scholarly journals The effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on endurance exercise performance and cardiorespiratory measures in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloe Gao ◽  
Saurabh Gupta ◽  
Taranah Adli ◽  
Winston Hou ◽  
Reid Coolsaet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cochrane Collaboration ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Endurance Sports ◽  
Dietary Nitrate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation

Abstract Background Nitrate supplementation is thought to improve performance in endurance sports. Objective To meta-analyze studies evaluating the effect of nitrate supplementation on endurance sports performance among adults. Data sources We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and CINAHL without language restrictions. Methods We included studies that: 1) compared nitrate supplementation with placebo; 2) enrolled adults engaging in an endurance-based activity; and 3) reported a performance measure or surrogate physiologic outcome. We evaluated risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration tool and pooled data with a random-effects model. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to evaluate confidence in estimates. Results We included 73 studies (n = 1061). Nitrate supplementation improved power output (MD 4.6 watts, P < 0.0001), time to exhaustion (MD 25.3 s, P < 0.00001), and distance travelled (MD 163.7 m, P = 0.03). We found no significant difference on perceived exertion, time trial performance and work done. Nitrate supplementation decreased VO2 (MD − 0.04 L/min, P < 0.00001) but had no significant effect on VO2max or blood lactate levels. Conclusion The available evidence suggests that dietary nitrate supplementation benefits performance-related outcomes for endurance sports.

scholarly journals The Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Physiology and Performance in Trained Cyclists

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 684-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. McQuillan ◽  
Deborah K. Dulson ◽  
Paul B. Laursen ◽  
Andrew E. Kilding
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Dietary Nitrate ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Exercise Economy ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
And Performance

Purpose:To determine the effect of dietary nitrate (NO3 –) supplementation on physiology and performance in well-trained cyclists after 6–8 d of NO3 – supplementation.Methods:Eight competitive male cyclists (mean ± SD age 26 ± 8 y, body mass 76.7 ± 6.9 kg, VO2peak 63 ± 4 mL · kg–1 · min–1) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover-design study in which participants ingested 70 mL of beetroot juice containing ~4 mmol NO3 – (NIT) or a NO3 –-depleted placebo (PLA), each for 8 d. Replicating pretreatment measures, participants undertook an incremental ramp assessment to determine VO2peak and first (VT1) and second (VT2) ventilatory thresholds on d 6 (NIT6 and PLA6), moderate-intensity cycling economy on d 7 (NIT7 and PLA7), and a 4-km time trial (TT) on d 8 (NIT8 and PLA8).Results:Relative to PLA, 6 d of NIT supplementation produced unclear effects for VO2peak (mean ± 95% confidence limit: 1.8% ± 5.5%) and VT1 (3.7% ± 12.3%) and trivial effects for both VT2 (–1.0% ± 3.0%) and exercise economy on d 7 (–1.0% ± 1.6%). However, effects for TT performance time (–0.7% ± 0.9%) and power (2.4% ± 2.5%) on d 8 were likely beneficial.Conclusions:Despite mostly unclear outcomes for standard physiological determinants of performance, 8 d of NO3 – supplementation resulted in likely beneficial improvements to 4-km TT performance in well-trained male endurance cyclists.

scholarly journals The effect of low- vs high-cadence interval training on the freely chosen cadence and performance in endurance-trained cyclists

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 666-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Whitty ◽  
Aron J. Murphy ◽  
Aaron J. Coutts ◽  
Mark L. Watsford
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Cadence

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of high- and low-cadence interval training on the freely chosen cadence (FCC) and performance in endurance-trained cyclists. Sixteen male endurance-trained cyclists completed a series of submaximal rides at 60% maximal power (Wmax) at cadences of 50, 70, 90, and 110 r·min−1, and their FCC to determine their preferred cadence, gross efficiency (GE), rating of perceived exertion, and crank torque profile. Performance was measured via a 15-min time trial, which was preloaded with a cycle at 60% Wmax. Following the testing, the participants were randomly assigned to a high-cadence (HC) (20% above FCC) or a low-cadence (LC) (20% below FCC) group for 18 interval-based training sessions over 6 weeks. The HC group increased their FCC from 92 to 101 r·min−1 after the intervention (p = 0.01), whereas the LC group remained unchanged (93 r·min−1). GE increased from 22.7% to 23.6% in the HC group at 90 r·min−1 (p = 0.05), from 20.0% to 20.9% at 110 r·min−1 (p = 0.05), and from 22.8% to 23.2% at their FCC. Both groups significantly increased their total distance and average power output following training, with the LC group recording a superior performance measure. There were minimal changes to the crank torque profile in both groups following training. This study demonstrated that the FCC can be altered with HC interval training and that the determinants of the optimal cycling cadence are multifactorial and not completely understood. Furthermore, LC interval training may significantly improve time-trial results of short duration as a result of an increase in strength development or possible neuromuscular adaptations.

