scholarly journals Teaching: confidence, prediction and tolerance intervals in scientific practice: a tutorial on binary variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Hartnack ◽  
Malgorzata Roos
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Knowledge Gain ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Binary Variables ◽  
Tolerance Intervals ◽  
Interval Estimates ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Emerging Themes ◽  
Self Instruction

Abstract Background One of the emerging themes in epidemiology is the use of interval estimates. Currently, three interval estimates for confidence (CI), prediction (PI), and tolerance (TI) are at a researcher's disposal and are accessible within the open access framework in R. These three types of statistical intervals serve different purposes. Confidence intervals are designed to describe a parameter with some uncertainty due to sampling errors. Prediction intervals aim to predict future observation(s), including some uncertainty present in the actual and future samples. Tolerance intervals are constructed to capture a specified proportion of a population with a defined confidence. It is well known that interval estimates support a greater knowledge gain than point estimates. Thus, a good understanding and the use of CI, PI, and TI underlie good statistical practice. While CIs are taught in introductory statistical classes, PIs and TIs are less familiar. Results In this paper, we provide a concise tutorial on two-sided CI, PI and TI for binary variables. This hands-on tutorial is based on our teaching materials. It contains an overview of the meaning and applicability from both a classical and a Bayesian perspective. Based on a worked-out example from veterinary medicine, we provide guidance and code that can be directly applied in R. Conclusions This tutorial can be used by others for teaching, either in a class or for self-instruction of students and senior researchers.

Evaluating the Cost and Effectiveness of Customer Training Methods

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-331
Author(s):  
Stephen H. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Training Effectiveness ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Self Instruction ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Customer Training

The talk will deal with alternative methods of training customers to use new telephone services. Various measures of training effectiveness will be discussed with regard to their advantages and limitations. It will be argued that several measures—including cost—must be taken into account when evaluating training approaches. Two field studies will be described that examine several different types of training: (1) “Hands On” (demonstration) vs. “No Hands On” training; (2) Media-based vs. Lecture-based training; (3) “Live” training vs. Self-Instruction. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach will be described in terms of several measures of training effectiveness.

Online Experimentation @FEUP: five years of evaluations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Urbano ◽  
Maria De Fátima Chouzal ◽  
Maria Teresa Restivo
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Knowledge Gain ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Group Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Student Reaction ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Online Experimentation ◽  
Experimental Group

The Online Experimentation @FEUP lab gathers a set of experimental resources based on Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality and Haptic Systems. The design, development and implementation of those resources are guided by the following main goals: familiarizing students with the referred technologies, complement hands-on experimentation, motivate students and promote knowledge gain. A brief presentation of the online experimental activities most utilized and evaluated in the past five years in context of different undergraduate courses and at the K12 level is presented. In all the studies conducted, the strategies adopted involve pre- and post-testing to assess knowledge gain, experimental group activities, and individual response to surveys to assess student reaction. The results published in journals, conferences proceedings and book chapters are discussed.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Junior Master Gardener Program in Third Grade Classrooms

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E. Dirks ◽  
Kathryn Orvis
Keyword(s):  
Informal Learning ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Environmental Awareness ◽  
Third Grade ◽  
Knowledge Gain ◽  
Master Gardener ◽  
Interest In Science ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Specific Performance

Studies have shown gardening to have the potential to influence students in several positive ways. The hands-on and informal learning that occurs in these outdoor areas can be incorporated into all areas of the curriculum, fostering environmental awareness and increased interest in science. Junior Master Gardener (JMG) was chosen to be evaluated in 14 Indiana third grade classrooms as little formal classroom usage data exists for the program. It was hypothesized that the use of the program could help improve agriculture awareness and knowledge in youth. Quantitative and qualitative instruments and observations were utilized in a effort to evaluate knowledge gain and change of attitude towards the topics covered by the JMG curriculum; science, horticulture, and the environment. Student pre- and posttest results indicated overall significant gains in knowledge and attitudes. Performance was not attributed to student age, gender, race, or location of the school, although those schools with a garden achieved more positive gains in attitude and specific performance varied according to classroom. Qualitative data also indicated that the students enjoyed the program, shared what they learned with others, and wanted to participate in more JMG and gardening type activities. Teachers indicated that they were satisfied with the program in their classrooms and planned to reuse their JMG materials for future classes.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 275-294
Author(s):  
Daniel Beunza
Keyword(s):  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
Wall Street ◽  
Personal Evaluation ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Organizational Norms ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Emerging Themes

This concluding chapter brings together the emerging themes of the book into an overarching framework. It considers integration, organizational norms, judgment, moral disengagement, and the breakup of Wall Street banks. The chapter proposes the concept of proximate control, a hands-on approach to management that stands in contrast to what governmentality scholars such as Peter Miller and Nikolas Rose have called “government at a distance.” Proximate control calls for better supervision of quantitative traders by resisting the temptation to evaluate those employees using models. It entails a combination of the social and the technological, such as preserving face-to-face interaction on the trading floor, the use of personal evaluation of quantitative results, or the qualitative judgment of financial calculations.

