholarly journals Magnitude of rise in proneurotensin is related to amount of triglyceride appearance in blood after a standardized oral intake of both saturated and unsaturated fats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayesha Fawad ◽  
Celine Fernandez ◽  
Andreas Bergmann ◽  
Joachim Struck ◽  
Peter M Nilsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Plasma Triglycerides ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Intestinal Fat Absorption

Abstract Background: In rodents, neurotensin contributes to high fat diet induced obesity by facilitation of intestinal fat absorption. The effect of oral lipid load on plasma proneurotensin and relationship with plasma triglycerides in humans is unknown.Aim: To investigate the acute effects of an oral lipid load on proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides and their interrelationships in healthy individuals.Setting/ Methods: Twenty-two healthy subjects were given 150 mL of full milk cream (54g fat) and 59 mL of pure olive oil (54 g fat) in the fasted state at two different occasions separated by at least 1 week in random order. Venous blood was drawn at fasted before 0 hours (h) and at 1 h, 2 h and 4 h after ingestion. Post-ingested values of proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides were compared with fasting levels and post ingestion Area Under the Curve (AUC) of proneurotensin was correlated with that of plasma triglycerides.Results: An immediate rise of plasma proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides were observed after ingestion of cream with maximum increase at 2 h for proneurotensin [mean (95% confidence interval)] of 22 (12-31) pmol/L (P<0.001) and at 3 h for triglycerides of 0.60 (0.43-0.78) mmol/L (P<0.001). Similarly, plasma proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides increased after ingestion of olive oil with maximum increase of proneurotensin at 3 h of 62 (46-78) pmol/L (P<0.001) and plasma triglycerides at 3 h of 0.32 (0.18-0.45) mmol/L (P<0.001). The post lipid load AUC for proneurotensin correlated significantly with the AUC for plasma triglycerides both after cream (r=0.49, P=0.021) and olive oil (r=0.55, P=0.008), respectively.Conclusion: Proneurotensin increases after an oral lipid load of both cream and olive oil and the rise of post-ingestion plasma triglycerides is significantly related to the rise of post-ingestion proneurotensin.

scholarly journals Magnitude Of Rise In Proneurotensin Is Related To Amount Of Triglyceride Appearance In Blood After A Standardized Oral Intake Of Both Saturated And Unsaturated Fat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayesha Fawad ◽  
Celine Fernandez ◽  
Andreas Bergmann ◽  
Joachim Struck ◽  
Peter M Nilsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Plasma Triglycerides ◽  
Unsaturated Fat

Abstract Background: In rodents, neurotensin contributes to high fat diet induced obesity by facilitation of intestinal fat absorption. The effect of oral lipid load on plasma proneurotensin and relationship with plasma triglycerides in humans is unknown.Aim: To investigate the acute effects of an oral lipid load (including both cream and olive oil) on proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides and their interrelationships in healthy individuals.Setting/ Methods: Twenty-two healthy subjects were given 150 ml of full milk cream (54g fat) and 59 ml of pure olive oil (54 g fat) in the fasted state at two different occasions separated by at least 1 week in random order. Venous blood samples were drawn at fasting,and hourly up to 4 hours after fat ingestion. We compared post-ingestion values of proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides with fasting levels. Further, post ingestion Area Under the Curve (AUC) of proneurotensin was correlated with the AUC of plasma triglycerides.Results: Rise of plasma proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides were observed after ingestion of cream with maximum increase at 2 hours for proneurotensin [mean (95% confidence interval)] of 22 (12-31) pmol/L (P<0.001) and at 3 hours for triglycerides of 0.60 (0.43-0.78) mmol/L (P<0.001). Similarly, plasma proneurotensin and plasma triglycerides increased after ingestion of olive oil with maximum increase of proneurotensin at 3 hours of 62 (46-78) pmol/L (P<0.001) and plasma triglycerides at 3 hours of 0.32 (0.18-0.45) mmol/L (P<0.001). The post lipid load AUC for proneurotensin correlated significantly with the AUC for plasma triglycerides both after cream (r=0.49, P=0.021) and olive oil (r=0.55, P=0.008), respectively.Conclusion: Proneurotensin increases after an oral lipid load of both cream and olive oil and the degree of rise of post-ingestion proneurotensin is significantly related to the rise of post-ingestion plasma triglycerides. Our human data support recent results from animal studies suggesting that neurotensin contributes to intestinal absorption of lipids into the blood stream.

