scholarly journals Analysis of seroprevalence in target wildlife during the oral rabies vaccination programme in Lithuania

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dainius Zienius ◽  
Janina Mickutė ◽  
Arnoldas Pautienius ◽  
Juozas Grigas ◽  
Arunas Stankevičius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Fox ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Target Populations ◽  
Juvenile Animal ◽  
Free Status ◽  
Rabies Vaccination ◽  
Sera Samples

Abstract Background Rabies vaccination of wildlife carnivores is a powerful tool to prevent, control and eliminate rabies. The presence of neutralizing rabies antibodies in blood is considered a reliable indicator of adequate vaccination. The main purpose of the present study was to analyze the seroprevalence of specific antibodies in target populations of Lithuanian red fox (RF) and raccoon dog (RD) during the oral rabies vaccination (ORV) campaigns during the 2010–2019 period. Results Over the ten-year period, 7,261 RF and 2,146 RD sera samples were collected post-mortem in field conditions and tested using a commercial standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit in Lithuania. In the ORV spring and autumn vaccination periods, 31.8% (20.3–43.4 95% CI – 95% confidence interval) and 31.7% (21.2–42.1 95% CI) of RF, and 34.1% (22.5–45.7 95% CI) and 34.7% (22.7–46.7 95% CI) of RD sera samples, respectively, were identified as ELISA-positive (seroconversion ≥ 0.5 EU/mL—Equivalent Units per Millilitre). The seroprevalence analysis in adult/ juvenile animal subpopulations indicated that 34.9% (27.2–42.5 95% CI) and 29.2% (20.3–37.9 95% CI) of RF, and 35.6% (25.2–46.0 95% CI) and 30.6% (20.2–40.9 95% CI) of RD sera samples, respectively, were identified as ELISA-positive (seroconversion ≥ 0.5 EU/mL). Statistically strong determinate correlations (r) between the serological results (pos.%) in RF adult/juvenile animal subpopulations (r = 0.937) and between RF and RD positive seroconvert (pos.%) sera samples during the spring vaccinations (r = 0.864) were demonstrated. In different ORV periods, 14–29% of RF and 7–25% of RD sera samples were identified as ELISA-negative (seroconversion < 0.5 EU/mL), but with low (0.125 < 0.49 EU/mL) antibody (Abs) titres. Conclusions The 2010–2019 ORV programme has been an effective tool in both RF and RD populations in Lithuania. The rabies-free status of Lithuania was self-declared in 2015 with only three rabies cases identified in buffer zones since then. The percentage of ELISA-positive serum samples (seroconversion ≥ 0.5 EU/mL) during the different periods of vaccination was similar in RF and RD populations—32% and 34% respectively. The identified seroconversion average of 21.5% in RF and 16% in RD sera samples were officially identified as ELISA-negative (seronversion < 0.5 EU/mL), but with low 0.125 < 0.49 EU/mL Abs titres. That low, but positive seroconversion participated in the formation of populations overall immune status and can influence the interpretation of oral vaccination efficacy.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity of heterologous prime/booster-inactivated and adenoviral-vectored COVID-19 vaccine: real-world data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasamon Wanlapakorn ◽  
Nungruthai Suntronwong ◽  
Harit Phowatthanasathian ◽  
Ritthideach Yorsang ◽  
Thanunrat Thongmee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Comparison Groups ◽  
Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Vectored Vaccine ◽  
Sera Samples

Abstract Limited data are available on the responses to heterologous vaccine regimens for SARS-CoV-2, especially among countries using inactivated and adenoviral-vectored vaccines. A total of 77 participants who received heterologous prime/booster-inactivated COVID-19 vaccine and adenoviral-vectored vaccine were enrolled in our study. There were two comparison groups vaccinated with the homologous CoronaVac (N = 79) and AZD1222 (N = 80) regimen. All sera samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding-domain (RBD) IgG using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). The neutralizing activity in a subset of serum samples was tested against the original Wuhan strain and variants of concern, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). The CoronaVac followed by the AZD1222 vaccine induced higher levels of spike RBD-specific IgG than that of two-dose CoronaVac or AZD1222 vaccines (p < 0.001). Sera samples of the CoronaVac/AZD1222 vaccine recipients elicited higher neutralizing antibody activity against the original Wuhan and the B.1.351 strain than in the recipients of the two-dose CoronaVac or AZD1222. Following the inactivated CoronaVac/adenoviral-vectored (AZD1222) vaccination administered 14–72 days apart, participants receiving the heterologous vaccine regimen had higher spike RBD-specific IgG and neutralizing activities than the homologous CoronaVac vaccine recipients.

