scholarly journals The innervation of the male copulatory organ of spiders (Araneae) – a comparative analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim M. Dederichs ◽  
Carsten H. G. Müller ◽  
Lenka Sentenská ◽  
Elisabeth Lipke ◽  
Gabriele Uhl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Male Copulatory Organ ◽  
Copulatory Organ ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Sensory Interaction ◽  
Ground Pattern ◽  
Spider Species ◽  
The Many ◽  
Inherent Component ◽  
Uptake And Release

Abstract Background Nervous tissue is an inherent component of the many specialized genital structures for transferring sperm directly into the female’s body. However, the male copulatory organ of spiders was considered a puzzling exception. Based on the recent discovery of nervous tissue in the pedipalps of two distantly related spider species, we investigated representatives of all major groups across the spider tree of life for the presence of palpal nerves. We used a correlative approach that combined histology, micro-computed tomography and electron microscopy. Results We show that the copulatory organ is innervated in all species investigated. There is a sensory organ at the base of the sperm transferring sclerite in several taxa and nervous tissue occurs close to the glandular tissue of the spermophor, where sperm are stored before transfer. Conclusions The innervation of the copulatory organ by the bulb nerve and associated efferent fibers is part of the ground pattern of spiders. Our findings pave the way for unraveling the sensory interaction of genitalia during mating and for the still enigmatic mode of uptake and release of sperm from the male copulatory organ.

scholarly journals Phrynarachne birudissp. nov., a new crab spider (Araneae, Thomisidae) from South Korea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Seong Im ◽  
Seung Tae Kim ◽  
Sueyeon Lee
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Male Copulatory Organ ◽  
Copulatory Organ ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Biological Resources ◽  
Crab Spider ◽  
Crab Spiders

The crab spiders of the genus Phrynarachne Thorell, 1869 comprising 32 species has been widely known to distribute worldwide to date. Only one species, Phrynarachne katoi Chikuni, 1955, is known in Korea so far. A new crab spider, Phrynarachne birudis sp. nov. is described, based on a male collected from Gumi-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. The geographic record is provided as well as photos of habitus and illustrations of the male copulatory organ. The type specimens of this study are deposited in the collection of the Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR) and Konkuk University (KKU), South Korea.

scholarly journals Supplementary taxonomic description of Demidospermus pinirampi (Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae), with a new host record and an expansion of its distribution range

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-358
Author(s):  
Julio Cesar Cenci de AGUIAR ◽  
Glauco Baptista Franco BUENO ◽  
Sonia Maria Cursino dos SANTOS ◽  
Edson Aparecido ADRIANO
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Male Copulatory Organ ◽  
Host Record ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Copulatory Organ ◽  
The State ◽  
New Host ◽  
New Host Record ◽  
Taxonomic Description ◽  
Morphological Diagnosis

ABSTRACT During a survey conducted in the Lajeado Reservoir of the Tocantins River, in the state of Tocantins, Brazil, dactylogyrids were recovered from the gills of Pimelodina flavipinnis. Initial morphological analysis showed these dactylogyrids shared aspects of character with species of Demidospermus, with affinity to Demidospermus pinirampi, despite exhibiting differences with the original description by Kritsky et al. (1987) regarding the vagina, the base of the male copulatory organ and the shape and length of the bars. The analysis of the holotypes of D. pinirampi and its most morphologically close species, Demidospermus luckyi, revealed that these dactylogyrids were indeed D. pinirampi. This study therefore reports a new host and locality of occurrence, and reviews some measurements of the original description, supplementing and enhancing the morphological diagnosis of D. pinirampi.

scholarly journals The endogean beetle fauna of the Marganai-Oridda-Valle del Leni area (SW Sardinia), with description of seven new species of Staphylinidae Leptotyphlinae (Coleoptera)

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2318 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUCA FANCELLO ◽  
CARLES HERNANDO ◽  
PIERO LEO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Male Copulatory Organ ◽  
Copulatory Organ ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
Female Genital