The Effects of Choline Supplementation on Physical Performance

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Warber ◽  
John F. Patton ◽  
William J. Tharion ◽  
Steven H. Zeisel ◽  
Robert P. Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Load Carriage ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Total Load ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Heavy Loads

It has been reported that plasma choline levels decrease following certain types of strenuous exercise. Preliminary findings also suggest that a drop in plasma choline may limit physical performance, while choline supplementation may delay fatigue during prolonged efforts. A double-blind crossover design was used to determine the relationship between plasma choline and performance during and after 4 hr of strenuous exercise. Volunteers (N = 14) received either a placebo or treatment beverage (8.425 g choline citrate) prior to and midway through a 4-hr load carriage treadmill exercise (3% grade at 5.6 km/h × 20 km) carrying a total load of 34.1 kg. Following the treadmill test, run time-to-exhaustion and squat tests were performed, and perceived exertion, plasma choline, glycerophosphocholine, and phosphatidylcholine were measured. Plasma choline levels increased 128% after the run-to-exhaustion with the choline supplemented beverage but remained unchanged with the placebo beverage. No significant effects were seen with choline supplementation on any outcome performance measure. Consequently, soldiers conditioned to carry heavy loads over long distances do not deplete plasma choline as a result of a prolonged exhaustive exercise under a placebo beverage, nor do they benefit from choline supplementation to delay fatigue under the same conditions.

Influence of acetaminophen on performance during time trial cycling

2010 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis R. Mauger ◽  
Andrew M. Jones ◽  
Craig A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Perceived Pain ◽  
Condition B

To establish whether acetaminophen improves performance of self-paced exercise through the reduction of perceived pain, 13 trained male cyclists performed a self-paced 10-mile (16.1 km) cycle time trial (TT) following the ingestion of either acetaminophen (ACT) or a placebo (PLA), administered in randomized double-blind design. TT were completed in a significantly faster time ( t12 = 2.55, P < 0.05) under the ACT condition (26 min 15 s ± 1 min 36 s vs. 26 min 45 s ± 2 min 2 s). Power output (PO) was higher during the middle section of the TT in the ACT condition, resulting in a higher mean PO ( P < 0.05) (265 ± 12 vs. 255 ± 15 W). Blood lactate concentration (B[La]) and heart rate (HR) were higher in the ACT condition (B[La] = 6.1 ± 2.9 mmol/l; HR = 87 ± 7%max) than in the PLA condition (B[La] = 5.1 ± 2.6 mmol/l; HR = 84 ± 9%max) ( P < 0.05). No significant difference in rating of perceived exertion (ACT = 15.5 ± 0.2; PLA = 15.7 ± 0.2) or perceived pain (ACT = 5.6 ± 0.2; PLA = 5.5 ± 0.2) ( P > 0.05) was observed. Using acetaminophen, participants cycled at a higher mean PO, with an increased HR and B[La], but without changes in perceived pain or exertion. Consequently, completion time was significantly faster. These findings support the notion that exercise is regulated by pain perception, and increased pain tolerance can improve exercise capacity.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Effects on Exercise Capacity in Pre- and Postprandial States

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elie-J. M. Fares ◽  
Bengt Kayser
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Mouth Rinsing ◽  
The Brain

Background. Oropharyngeal receptors signal presence of carbohydrate to the brain. Mouth rinses with a carbohydrate solution facilitate corticomotor output and improve time-trial performance in well-trained subjects in a fasted state. We tested for this effect in nonathletic subjects in fasted and nonfasted state.Methods. 13 healthy non-athletic males performed 5 tests on a cycle ergometer. After measuring maximum power output (Wmax), the subjects cycled four times at 60% Wmax until exhaustion while rinsing their mouth every 5 minutes with either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution or water, one time after an overnight fast and another after a carbohydrate rich breakfast.Results. Mouth rinsing with maltodextrin improved time-to-exhaustion in pre- and postprandial states. This was accompanied by reductions in the average and maximal rates of perceived exertion but no change in average or maximal heart rate was observed.Conclusions. Carbohydrate mouth rinsing improves endurance capacity in both fed and fasted states in non-athletic subjects.

scholarly journals ACUTE DIETARY NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION FAILS TO IMPROVE EXERCISE ECONOMY IN ELDERLY

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
M. Driller ◽  
L. Thompson ◽  
J. McQuillan ◽  
R. Masters
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Walking Test ◽  
Dietary Nitrate ◽  
Exercise Economy ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Walking Economy ◽  
Experimental Trials