scholarly journals The field efficiency of oral rabies vaccination in the Lithuanian red fox population from 2006 to 2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Zienius ◽  
G. Pridotkas ◽  
I. Jaceviciene ◽  
M. Ruzauskas
Keyword(s):  
Red Fox ◽  
Biological Marker ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Field Efficiency ◽  
Rabies Vaccination ◽  
Sera Samples

The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy of an oral rabies vaccination (ORV) program in the period from 2006 to 2013 based on epidemiological data (Incidence of confirmed rabies in red foxes), biological marker evaluation (presence of tetracycline [TTC] indicating bait uptake), and the assessment of seroconversion (based on ELISA for rabies antibodies) in red foxes in Lithuania. Results were compared between juvenile and adult red foxes, and between the spring (March to May) and autumn (October to December) campaigns. On average, 20 baits/km<sup>2 </sup>were distributed over the entire territory of Lithuania. During the entire period of 2006&ndash;2013 1179 red foxes (10% of 11 829) were rabies-positive. While in 2006, 23.8% of tested foxes were rabies-positive, the incidence decreased to 2.4% in 2009, and 0.7% in 2011. Based on jaw bone investigation 78.1% of the foxes had ingested TTC from baits, 52.2% had seroconverted. The percentage of ELISA-positive red fox sera samples remained stable at 44.7&ndash;53.2% during both most recent ORV periods. The majority were adults (83%), 81.1 &plusmn; 8.54% of which were TCC-positive, and 73.8 &plusmn; 6.33% were TTC-positive juveniles. 52.5 &plusmn; 5.81% of adult red foxes had seroconversed, while 48.2 &plusmn; 4.51% of the young animals had a positive ELISA test in the years 2006 to 2013. This is in contrast to 2006 where only 29.5% of the young foxes were ELISA-positive. There were no significant differences between TTC- and ELISA-positive populations in different geographical regions of Lithuania. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Wildlife and Bait Density Monitoring to Describe the Effectiveness of a Rabies Vaccination Program in Foxes

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Paolo Tizzani ◽  
Angela Fanelli ◽  
Carsten Potzsch ◽  
Joerg Henning ◽  
Srdjan Šašić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Fox ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Density Data ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
Time Evaluation ◽  
Rabies Vaccination ◽  
Wildlife Reservoir

Fox rabies has been eliminated from vast areas of West and Central Europe, but cases still occur in the Balkans. Oral vaccination is an effective method for reducing the incidence of the disease in wildlife, but it requires monitoring if bait density is adequate for the density of the wildlife reservoir. We developed a methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of aerial vaccination campaigns conducted in Montenegro during autumn 2011 and spring 2012. The effectiveness of the vaccination campaign was assessed by (i) estimating the density of baits, (ii) estimating the distribution of the red fox, (iii) identifying critical areas of insufficient bait density by combining both variables. Although the two vaccination campaigns resulted in 45% and 47% of the country’s total area not reaching recommended density of 20 baits/km2, the consecutive delivery of both campaigns reduced these “gaps” to 6%. By combining bait and reservoir density data, we were able to show that bait density was lower than fox density in only 5% of Montenegro’s territory. The methodology described can be used for real-time evaluation of aerial vaccine delivery campaigns, to identify areas with insufficient bait densities.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity of heterologous prime/booster-inactivated and adenoviral-vectored COVID-19 vaccine: real-world data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasamon Wanlapakorn ◽  
Nungruthai Suntronwong ◽  
Harit Phowatthanasathian ◽  
Ritthideach Yorsang ◽  
Thanunrat Thongmee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Neutralizing Activity ◽  
Comparison Groups ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Vectored Vaccine ◽  
Sera Samples

Abstract Limited data are available on the responses to heterologous vaccine regimens for SARS-CoV-2, especially among countries using inactivated and adenoviral-vectored vaccines. A total of 77 participants who received heterologous prime/booster-inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (CoronaVac) and adenoviral-vectored vaccine (AZD1222) were enrolled in our study. There were two comparison groups vaccinated with the homologous CoronaVac (N = 80) and AZD1222 (N = 80) regimen. All sera samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding-domain (RBD) IgG using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). The neutralizing activity in a subset of serum samples was tested against the original Wuhan strain and variants of concern, B.1.1.7, B.1.617.2 and B.1.351, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). The heterologous CoronaVac/AZD1222 vaccine induced higher levels of spike RBD-specific IgG than that of two-dose homologous CoronaVac or AZD1222 vaccines (p < 0.001). Sera samples of the CoronaVac/AZD1222 vaccine recipients elicited higher neutralizing antibody activity against the original Wuhan and all variants of concern than in the recipients of the two-dose CoronaVac. Nevertheless, there were no difference in neutralizing activity against the original Wuhan and B.1.1.7 strain among heterologous CoronaVac/AZD1222 and homologous AZD1222 vaccine recipients.

