Role of Transcriptional Read-Through in PRE Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Acta Naturae ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Elizar’ev ◽  
D. V. Lomaev ◽  
D. A. Chetverina ◽  
P. G. Georgiev ◽  
M. M. Erokhin
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transcription Terminator ◽  
Response Elements ◽  
Polycomb Response Elements ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Main Factor

Maintenance of the individual patterns of gene expression in different cell types is required for the differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Expression of many genes is controlled by Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins that act through association with chromatin. PcG/TrxG are assembled on the DNA sequences termed PREs (Polycomb Response Elements), the activity of which can be modulated and switched from repression to activation. In this study, we analyzed the influence of transcriptional read-through on PRE activity switch mediated by the yeast activator GAL4. We show that a transcription terminator inserted between the promoter and PRE doesnt prevent switching of PRE activity from repression to activation. We demonstrate that, independently of PRE orientation, high levels of transcription fail to dislodge PcG/TrxG proteins from PRE in the absence of a terminator. Thus, transcription is not the main factor required for PRE activity switch.

An Overview of the Latest Applications of Platelet-Derived Microparticles and Nanoparticles in Medical Technology 2010-2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahereh Zadeh Mehrizi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Interesting Point ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Review Study ◽  
Cellular Pathways ◽  
Different Cell Types

: Today, Platelets and platelet-derived nanoparticles and microparticles have found many applications in nanomedical technology. The results of our review study show that no article has been published in this field to review the current status of applications of these platelet derivatives so far. Therefore, in present study, our goal is to compare the applications of platelet derivatives and review their latest status between 2010 and 2020 to present the latest findings to researchers. A very interesting point about the role of platelet derivatives is the presence of molecules on their surface which makes them capable of hiding from the immune system, reaching different target cells, and specifically attaching to different cell types. According to the results of this study, most of their applications include drug delivery, diagnosis of various diseases, and tissue engineering. However, their application in drug delivery is limited due to heterogeneity, large size, and the possibility of interference with cellular pathways in microparticles derived from other cells. On the other hand, platelet nanoparticles are more controllable and have been widely used for drug delivery in treatment of cancer, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, infectious diseases, repair of damaged tissue, and photothermal therapy. The results of this study show that platelet nanoparticles are more controllable than platelet microparticles and have a higher potential for use in medicine.

Measurements of cell adhesion

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-509
Author(s):  
Janet E. Hornby
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Random Motion ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Collision Efficiency ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Laminar Shear ◽  
Lyophobic Sols

Cell suspensions were prepared from the kidney, liver and heart of chick embryos of 5 or 8 days of incubation, and from the limb-buds of chick embryos of 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 days of incubation. When these suspensions were aggregated under laminar shear in a Couette viscometer or random motion in a reciprocating shaker they obeyed the theoretical relationships derived for flocculating lyophobic sols. The values of the collision efficiency found for the different cell types under given conditions were used to calculate the force of interaction between cells of each type. The force of interaction ranged between 9 × 10−11 N (8-day heart) and 3 × 10−9 N (8-day liver). The forces of interaction between cells appear to be responsible for aligning the membranes of adjacent cells with a 10–20 nm gap. It is possible to arrange the cell types in a hierarchy based on the forces of interaction between them. The possible role of these forces in cell specificity is considered.

scholarly journals Precancerous niche (PCN), a product of fibrosis with remodeling by incessant chronic inflammation

4open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn L.D.M. Brücher ◽  
Ijaz S. Jamall
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Complex Signaling ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Multiple Signaling ◽  
Extracellular Environment