scholarly journals Beneficial effects of combined olive oil ingestion and acute exercise on postprandial TAG concentrations in healthy young women

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (10) ◽  
pp. 1773-1779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chihoko Sasahara ◽  
Stephen F. Burns ◽  
Masashi Miyashita ◽  
David J. Stensel
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Unsaturated Fat ◽  
Fat Composition

Foods high in monounsaturated fat, such as olive oil, and endurance exercise are both known to independently reduce postprandial TAG concentrations. We examined the combined effects of exercise and dietary fat composition on postprandial TAG concentrations in nine healthy pre-menopausal females (age 26·8 (sd 3·3) years, BMI 22·3 (sd 2·0) kg/m2). Each participant completed four, 2 d trials in a randomised order: (1) butter–no exercise, (2) olive oil–no exercise, (3) butter–exercise, (4) olive oil–exercise. On day 1 of the exercise trials, participants walked or ran on a treadmill for 60 min. On the no-exercise trials, participants rested on day 1. On day 2 of each trial, participants rested and consumed an olive oil meal (saturated fat 15 % and unsaturated fat 85 %) or a butter meal (saturated fat 71 % and unsaturated fat 29 %) for breakfast. Venous blood samples were obtained in the fasted state and for 6 h postprandially on day 2. A significant main effect on physical activity (exercise or control) was obtained for plasma TAG concentration (three-way ANOVA, P = 0·043), and the total area under the concentration v. time curve for TAG was 26 % lower on the olive oil–exercise trial (4·40 (sd 0·40) mmol × 6 h/l) than the butter–no exercise trial (5·91 (sd 1·01) mmol × 6 h/l) (one-way ANOVA, P = 0·029). These findings suggest that the combination of exercise and a preference for monounsaturated dietary fat intake in the form of olive oil may be most beneficial for reducing postprandial TAG concentrations.

The influence of vigorous running and cycling exercise on hunger perceptions and plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations in lean young men

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy K. Wasse ◽  
Caroline Sunderland ◽  
James A. King ◽  
Masashi Miyashita ◽  
David J. Stensel
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Acylated Ghrelin ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Ghrelin Concentration ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Analogue Scales ◽  
Over Time

Vigorous running suppresses plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations but the limited literature on cycling suggests that acylated ghrelin is unchanged, perhaps because body mass is supported during cycling. It is important from a research and applied perspective to determine whether acylated ghrelin and hunger responses are exercise-mode specific. This study sought to examine this. Eleven recreationally active males fasted overnight and completed three 4-h trials: control, running, and cycling, in a random order. Participants rested throughout the control trial and ran or cycled at 70% of mode-specific maximal oxygen uptake for the first hour during exercise trials, resting thereafter. Hunger was measured every 0.5 h using visual analogue scales. Eight venous blood samples were collected to determine acylated ghrelin concentrations and a standardised meal was consumed at 3 h. Compared with the control trial, acylated ghrelin concentrations were suppressed to a similar extent at 0.5 and 1 h during the running (p < 0.005) and cycling (p < 0.001) trials. Area under the curve values for ghrelin concentration over time were lower during exercise trials versus control (Control: 606 ± 379; Running: 455 ± 356; Cycling: 448 ± 315 pg·mL−1·4 h−1; mean ± SD, p < 0.05). Hunger values did not differ significantly between trials but an interaction effect (p < 0.05) indicated a tendency for hunger to be suppressed during exercise. Thus, at similar relative exercise intensities, plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations are suppressed to a similar extent during running and cycling.

Abstract 597: Nobiletin Reduces Intestinal Lipoprotein Production in LDL Receptor-Null Mice With Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjiv S Chhoker ◽  
Brian G Sutherland ◽  
Dawn E Telford ◽  
Murray W Huff
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Postprandial Lipemia ◽  
Ldl Receptor ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Poloxamer 407 ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Mtor Phosphorylation ◽  
Secretion Rates

