scholarly journals Pregnant Females as Historical Individuals: An Insight From the Philosophy of Evo-Devo

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Nuño de la Rosa ◽  
Mihaela Pavličev ◽  
Arantza Etxeberria
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Evolutionary Strategy ◽  
Biological Individuality ◽  
Maternal Cell ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
Container Model

Criticisms of the “container” model of pregnancy picturing female and embryo as separate entities multiply in various philosophical and scientific contexts during the last decades. In this paper, we examine how this model underlies received views of pregnancy in evolutionary biology, in the characterization of the transition from oviparity to viviparity in mammals and in the selectionist explanations of pregnancy as an evolutionary strategy. In contrast, recent evo-devo studies on eutherian reproduction, including the role of inflammation and new maternal cell types, gather evidence in favor of considering pregnancy as an evolved relational novelty. Our thesis is that from this perspective we can identify the emergence of a new historical individual in evolution. In evo-devo, historical units are conceptualized as evolved entities which fulfill two main criteria, their continuous persistence and their non-exchangeability. As pregnancy can be individuated in this way, we contend that pregnant females are historical individuals. We argue that historical individuality differs from, and coexists with, other views of biological individuality as applied to pregnancy (the physiological, the evolutionary and the ecological one), but brings forward an important new insight which might help dissolve misguided conceptions.

scholarly journals Functional Characterization of a GGPPS Variant Identified in Atypical Femoral Fracture Patients and Delineation of the Role of GGPPS in Bone-Relevant Cell Types

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2091-2098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neus Roca-Ayats ◽  
Pei Ying Ng ◽  
Natàlia Garcia-Giralt ◽  
Maite Falcó-Mascaró ◽  
Mónica Cozar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Fracture ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Atypical Femoral Fracture

Deep characterization of paired chromatin and transcriptomes in four immune cell types from multiple sclerosis patients

Epigenomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunjay Jude Fernandes ◽  
Matilda Ericsson ◽  
Mohsen Khademi ◽  
Maja Jagodic ◽  
Tomas Olsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Patients ◽  
Accessible Chromatin

Background: The putative involvement of chromatin states in multiple sclerosis (MS) is thus far unclear. Here we determined the association of chromatin-accessibility with concurrent genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional events. Material & methods: We generated paired assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing and RNA-seq profiles from sorted blood immune CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD14+ monocytes and CD19+ B cells from healthy controls (HCs) and MS patients. Results: We identified differentially accessible regions between MS and HCs, primarily in CD4+ and CD19+. CD4+ regions were enriched for MS-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms and differentially methylated loci. In the vicinity of differentially accessible regions of CD4+ cells, 42 differentially expressed genes were identified. The top two dysregulated genes identified in this multilayer analysis were CCDC114 and SERTAD1. Conclusion: These findings provide new insight into the primary role of CD4+ and CD19+ cells in MS.

scholarly journals The Dual Role of Evo-Devo Mechanisms and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-275
Author(s):  
Guillermo Folguera ◽  
Nicolás Lavagnino
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Developmental Biology ◽  
Biological Variation ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Evolutionary Synthesis ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Extended Evolutionary Synthesis ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
Somatic Selection

The distinction between mechanisms that generate biological variation and mechanisms that modify it has been important in contemporary Biology, especially since the establishment of the Evolutionary Synthesis (ES) in the first part of the twentieth century. In the ES, and in its subsequent legacy to evolutionary biology, the focus was directed at mechanisms that modify biological variation. In recent years, evo-devo (Evolutionary Developmental Biology) emerged as an area of knowledge that proposes to extend the ES in many forms. In this sense, given that evo-devo integrates different areas of Biology, different types of mechanisms can be found. In order to understand evo-devo mechanisms, as well as its relation with the ES, we analyzed the role that evo-devo mechanisms play with respect to biological variation. The main question in our analysis was: do evo-devo mechanisms have a function of generators and/or modifiers of biological variation? We focused on three evo-devo mechanisms: environmental induction, hypervariability/somatic selection and developmental bias. Our analysis showed a different characterization of the action of evo-devo mechanisms. This heterogeneity in the role of evo-devo mechanisms shows that, in general, the distinction is maintained but there is a mechanism that presents a dual role. Our analysis indicates that, at least with respect to mechanisms, evo-devo extends and departs from what was proposed in the evolutionary synthesis.