Fibroblasts are actively involved in the creation of the stroma and the extracellular matrix which are important for cell adhesion, cell–cell communication, and tissue metabolism. The role of fibrosis in carcinogenesis can be examined by analogy to tissues of various cancers. The orchestration of letters in the interplay of manifold components with signaling and crosstalk is incompletely understood but available evidence suggests a hitherto underappreciated role for fibrosis in carcinogenesis. Complex signaling and crosstalk by pathogenic stimuli evoke persistent subclinical inflammation, which in turn, results in a cascade of different cell types, ubiquitous proteins and their corresponding enzymes, cytokine releases, and multiple signaling pathways promoting the onset of fibrosis. There is considerable evidence that the body's attempt to resolve such a modified extracellular environment leads to further disruption of homeostasis and the genesis of the precancerous niche as part of the six-step process that describes carcinogenesis. The precancerous niche is formed and can be understood to develop as a result of (1) pathogenic stimulus, (2) chronic inflammation, and (3) fibrosis with alterations of the extracellular matrix, stromal rigidity, and mechano-transduction. This is why carcinogenesis is not just a process of aberrant cell growth with damaged genetic material but the role of the PCN in its entirety reveals how carcinogenesis can occur without invoking the need for somatic mutations.

scholarly journals Pancreatic α and β cells are globally phase-locked

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huixia Ren ◽  
Yanjun Li ◽  
Chengsheng Han ◽  
Yi Yu ◽  
Bowen Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Islet Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Phase Oscillators ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Oscillation Modes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Glucagon And Insulin ◽  
Different Cell Types

ABSTRACTThe Ca2+ modulated pulsatile secretions of glucagon and insulin by pancreatic α and β cells play a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. However, how different types of islet cells couple and coordinate via paracrine interactions to produce various Ca2+ oscillation patterns are still elusive. By designing a microfluidic device to facilitate long-term recording of islet Ca2+ activity at single cell level and simultaneously identifying different cell types in live islet imaging, we show heterogeneous but intrinsic Ca2+ oscillation patterns of islets upon glucose stimulation. The α and β cells oscillate in antiphase and are globally phase locked to various phase delays, causing fast, slow or mixed oscillations. A mathematical model of coupled phase oscillators quantitatively agrees with experiments and reveals the essential role of paracrine regulations in tuning the oscillation modes. Our study highlights the importance of cell-cell interactions to generate stable but tunable islet oscillation patterns.

scholarly journals SeqEnhDL: sequence-based classification of cell type-specific enhancers using deep learning models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yupeng Wang ◽  
Rosario B. Jaime-Lara ◽  
Abhrarup Roy ◽  
Ying Sun ◽  
Xinyue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Coding Sequences ◽  
Sequence Features ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Different Cell Types

AbstractWe propose SeqEnhDL, a deep learning framework for classifying cell type-specific enhancers based on sequence features. DNA sequences of “strong enhancer” chromatin states in nine cell types from the ENCODE project were retrieved to build and test enhancer classifiers. For any DNA sequence, sequential k-mer (k=5, 7, 9 and 11) fold changes relative to randomly selected non-coding sequences were used as features for deep learning models. Three deep learning models were implemented, including multi-layer perceptron (MLP), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). All models in SeqEnhDL outperform state-of-the-art enhancer classifiers including gkm-SVM and DanQ, with regard to distinguishing cell type-specific enhancers from randomly selected non-coding sequences. Moreover, SeqEnhDL is able to directly discriminate enhancers from different cell types, which has not been achieved by other enhancer classifiers. Our analysis suggests that both enhancers and their tissue-specificity can be accurately identified according to their sequence features. SeqEnhDL is publicly available at https://github.com/wyp1125/SeqEnhDL.

Hedgehog organises the pattern and polarity of epidermal cells in the Drosophila abdomen

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (11) ◽  
pp. 2143-2154 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Struhl ◽  
D.A. Barbash ◽  
P.A. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Cell Pattern ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Adult Drosophila

The abdomen of adult Drosophila, like that of other insects, is formed by a continuous epithelium spanning several segments. Each segment is subdivided into an anterior (A) and posterior (P) compartment, distinguished by activity of the selector gene engrailed (en) in P but not A compartment cells. Here we provide evidence that Hedgehog (Hh), a protein secreted by P compartment cells, spreads into each A compartment across the anterior and the posterior boundaries to form opposing concentration gradients that organize cell pattern and polarity. We find that anteriorly and posteriorly situated cells within the A compartment respond in distinct ways to Hh: they express different combinations of genes and form different cell types. They also form polarised structures that, in the anterior part, point down the Hh gradient and, in the posterior part, point up the gradient - therefore all structures point posteriorly. Finally, we show that ectopic Hh can induce cells in the middle of each A compartment to activate en. Where this happens, A compartment cells are transformed into an ectopic P compartment and reorganise pattern and polarity both within and around the transformed tissue. Many of these results are unexpected and lead us to reassess the role of gradients and compartments in patterning insect segments.

