scholarly journals Mammalian tumor-like organs. 1. The role of tumor-like normal organs and atypical tumor organs in the evolution of development (carcino-evo-devo)

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Evolution Of Development ◽  
Subsequent Evolution ◽  
Main Text ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Hereditary Tumors ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
Evolutionary Role

Abstract Background Earlier I hypothesized that hereditary tumors might participate in the evolution of multicellular organisms. I formulated the hypothesis of evolution by tumor neofunctionalization, which suggested that the evolutionary role of hereditary tumors might consist in supplying evolving multicellular organisms with extra cell masses for the expression of evolutionarily novel genes and the origin of new cell types, tissues, and organs. A new theory—the carcino-evo-devo theory—has been developed based on this hypothesis. Main text My lab has confirmed several non-trivial predictions of this theory. Another non-trivial prediction is that evolutionarily new organs if they originated from hereditary tumors or tumor-like structures, should recapitulate some tumor features in their development. This paper reviews the tumor-like features of evolutionarily novel organs. It turns out that evolutionarily new organs such as the eutherian placenta, mammary gland, prostate, the infantile human brain, and hoods of goldfishes indeed have many features of tumors. I suggested calling normal organs, which have many tumor features, the tumor-like organs. Conclusion Tumor-like organs might originate from hereditary atypical tumor organs and represent the part of carcino-evo-devo relationships, i.e., coevolution of normal and neoplastic development. During subsequent evolution, tumor-like organs may lose the features of tumors and the high incidence of cancer and become normal organs without (or with almost no) tumor features.

scholarly journals The Role of Heritable Tumors in Evolution of Development: a New Theory of Carcino-evo-devo

Acta Naturae ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
A P Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
Normal Development ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Evolution Of Development ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Hereditary Tumors ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The hypothesis of evolution by tumor neofunctionalization (the main hypothesis) describes the possible role of hereditary tumors in evolution. The present article examines the relationship of the main hypothesis to other biological theories. As shown in this paper, the main hypothesis does not contradict to the existing biological theories, but fills the lacunas between them and explains some unexplained (or not completely understood) questions. Common features of embryonic development and tumorigenesis are described by several recognized theories. Similarities between normal development and tumorigenesis suggest that tumors could participate in the evolution of ontogenesis and in the origin of new cell types, tissues and organs. A wide spectrum of non-trivial explanations and non-trivial predictions in different fields of biology, suggested by the main hypothesis, is an indication of its fundamental nature and the potential to become a new biological theory, a theory of the role of tumors in evolution of development, or carcino-evo-devo.

Role of Transcriptional Read-Through in PRE Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Acta Naturae ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Elizar’ev ◽  
D. V. Lomaev ◽  
D. A. Chetverina ◽  
P. G. Georgiev ◽  
M. M. Erokhin
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transcription Terminator ◽  
Response Elements ◽  
Polycomb Response Elements ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Main Factor

Maintenance of the individual patterns of gene expression in different cell types is required for the differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Expression of many genes is controlled by Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins that act through association with chromatin. PcG/TrxG are assembled on the DNA sequences termed PREs (Polycomb Response Elements), the activity of which can be modulated and switched from repression to activation. In this study, we analyzed the influence of transcriptional read-through on PRE activity switch mediated by the yeast activator GAL4. We show that a transcription terminator inserted between the promoter and PRE doesnt prevent switching of PRE activity from repression to activation. We demonstrate that, independently of PRE orientation, high levels of transcription fail to dislodge PcG/TrxG proteins from PRE in the absence of a terminator. Thus, transcription is not the main factor required for PRE activity switch.

scholarly journals Evolutionarily novel genes are expressed in transgenic fish tumors and their orthologs are involved in development of progressive traits in humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Matyunina ◽  
A. V. Emelyanov ◽  
T. V. Kurbatova ◽  
A. A. Makashov ◽  
I. V. Mizgirev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Novel Genes ◽  
New Class ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
Human Orthologs ◽  
New Gene ◽  
Hereditary Tumors ◽  
Evolutionary Role

Abstract Earlier we suggested a new hypothesis of the possible evolutionary role of hereditary tumors (Kozlov, Evolution by tumor Neofunctionalization, 2014), and described a new class of genes – tumor specifically expressed, evolutionarily novel (TSEEN) genes - that are predicted by this hypothesis (Kozlov, Infect Agents Cancer 11:34, 2016). In this paper we studied evolutionarily novel genes expressed in fish tumors after regression, as a model of evolving organs. As evolutionarily novel genes may not yet have organismal functions, we studied the acquisition of new gene functions by comparing fish evolutionarily novel genes with their human orthologs. We found that many genes involved in development of progressive traits in humans (lung, mammary gland, placenta, ventricular septum, etc.) originated in fish and are expressed in fish tumors and tumors after regression. These findings support a possible evolutionary role of hereditary tumors, and in particular the hypothesis of evolution by tumor neofunctionalization. Research highlights Earlier we described a new class of genes that are tumor-specifically expressed and evolutionarily novel (TSEEN). As the functions of TSEEN genes are often uncertain, we decided to study TSEEN genes of fishes so that we could trace the appearance of their new functions in higher vertebrates. We found that many human genes which are involved in development of progressive traits (placenta development, mammary gland and lung development etc.,) originated in fishes and are expressed in fish tumors.