Insulin resistant subjects display excessive postprandial lipemia (PPL), defined by overproduction of intestinal triglyceride (TG)-rich, apoB48-containing chylomicrons (CM), which contribute to atherogenesis. However, the regulation of intestinal lipoprotein secretion by insulin and the mechanisms underlying elevated CM production in insulin resistant states remain poorly understood. In mice, the citrus flavonoid nobiletin prevents diet-induced obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis and VLDL overproduction. In the present study, we sought to characterize the aberrant PPL response in mice with diet-induced insulin resistance and hypothesized that nobiletin treatment would correct this abnormal response by normalizing intestinal insulin signaling and TG metabolism. Ldlr-/- mice were fed a high-fat, cholesterol-containing (HFHC) diet (42% fat, 0.2% cholesterol), a HFHC diet plus 0.3% w/w nobiletin or chow for 8 weeks (n=8 per group). Compared to chow, HFHC-fed mice displayed elevated TG (3-fold) within intestinal tissue following a 6 hour fast, which was completely normalized by nobiletin. Fasting-refeeding studies revealed impaired FoxO1 phosphorylation, increased mTOR phosphorylation and elevated Srebp1c mRNA in the jejunum of HFHC-fed mice, indicating intestinal insulin resistance. These parameters were normalized by nobiletin. Measurement of plasma TG following an oral gavage of 150ul olive oil revealed a 3-fold elevation in the total TG area under the curve, which was prevented by nobiletin. Intestinal CM production was determined by injection of mice with poloxamer-407 to inhibit plasma TG-rich lipoprotein lipolysis followed by a gavage containing olive oil and 3H-triolein. Although plasma TG was higher at baseline in HFHC-fed mice, no difference in secretion rates of TG mass or TG radioactivity was observed compared to nobiletin-treated or chow-fed mice. However, secretion of apoB48 was elevated by 20% in HFHC-fed mice, whereas nobiletin decreased apoB48 secretion to levels observed in chow-fed mice. These results indicate that nobiletin prevents intestinal TG accumulation and apoB48 overproduction induced by a HFHC diet, in part, through correction of intestinal insulin resistance.

Change in Spontaneous Swallowing Frequency in HNC Patients Undergoing C/RT

2021 ◽  
pp. 019459982110207
Author(s):  
Giselle D. Carnaby ◽  
Aarthi Madhavan ◽  
Ali Barikroo ◽  
Michael Crary
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Comprehensive Cancer Center ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Swallowing Function ◽  
Function Change ◽  
Functional Oral Intake Scale

Objective This study sought to evaluate the role and trajectory of spontaneous swallowing frequency (SFA) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) undergoing chemoradiotherapy (C/RT). Study Design. Prospective cohort. Setting University comprehensive cancer center. Methods A prospective cohort of 80 patients with HNC was followed from baseline to 3 months post-C/RT. Subjects were evaluated for performance on swallowing function, functional diet consumed, weight, swallowing frequency rate, perceived xerostomia, perceived pain, and mucositis. Relationships were evaluated using univariate correlations, t tests, and repeated-measures analysis of variance. The diagnostic accuracy of SFA to express dysphagia was calculated by area under the curve (AUROC) and displayed using receiver operator characteristic curves. Results In general, patients with HNC demonstrated a parabolic decline in most measures over the C/RT trajectory. SFA and perceived xerostomia did not show improved recovery by 3 months. SFA was related to swallow function, xerostomia, and functional diet consumed posttreatment and pain at 3 months. The ability of SFA to correctly identify clinical dysphagia (Mann Assessment of Swallowing–Cancer version [MASA-C]) and reduced oral intake (Functional Oral Intake Scale [FOIS]) at posttreatment was strong (AUROC MASA-C: 0.824 [95% CI, 0.63-1.00], P < .0018; AUROC FOIS: 0.96 [95% CI, 0.87-0.96], P < .0001). Conclusion This exploratory study suggests SFA may provide a useful method to identify dysphagia after HNC treatment. Furthermore, SFA may offer a simple, objective measure of swallowing function change in HNC over the C/RT trajectory.