Objective: Improvements in exercise economy following dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation in young, athletic populations has been well documented, but little research has focused on whether these same benefits translate to elderly populations. Design: Participants completed two experimental trials in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Twenty-one elderly participants >65 yr (10 male/11 female, mean ± SD; age: 72 ± 6 yr). Intervention: Each trial consisted of participants ingesting a 70ml dose of either NO3- rich (NIT; 5.0mmol.L-1) or NO3- depleted (PLA; 0.003mmol.L-1) beetroot juice two hours prior to reporting to the laboratory. Measurements: On arrival at the laboratory, blood pressure was assessed followed by a five minute walking economy test on a treadmill (3km.h-1 and 1% gradient). VO2, heart rate and RPE were monitored during the walking test. Results: There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between NIT and PLA trials for any of the measured variables during the walking test. Furthermore, no differences were found for blood pressure between trials. All results were associated with trivial or unclear effect sizes. Conclusion: Despite recent reports of improved exercise economy in young, athletic populations following NO3- supplementation, the current study did not find any benefit to sub-maximal VO2, heart rate, perceived exertion or blood pressure in elderly participants when performing a 5-minute walk following NO3- supplementation.

Acute Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Improves Cycling Time Trial Performance

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1125-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHERINE E. LANSLEY ◽  
PAUL G. WINYARD ◽  
STEPHEN J. BAILEY ◽  
ANNI VANHATALO ◽  
DARYL P. WILKERSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
Dietary Nitrate ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

The Effects of Preexercise Caffeinated Coffee Ingestion on Endurance Performance: An Evidence-Based Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Higgins ◽  
Chad R. Straight ◽  
Richard D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Ergogenic Aid ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Usable Information ◽  
Caffeinated Coffee

Endurance athletes commonly ingest caffeine as a means to enhance training intensity and competitive performance. A widely-used source of caffeine is coffee, however conflicting evidence exists regarding the efficacy of coffee in improving endurance performance. In this context, the aims of this evidence-based review were threefold: 1) to evaluate the effects of preexercise coffee on endurance performance, 2) to evaluate the effects of coffee on perceived exertion during endurance performance, and 3) to translate the research into usable information for athletes to make an informed decision regarding the intake of caffeine via coffee as a potential ergogenic aid. Searches of three major databases were performed using terms caffeine and coffee, or coffee-caffeine, and endurance, or aerobic. Included studies (n = 9) evaluated the effects of caffeinated coffee on human subjects, provided the caffeine dose administered, administered caffeine ≥ 45 min before testing, and included a measure of endurance performance (e.g., time trial). Significant improvements in endurance performance were observed in five of nine studies, which were on average 24.2% over controls for time to exhaustion trials, and 3.1% for time to completion trials. Three of six studies found that coffee reduced perceived exertion during performance measures significantly more than control conditions (p < .05). Based on the reviewed studies there is moderate evidence supporting the use of coffee as an ergogenic aid to improve performance in endurance cycling and running. Coffee providing 3–8.1 mg/kg (1.36–3.68 mg/lb) of caffeine may be used as a safe alternative to anhydrous caffeine to improve endurance performance.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal Symptoms Related to Potato Ingestion During Cycling in Trained Athletes (P23-012-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susannah Scaroni ◽  
Amadeo Salvador ◽  
Colleen McKenna ◽  
Rafael Alamilla ◽  
Isabel Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Objectives Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion is an established nutritional strategy to improve endurance performance, yet currently available products may contribute to gastrointestinal (GI) distress. Potatoes have a high-glycemic index, indicating that their CHO content is readily available. We aimed to compare the effects of ingesting potato purée (POT), commercial CHO gel (GEL), or a control (water, CTL) during cycling on GI Symptoms and affective indices in trained athletes. Methods In a randomized crossover study, twelve trained cyclists (9 M and 3F; 30.5 ± 8.7y; 70.6 ± 7.6 kg; 1.70 ± 7 cm; 60.7 ± 8.9 mL/kg/min) completed a 2 h cycling challenge (60–85%VO2max) followed by a 6 kJ/kg time trial. Cyclists were randomly assigned to consume POT, GEL, or CTL during the challenge. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), GI symptoms, and affective responses (Feeling Scale −5/+5) were collected throughout the challenge via visual analog scales. Differences between treatments were assessed by mixed model analysis of variance using time and condition as a fixed factor and subject as a random factor. All data represent mean ± standard deviation. Results RPE was not different between POT, GEL, or CTL condition at the end of the cycling challenge (POT: 17 ± 1; GEL: 17 ± 1, CTL: 18 ± 1, P > 0.05). Higher GI symptoms (P < 0.01) were observed at the end of the challenge during POT condition (15 ± 3%) when compared to GEL (8 ± 3%) and CTL (7 ± 3%), with no significant difference in these symptoms prior to this time. FS response significantly increased (P = 0.04) during POT trial (2 ± 2) compared to GEL (0 ± 0.2) and CTL (0 ± 2) conditions at end of the challenge. Conclusions While POT ingestion resulted in greater GI distressed compared to CHO gel, cyclists perceived the exertion to be similar and even reported feeling more pleasant after POT ingestion in endurance exercise. Funding Sources Alliance for Potato Research and Education.

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