A Crash Course in Bayesian Inference

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward P. Herbst ◽  
Frank Schorfheide
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Posterior Distribution ◽  
Ar Model ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Posterior Distributions ◽  
Interval Estimates ◽  
Point Estimates

This chapter provides a self-contained review of Bayesian inference and decision making. It begins with a discussion of Bayesian inference for a simple autoregressive (AR) model, which takes the form of a Gaussian linear regression. For this model, the posterior distribution can be characterized analytically and closed-form expressions for its moments are readily available. The chapter also examines how to turn posterior distributions into point estimates, interval estimates, forecasts, and how to solve general decision problems. The chapter shows how in a Bayesian setting, the calculus of probability is used to characterize and update an individual's state of knowledge or degree of beliefs with respect to quantities such as model parameters or future observations.

Interval estimates of language divergence times

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 781-784
Author(s):  
A. J. Dobson
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Interval Estimates ◽  
Numerical Example ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
Language Divergence

It is often convenient to construct a branching diagram to represent the relationships between languages belonging to the same language family (for example, between Romance languages such as Rumanian, Italian, French and Spanish). It is desirable that the diagram should illustrate both the closeness of the relationships (that is, which pairs of languages have an immediate common ancestor and which are more remotely related) and the relative chronology of the languages. In this paper, the problem of estimating the time since two languages had a common ancestor and were the same is considered. Interval estimates are sought since, in general, consistent point estimates may be impossible; a numerical example is given to illustrate this.

Interval estimates of language divergence times

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
pp. 781-784
Author(s):  
A. J. Dobson
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Interval Estimates ◽  
Numerical Example ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
Language Divergence

It is often convenient to construct a branching diagram to represent the relationships between languages belonging to the same language family (for example, between Romance languages such as Rumanian, Italian, French and Spanish). It is desirable that the diagram should illustrate both the closeness of the relationships (that is, which pairs of languages have an immediate common ancestor and which are more remotely related) and the relative chronology of the languages. In this paper, the problem of estimating the time since two languages had a common ancestor and were the same is considered. Interval estimates are sought since, in general, consistent point estimates may be impossible; a numerical example is given to illustrate this.

scholarly journals Average Power: A Cautionary Note

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blakeley B. McShane ◽  
Ulf Böckenholt ◽  
Karsten T. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Average Power ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Analytic Approach ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Interval Estimate ◽  
Interval Estimates ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Contemporary Issue ◽  
History Of

Replication is an important contemporary issue in psychological research, and there is great interest in ways of assessing replicability, in particular, retrospectively via prior studies. The average power of a set of prior studies is a quantity that has attracted considerable attention for this purpose, and techniques to estimate this quantity via a meta-analytic approach have recently been proposed. In this article, we have two aims. First, we clarify the nature of average power and its implications for replicability. We explain that average power is not relevant to the replicability of actual prospective replication studies. Instead, it relates to efforts in the history of science to catalogue the power of prior studies. Second, we evaluate the statistical properties of point estimates and interval estimates of average power obtained via the meta-analytic approach. We find that point estimates of average power are too variable and inaccurate for use in application. We also find that the width of interval estimates of average power depends on the corresponding point estimates; consequently, the width of an interval estimate of average power cannot serve as an independent measure of the precision of the point estimate. Our findings resolve a seeming puzzle posed by three estimates of the average power of the power-posing literature obtained via the meta-analytic approach.

scholarly journals Enacting and capturing embodied knowledge in the practices of enthusiast car restorers: Emerging themes

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemaree Lloyd ◽  
Michael Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Material Object ◽  
Serious Leisure ◽  
Embodied Knowledge ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Emerging Themes ◽  
Post Industrial

This paper reports on emerging themes drawn from a larger ongoing qualitative study of car restorers which explores themes of embodiment, embodied knowledge and ways of knowing. The themes described in this current article indicate that car restoration is bounded within a discourse of loyalty to the particular type of practice and its projects (restoration), its material object (the car) and to narratives of expertise, maintenance and preservation. The study’s findings also demonstrate that enthusiast car restorers, along with other serious leisure communities, have become the unacknowledged custodians of a large body of hands-on knowledge which would otherwise be in danger of being lost in an increasingly post-industrial world.

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