Abstract 650: Characterization of Microparticles Formed by ABCA1

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anouar Hafiane ◽  
John K Bielicki ◽  
Jan O Johansson ◽  
Jacques Genest
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Hydrodynamic Diameter ◽  
Bhk Cells ◽  
Apo E ◽  
Time Course Study

Microparticles (MPS) are lipoprotein-sized structures created by the ABCA1 transporter. Their biological roles in health and in disease remain unknown. Here, we study MPS released from baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells stably expressing ABCA1 and human THP-1 cells also expressing ABCA1. Media cell culture was first collected from BHK-ABCA1 expressing cells after (45min, 2, 4, 8, and 24h) incubation. After centrifugation (4000xg for 15min and 10000xg for 30min) to remove cell debris, the supernatant was passed through a 10kDa cutoff filter and subsequently subjected to analytical FPLC. FPLC analysis shows creation of a single peak in the presence of ABCA1 but not in mock-transfected BHK cells. In a time-course study, the estimated hydrodynamic diameter remained stable (≥20nm). After 8h incubation of BHK cell with apoA-I or an apo-E mimetic peptide, CS-6253 (1μM), ABCA1 mediated formation of MPS of similar size with a significant increase in 3[H]-FC content than those generated by ABCA1 alone, (373±23 % cpm, P<0.05) and (277±60 % cpm, P<0.05) respectively. This was associated with highly lipidated nHDL-CS-6253 compararely to nHDL-apoA-I (4535±72 % cpm, P<0.001 versus 1059±14 % cpm) respectively. This data suggests that MPS formations are an integral component of cellular cholesterol efflux. Also, MPS do not contain CS-6253 when ABCA1 cells were incubated with the peptide as confirmed by western blotting similar to MPS generated from ABCA1 cells generated by apoA-I incubation. Cholesterol is effluxed more to nHDL-CS-6253 (14±7.68, % cpm, P<0.01 than to MPS 1±0.10, % cpm, 24h; P<0.01) similar to apoA-I. Depletion of membrane cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin treatment impaired HDL genesis and decrease MPS release. Detection of flotellin-2 protein enriched in MPS in total cell lysate indicated that these MPS may be related to exosomes. MPS generation was also characterized in THP-1 cells for further molecular characterization. We conclude that MPS are formed by ABCA1 in diverse cell types and the cholesterol content is dependent on activation by apo A-I or mimetic peptides. The physiological role of MPS remains to be understood. These particles may be transporters of lipids and nucleic acids.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase in fresh primordial germ cells as a marker of cell ‘stemness’

Zygote ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-48
Author(s):  
Andrea Svoradová ◽  
Jaromír Vašíček ◽  
Alexander Ostró ◽  
Peter Chrenek
Keyword(s):  
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Functional Marker ◽  
Aldh Activity

SummaryChicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the primary pluripotent stem cell types that will differentiate towards germ cells. High aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is considered as a functional marker for the detection of cell ‘stemness’. In our study the ALDEFLUOR™ kit was used for determination of ALDH activity in PGCs. PGCs were co-stained with diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) and ALDH and analyzed by flow cytometry. Our results showed a small cell population (8.0 ± 3.3%) upon preincubation of the cells with the specific inhibitor DEAB, however cells without inhibitor staining showed a fluorescence shift as an ALDH-positive population (70.5 ± 1.6%). These findings indicate higher expression of ALDH in PGCs and ALDH activity can therefore be used as a new functional marker for the detection of cell ‘stemness’ in chicken PGCs. These results may have importance for characterization of PGCs as a potential genetic resource in poultry. Further research is necessary to elucidate the role of this functional marker in these cells.

scholarly journals Genomewide Analysis of Mode of Action of the S-Adenosylmethionine Analogue Sinefungin in Leishmania infantum

mSystems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arijit Bhattacharya ◽  
Mansi Sharma ◽  
Charles Packianathan ◽  
Barry P. Rosen ◽  
Philippe Leprohon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Targets ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Potential Drug ◽  
Pathogenic Parasite ◽  
Potential Drug Targets ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Interventions

The two main cellular metabolic one-carbon donors are reduced folates and S-adenosylmethionine, whose biosynthetic pathways have proven highly effective in chemotherapeutic interventions in various cell types. Sinefungin, a nucleoside analogue of S-adenosylmethionine, was shown to have potent activity against the protozoan parasite Leishmania. Here, we studied resistance to sinefungin using whole-genome approaches as a way to further our understanding of the role of S-adenosylmethionine in this parasite and to reveal novel potential drug targets. These approaches allowed the characterization of novel features related to S-adenosylmethionine function in Leishmania which could further help in the development of sinefungin-like compounds against this pathogenic parasite.

scholarly journals Mammalian tumor-like organs. 1. The role of tumor-like normal organs and atypical tumor organs in the evolution of development (carcino-evo-devo)

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Evolution Of Development ◽  
Subsequent Evolution ◽  
Main Text ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Hereditary Tumors ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
Evolutionary Role

Abstract Background Earlier I hypothesized that hereditary tumors might participate in the evolution of multicellular organisms. I formulated the hypothesis of evolution by tumor neofunctionalization, which suggested that the evolutionary role of hereditary tumors might consist in supplying evolving multicellular organisms with extra cell masses for the expression of evolutionarily novel genes and the origin of new cell types, tissues, and organs. A new theory—the carcino-evo-devo theory—has been developed based on this hypothesis. Main text My lab has confirmed several non-trivial predictions of this theory. Another non-trivial prediction is that evolutionarily new organs if they originated from hereditary tumors or tumor-like structures, should recapitulate some tumor features in their development. This paper reviews the tumor-like features of evolutionarily novel organs. It turns out that evolutionarily new organs such as the eutherian placenta, mammary gland, prostate, the infantile human brain, and hoods of goldfishes indeed have many features of tumors. I suggested calling normal organs, which have many tumor features, the tumor-like organs. Conclusion Tumor-like organs might originate from hereditary atypical tumor organs and represent the part of carcino-evo-devo relationships, i.e., coevolution of normal and neoplastic development. During subsequent evolution, tumor-like organs may lose the features of tumors and the high incidence of cancer and become normal organs without (or with almost no) tumor features.