Twenty-six species of endogean beetles are recorded from the Marganai-Oridda-Valle del Leni area, belonging to six different families: Carabidae (Typhloreicheia holdhausi Magrini, Fancello & Casale, 2006, T. leoi pilosa Magrini & Fancello, 2007, T. tanit Leo, Magrini & Fancello, 2005), Leiodidae [Bathysciola damryi (Abeille de Perrin, 1881)], Staphylinidae [Eudesis aglena Reitter, 1882, E. minima Binaghi, 1948, Mayetia sp., Trimium amplipenne Reitter, 1908, Tychobythinus dentimanus (Reitter, 1884), Tychus sp., Pselaphostomus sp., Phloeocharis ichnusae Dodero, 1900, Octavius raymondi Saulcy, 1878, O. sardous Coiffait, 1965, four new species of Entomoculia, three new species of Leptotyphlus], Zopheridae (Langelandia reitteri Belon, 1882, Lyreus septemstriatus Fancello & Leo, 1991), Curculionidae (Torneuma sp.) and Raymondionymidae [Alaocyba carinulata Perris, 1869, Raymondiellus sardous sardous (Perris, 1869)]. One species (Langelandia reitteri) is W-Mediterranan, one is a Sardo-Corsican endemic (Tychobythinus dentimanus), the remaining 24 species are all Sardinian endemics and 16 of these are strictly localized within the study area or restricted to SW Sardinia. The following species of Staphylinidae Leptotyphlinae are described: Entomoculia villascemae sp. nov., E. carbonaria sp. nov., E. shardana sp. nov., E. melonii sp. nov., Leptotyphlus nardii sp. nov., L. minator sp. nov. and L. villacidrinus sp. nov.; all are easily distinguishable from their congeners by the structure of the male copulatory organ and female genital armature. The morphology of the copulatory organ in the newly described Leptotyphlus species indicates that the classical subgeneric categories used in Leptotyphlus are probably based on characters not reflecting a natural subdivision of the genus.

Efficiency testing of artificial neural networks in predicting the properties of carbon nanomaterials as potential systems for nervous tissue stimulation and regeneration

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martyna Sasiada ◽  
Aneta Fraczek-Szczypta ◽  
Ryszard Tadeusiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Neural Model ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterial ◽  
Neural Models ◽  
Predictive Learning ◽  
The Many

AbstractA new method of predicting the properties of carbon nanomaterials from carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide, using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) on a metal surface, was investigated. The main goal is to obtain the basis for nervous tissue stimulation and regeneration. Because of the many variations of the EPD method, costly and time-consuming experiments are necessary for optimization of the produced systems. To limit such costs and workload, we propose a neural network-based model that can predict the properties of selected carbon nanomaterial systems before they are produced. The choice of neural networks as predictive learning models is based on many studies in the literature that report neural models as good interpretations of real-life processes. The use of a neural network model can reduce experimentation with unpromising methods of systems processing and preparation. Instead, it allows a focus on experiments with these systems, which are promising according to the prediction given by the neural model. The performed tests showed that the proposed method of predictive learning of carbon nanomaterial properties is easy and effective. The experiments showed that the prediction results were consistent with those obtained in the real system.

STUDIES ON THE ANATOMY OF LYMNAEA HUMILIS SAY

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce M. McCraw
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Male Copulatory Organ ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Copulatory Organ ◽  
Accessory Structure ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Distinct Entity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The topographic anatomy of Lymnaea humilis is described, giving the relative positions of the various internal organs. A description of the anatomy of the cephalic hemocoele is also given. Like Lymnaea stagnalis the central nervous system of L. humilis consists of the paired cerebral, buccal, pedal, pleural, and parietal ganglia and the unpaired abdominal ganglion. The nerves arising from the central nervous system are described and particular attention was devoted to the nerves arising from the pedal ganglia and innervating the foot; fourteen new nerves are named or described. The reproductive system of L. humilis is divided into: (a) the ovotestis and its duct, (b) the female system, and (c) the male system. In reproductively active snails, the female system is the largest of the three portions, and consists of the uterus, oothecal gland, vagina, and seminal receptacle. An accessory structure, the albumen gland, is very large in L. humilis. The male system consists of the upper and lower prostate, vas deferens, and male copulatory organ. The connections between the hermaphrodite duct and the male and female systems show considerable structural consolidation compared to these connections in L. stagnalis. The muciparous gland is not a distinct entity in L. humilis.

The fate of fossil fuel hydrocarbons in marine animals

1975 ◽  
Vol 189 (1096) ◽  
pp. 391-413 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Marine Animal ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Marine Food Web ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Marine Food ◽  
The Many ◽  
Uptake And Release

Certain hydrocarbons present in crude oil have been detected in several marine animal species as well as algae and sediments. The importance of pollution as a source of these hydrocarbons is briefly considered, as is evidence for their biosynthesis in marine organisms. The problem of whether these compounds, particularly the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are transferred through the marine food web is considered in the light of recent evidence for their uptake and release by various marine animals; and the question of whether they are excreted unchanged or as metabolites is discussed in the context of the many studies that have been made of their fate in mammals.

THE DIMORPHISM IN THE MALE COPULATORY ORGAN OF THE CHRYSOMELID ARTHROCHLAMYS BEBBIANAE BROWN

1944 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 70-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Male Copulatory Organ ◽  
Copulatory Organ ◽  
Salix Bebbiana

Arthrochlamys bebbianae Brown is a small chrysomelid that occurs rather commonly in the Ottawa District. It is one of a group of species that have been confused under the names Chlamys gibbosa (Fab.) and C. plicata (Fab.). Both its larvae, which are case-bearers, and its adults feed on the leaves and on the epidermis of the new growth of a willow, Salix Bebbiana Sarg. The speries appears to be monophagous, and it tends to occur in diffuse colonies.

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