scholarly journals Oncogenes, tumor suppressor and differentiation genes represent the oldest human gene classes and evolve concurrently

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Makashov ◽  
S. V. Malov ◽  
A. P. Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Human Gene ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
Hereditary Tumors ◽  
Evolutionary Role ◽  
Predominant Expression

Abstract Earlier we showed that human genome contains many evolutionarily young or novel genes with tumor-specific or tumor-predominant expression. We suggest calling such genes Tumor Specifically Expressed, Evolutionarily New (TSEEN) genes. In this paper we performed a study of the evolutionary ages of different classes of human genes, using homology searches in genomes of different taxa in human lineage. We discovered that different classes of human genes have different evolutionary ages and confirmed the existence of TSEEN gene classes. On the other hand, we found that oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes and differentiation genes are among the oldest gene classes in humans and their evolution occurs concurrently. These findings confirm non-trivial predictions made by our hypothesis of the possible evolutionary role of hereditary tumors. The results may be important for better understanding of tumor biology. TSEEN genes may become the best tumor markers.

Role of the teneurins, teneurin C-terminal associated peptides (TCAP) in reproduction: clinical perspectives

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Lovejoy ◽  
Téa Pavlović
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Reproductive Physiology ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Peptide Sequence ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Terminal Exon ◽  
Numerous Cell ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
G Protein Coupled

AbstractIn humans, the teneurin gene family consists of four highly conserved paralogous genes that are the result of early vertebrate gene duplications arising from a gene introduced into multicellular organisms from a bacterial ancestor. In vertebrates and humans, the teneurins have become integrated into a number of critical physiological systems including several aspects of reproductive physiology. Structurally complex, these genes possess a sequence in their terminal exon that encodes for a bioactive peptide sequence termed the ‘teneurin C-terminal associated peptide’ (TCAP). The teneurin/TCAP protein forms an intercellular adhesive unit with its receptor, latrophilin, an Adhesion family G-protein coupled receptor. It is present in numerous cell types and has been implicated in gamete migration and gonadal morphology. Moreover, TCAP is highly effective at reducing the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) stress response. As a result, TCAP may also play a role in regulating the stress-associated inhibition of reproduction. In addition, the teneurins and TCAP have been implicated in tumorigenesis associated with reproductive tissues. Therefore, the teneurin/TCAP system may offer clinicians a novel biomarker system upon which to diagnose some reproductive pathologies.

Endocannabinoids and Liver Disease. II. Endocannabinoids in the pathogenesis and treatment of liver fibrosis

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (2) ◽  
pp. G357-G362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sören V. Siegmund ◽  
Robert F. Schwabe
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Hepatic Cirrhosis ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Chronic Injury ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Complex Signaling ◽  
Injured Liver

Hepatic fibrosis is the response of the liver to chronic injury and is associated with portal hypertension, progression to hepatic cirrhosis, liver failure, and high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. On a molecular level, a large number of signaling pathways have been shown to contribute to the activation of fibrogenic cell types and the subsequent accumulation of extracellular matrix in the liver. Recent evidence suggests that the endocannabinoid system is an important part of this complex signaling network. In the injured liver, the endocannabinoid system is upregulated both at the level of endocannabinoids and at the endocannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. The hepatic endocannabinoid system mediates both pro- and antifibrogenic effects by activating distinct signaling pathways that differentially affect proliferation and death of fibrogenic cell types. Here we will summarize current findings on the role of the hepatic endocannabinoid system in liver fibrosis and discuss emerging options for its therapeutic exploitation.

scholarly journals Pregnant Females as Historical Individuals: An Insight From the Philosophy of Evo-Devo

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Nuño de la Rosa ◽  
Mihaela Pavličev ◽  
Arantza Etxeberria
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Evolutionary Strategy ◽  
Biological Individuality ◽  
Maternal Cell ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
Container Model

Criticisms of the “container” model of pregnancy picturing female and embryo as separate entities multiply in various philosophical and scientific contexts during the last decades. In this paper, we examine how this model underlies received views of pregnancy in evolutionary biology, in the characterization of the transition from oviparity to viviparity in mammals and in the selectionist explanations of pregnancy as an evolutionary strategy. In contrast, recent evo-devo studies on eutherian reproduction, including the role of inflammation and new maternal cell types, gather evidence in favor of considering pregnancy as an evolved relational novelty. Our thesis is that from this perspective we can identify the emergence of a new historical individual in evolution. In evo-devo, historical units are conceptualized as evolved entities which fulfill two main criteria, their continuous persistence and their non-exchangeability. As pregnancy can be individuated in this way, we contend that pregnant females are historical individuals. We argue that historical individuality differs from, and coexists with, other views of biological individuality as applied to pregnancy (the physiological, the evolutionary and the ecological one), but brings forward an important new insight which might help dissolve misguided conceptions.

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