Potassium Transport in the Mammalian Collecting Duct

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeaki Muto
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Duct Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cortical Collecting Duct ◽  
Membrane Conductances ◽  
Collecting Duct Cells

The mammalian collecting duct plays a dominant role in regulating K+ excretion by the nephron. The collecting duct exhibits axial and intrasegmental cell heterogeneity and is composed of at least two cell types: collecting duct cells (principal cells) and intercalated cells. Under normal circumstances, the collecting duct cell in the cortical collecting duct secretes K+, whereas under K+ depletion, the intercalated cell reabsorbs K+. Assessment of the electrochemical driving forces and of membrane conductances for transcellular and paracellular electrolyte movement, the characterization of several ATPases, patch-clamp investigation, and cloning of the K+ channel have provided important insights into the role of pumps and channels in those tubule cells that regulate K+ secretion and reabsorption. This review summarizes K+ transport properties in the mammalian collecting duct. Special emphasis is given to the mechanisms of how K+ transport is regulated in the collecting duct.

scholarly journals Role of cell membrane galactosyltransferase in concanavalin A agglutination of erythrocytes

1975 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
D K Podolsky ◽  
M M Weiser
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Concanavalin A ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Enzyme Structure ◽  
Enzyme Properties ◽  
Rabbit Erythrocyte ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Determining Factor

It has been previously observed that rabbit erythrocyte cell surface galactosyltransferase appears to play a role in concanavalin A agglutination of these erythrocytes (Podolsky et al., 1974). Further, a correlation between the occurrence or level of cell surface galactosyltransferase and concanavalin A agglutinability of other cell types has also been observed. The mechanism by which rabbit erythrocyte galactosyltransferase participates in concanavalin A agglutination has now been further defined. The enzyme was solubilized and purified. Characterization of the enzyme properties has shown them to be similar to those reported for other purified galactosyltransferases. Amino acid and carbohydrate analysis showed a high asparagine content and the presence of D-mannose. Specific α-mannosidase treatment of the enzyme showed that some of these D-mannose residues were terminal sugars. The purified enzyme also conferred concanavalin A agglutinability to non-agglutinable human erythrocytes. However, the ability to confer concanavalin A agglutinability was unrelated to the enzyme activity per se (as measured with fetuin acceptor) but appeared to be entirely dependent on the presence of terminal α-linked D-mannosyl residues in the enzyme structure. These findings suggest that the presence of terminal α-mannosidyl residues on cell surface glycoproteins such as galactosyltransferase may be the determining factor in agglutination of cells by concanavalin A.

scholarly journals Characterization of cephalic and non-cephalic sensory cell types provides insight into joint photo- and mechanoreceptor evolution

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Revilla-i-Domingo ◽  
Vinoth Babu Veedin Rajan ◽  
Monika Waldherr ◽  
Günther Prohaczka ◽  
Hugo Musset ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Peripheral Cell ◽  
Blue Light Receptor ◽  
Trunk Movements ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Distinct Features

Rhabdomeric opsins (r-opsins) are light-sensors in cephalic eye photoreceptors, but also function in additional sensory organs. This has prompted questions on the evolutionary relationship of these cell types, and if ancient r-opsins were non-photosensory. A molecular profiling approach in the marine bristleworm Platynereis dumerilii revealed shared and distinct features of cephalic and non-cephalic of r-opsin1-expressing cells. Non-cephalic cells possess a full set of phototransduction components, but also a mechanosensory signature. Prompted by the latter, we investigated Platynereis putative mechanotransducer, and found nompc and pkd2.1 co-expressed with r-opsin1 in TRE cells by HCR RNA-FISH. To further assess the role of r-Opsin1 in these cells, we studied its signaling properties and unraveled that r-Opsin1 is a Gαq-coupled blue-light receptor. Profiling of cells from r-opsin1 mutants versus wild-types, and a comparison under different light conditions reveals that in the non-cephalic cells, light - mediated by r-Opsin1 - adjusts the expression level of a calcium transporter relevant for auditory mechanosensation in vertebrates. We establish a deep learning-based quantitative behavioral analysis for animal trunk movements, and identify a light- and r-Opsin-1-dependent fine-tuning of the worm's undulatory movements in headless trunks, which are known to require mechanosensory feedback. Our results provide new data on peripheral cell types of likely light-sensory/mechanosensory nature. These results point towards a concept in which such a multisensory cell type evolved to allow for fine-tuning of mechanosensation by light. This implies that light-independent mechanosensory roles of r-opsins may have evolved secondarily.

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