Infection and immunity

2021 ◽  
pp. 853-920
Keyword(s):  
Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Different Cell Types

‘Infection and immunity’ considers the response of the body to pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, prions, fungi, and parasites, which are discussed in terms of their nature, life cycle, and modes of infection. The role of the immune system in defence against infection is discussed, including innate and adaptive (acquired) immunity, antigens, the major histocompatibility complex, and the different cell types involved (antigen-presenting cells, T-cells, and B-cells). The mechanisms and cellular basis of inflammation are considered, as are post-infection repair mechanisms, and pathologies of the immune system such as hypersensitivity, autoimmunity and transplantations, and immunodeficiency (both primary and secondary to other diseases).

scholarly journals Cell phenotypic plasticity requires autophagic flux driven by YAP/TAZ mechanotransduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (36) ◽  
pp. 17848-17857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Totaro ◽  
Qiuyu Zhuang ◽  
Tito Panciera ◽  
Giusy Battilana ◽  
Luca Azzolin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Property ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Autophagic Flux ◽  
Downstream Effectors ◽  
Cellular Mechanotransduction ◽  
Cytoskeletal Tension ◽  
Transcriptional Rewiring ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Stem Cell State

Autophagy, besides ensuring energy metabolism and organelle renewal, is crucial for the biology of adult normal and cancer stem cells. However, it remains incompletely understood how autophagy connects to stemness factors and the nature of the microenvironmental signals that pattern autophagy in different cell types. Here we advance in these directions by reporting that YAP/TAZ transcriptionally control autophagy, being critical for autophagosomal degradation into autolysosomes. YAP/TAZ are downstream effectors of cellular mechanotransduction and indeed we found that cell mechanics, dictated by the physical property of the ECM and cytoskeletal tension, profoundly impact on autophagic flux in a YAP/TAZ-mediated manner. Functionally, by using pancreatic and mammary organoid cultures, we found that YAP/TAZ-regulated autophagy is essential in normal cells for YAP/TAZ-mediated dedifferentiation and acquisition of self-renewing properties. In tumor cells, the YAP/TAZ–autophagy connection is key to sustain transformed traits and for acquisition of a cancer stem cell state by otherwise more benign cells. Mechanistically, YAP/TAZ promote autophagic flux by directly promoting the expression of Armus, a RAB7-GAP required for autophagosome turnover and whose add-back rescues autophagy in YAP/TAZ-depleted cells. These findings expand the influence of YAP/TAZ mechanotransduction to the control of autophagy and, vice versa, the role of autophagy in YAP/TAZ biology, and suggest a mechanism to coordinate transcriptional rewiring with cytoplasmic restructuring during cell reprogramming.

scholarly journals The Role of MicroRNAs in Repair Processes in Multiple Sclerosis

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor P. Duffy ◽  
Claire E. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Repair Process ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Current State ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Different Cell Types

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterised by demyelination of central nervous system neurons with subsequent damage, cell death and disability. While mechanisms exist in the CNS to repair this damage, they are disrupted in MS and currently there are no treatments to address this deficit. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the influence of the small, non-coding RNA molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs), in autoimmune disorders, including MS. In this review, we examine the role of miRNAs in remyelination in the different cell types that contribute to MS. We focus on key miRNAs that have a central role in mediating the repair process, along with several more that play either secondary or inhibitory roles in one or more aspects. Finally, we consider the current state of miRNAs as therapeutic targets in MS, acknowledging current challenges and potential strategies to overcome them in developing effective novel therapeutics to enhance repair mechanisms in MS.

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