Amino Acid Mixture Enriched With Arginine, Alanine, and Phenylalanine Stimulates Fat Metabolism During Exercise

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Ueda ◽  
Yutaka Nakamura ◽  
Makoto Yamaguchi ◽  
Takeshi Mori ◽  
Masayuki Uchida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Glucagon Secretion ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Level ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Maximum Serum

Although there have been many investigations of the beneficial effects of both exercise and amino acids (AAs), little is known about their combined effects on the single-dose ingestion of AAs for lipid metabolism during exercise. We hypothesize that taking a specific combination of AAs implicated in glucagon secretion during exercise may increase fat metabolism. We recently developed a new mixture, d–AA mixture (D-mix), that contains arginine, alanine, and phenylalanine to investigate fat oxidation. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 10 healthy male volunteers were randomized to ingest either D-mix (3 g/dose) or placebo. Subjects in each condition subsequently performed a physical task that included workload trials on a cycle ergometer at 50% of maximal oxygen consumption for 1 hr. After oral intake of D-mix, maximum serum concentrations of glycerol (9.32 ± 6.29 mg/L and 5.22 ± 2.22 mg/L, respectively; p = .028), free fatty acid level (0.77 ± 0.26 mEq/L and 0.63 ± 0.28 mEq/L, respectively; p = .022), and acetoacetic acid levels (37.9 ± 17.7 μmol/L and 30.3 ± 13.9 μmol/L, respectively; p = .040) were significantly higher than in the placebo groups. The area under the curve for glucagon during recovery was numerically higher than placebo (6.61 ± 1.33 μg/L • min and 6.06 ± 1.23 μg/L • min, respectively; p = .099). These results suggest that preexercise ingestion of D-mix may stimulate fat metabolism. Combined with exercise, the administration of AA mixtures could prove to be a useful nutritional strategy to maximize fat metabolism.

scholarly journals African plant foods rich in non-starch polysaccharides reduce postprandial blood glucose and insulin concentrations in healthy human subjects

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uchenna A. Onyechi ◽  
Patricia A. Judd ◽  
Peter R. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Time Points

The effects of two vegetable flours, prepared from the African plants Detarium senegalense Gmelin, a legume, and Cissus rotundifolia, a shrub, on postprandial blood glucose and insulin concentrations in human subjects, were investigated. Chemical analysis indicated that these flours contained significant amounts of NSP. The detarium in particular was found to be a rich source of water-soluble NSP (SNSP). The flours were incorporated into two types of breakfast meal, a stew meal and a wheat bread meal, containing 50 g and 70 g available carbohydrate respectively. Both meals also contained 10–12g NSP, the major fraction of which was SNSP. Control and fibre-rich meals were consumed on separate days in randomized order by two different groups of subjects (n 5, stew meals; n 10, bread meals). Venous blood samples were taken at fasting (0 min) and postprandially at 30 min intervals for 2·5 h and the plasma analysed for glucose and insulin. Compared with the controls, detarium and cissus meals elicited significant reductions (P < 0·006) in plasma glucose levels at most postprandial time points and for area-under-the-curve (AUC) values (AUC reductions 38–62%). Significant reductions (P < 0·002) in plasma insulin levels at various postprandial time points and for AUC values were also seen after detarium and cissus breads (AUC reductions 43 and 36% respectively), but not after the fibre-rich stew meals. SNSP and starch are possibly the main, but not the only, components responsible for the glucose- and insulin-lowering effects of cissus flour. The main SNSP fraction of detarium, identified as a high-molecular-weight xyloglucan, is likely to be a primary factor in determining the physiological activity of detarium flour.

Effects of an Amino Acid/Creatine Energy Supplement on the Acute Hormonal Response to Resistance Exercise

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 608-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Ratamess ◽  
Jay R. Hoffman ◽  
Ryan Ross ◽  
Miles Shanklin ◽  
Avery D. Faigenbaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Hormonal Response ◽  
Energy Supplement ◽  
And Performance

The authors aimed to examine the acute hormonal and performance responses to resistance exercise with and without prior consumption of an amino acid/creatine/energy supplement. Eight men performed a resistance-exercise protocol at baseline (BL), 20 min after consuming a supplement (S) consisting of essential amino acids, creatine, taurine, caffeine, and glucuronolactone or a maltodextrin placebo (P). Venous blood samples were obtained before and immediately after (IP), 15 min (15P), and 30 min (30P) after each protocol. Area under the curve of resistance-exercise volume revealed that BL was significantly less than S (10%) and P (8.6%). For fatigue rate, only S (18.4% ± 12.0%) was significantly lower than BL (32.9% ± 8.4%). Total testosterone (TT) and growth hormone (GH) were significantly elevated at IP and 15P in all conditions. The GH response was significantly lower, however, in S and P than in BL. The TT and GH responses did not differ between S and P. These results indicated that a supplement consisting of amino acids, creatine, taurine, caffeine, and glucuronolactone can modestly improve high-intensity endurance; however, the anabolic-hormonal response was not augmented.

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