scholarly journals The Successful Elimination of Sylvatic Rabies Using Oral Vaccination of Foxes in Slovenia

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 405
Author(s):  
Danijela Černe ◽  
Peter Hostnik ◽  
Ivan Toplak
Keyword(s):  
Red Fox ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Sylvatic rabies was present in Slovenia between 1973 and 2013, with the red fox as the main reservoir of the rabies virus. The first oral rabies vaccination (ORV) control program in foxes started in 1988, using the manual distribution of baits. Significant improvement of fox vaccination was achieved with the aerial distribution of baits, starting in 1995 and successfully finished with the final, fifty-ninth vaccination campaign in 2019. Between 1979 and 2019, a total of 86,471 samples were tested, and 10,975 (12.69%) rabies-positive animals were identified. Within the ORV, two different vaccines were used, containing modified live virus strain Street Alabama Dufferin (SAD) B19 and SAD Bern, while the last ORV campaigns were completed in 2019, with a vaccine containing a genetically modified strain of SPBN GASGAS. Molecular epidemiological studies of 95 rabies-positive samples, originating from red foxes, badgers, cattle, dogs, martens, cats, and horses, revealed a low genetic diversity of circulating strains and high similarity to strains from neighboring countries. During the elimination program, few vaccine-induced rabies cases were detected: three in red foxes and one case in a marten, with no epidemiological relevance. Slovenia has been officially declared a country free of rabies since 2016.

Presence of antibodies against rabies in wild boars

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gorazd Vengušt ◽  
Peter Hostnik ◽  
Mojca Cerovšek ◽  
Polona Cilenšek ◽  
Tadej Malovrh
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Hunting Season ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Research Reporting

Serum samples of 746 shot wild boars collected throughout Slovenia during the hunting season of 2005/2006 were examined for the presence of antibodies against rabies virus: 541 samples were collected in areas subjected to yearly antirabies vaccination, and 205 samples were collected in areas where preventive antirabies vaccination was not practised. Using a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in 209 out of 746 sera (28%) the levels of antibodies against rabies virus were higher than 0.5 IU/ml and deemed positive. A total of 173/541 (32%) and 36/205 (18%) samples were positive in the vaccinated and nonvaccinated areas, respectively. Further analysis of 191 out of the 746 samples using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation (FAVN) test revealed the presence of antibodies against rabies virus in 122/191 (64%) samples. This is the first extended research reporting that antibodies against rabies virus that originate from preventive oral vaccination targeting the fox population are present in wild boar.

scholarly journals Study of leptospirosia in animal and livestock

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Enkhtsetseg N ◽  
Altankhuu B ◽  
Narangerel B
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Swine Serum ◽  
Sera Samples

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease that affects vulnerable populations such as rural subsistence farmers and urban slum dwellers. Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by pathogenic organisms belonging to the genus leptospira, that are transmitted directly or indirectly from animals to humans. In Mongolian human cases of leptospirosis has not been reported yet and this zoonotic disease not well study. We had use the kit in order to detect Pomona, Tarassovi, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Sejroe and Canicola serotype by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. We analyzed 397 samples of bovine serum by indirect ELISA. The bovine serum samples were collected from Selenge province, and out of 101 samples 2 were positive. And, out of 171 bovine 1 serum was positive in Tov province. In contrast, no positive samples detected in 137 swine serum. Linnodee leptospira /ireland/- ELISA kit can detect a swine Bratislava serotype and cattle Hardjo serotype. To detect Hardjo serotype, 397 samples of cattle serum and 137 samples of swine serum were investigated. The 29 serum of cattle were positive, which has 7.3% infection rate, and, only one swine sera was positive out of 137, that has 0.73% infection rate. The 137 swine serum were tested by ELISA, which can detect Leptospira Bratislava serotype; and 12 out of that were positive. This indicates 8.7% of all sample are positive. Total of 397 bovine sera were examined by ELISA and specific antibody against Pomona, Tarassovi, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Sejroe and Canicola serotype detected in 0,75 % (3 sera samples). Hardjo serotype detected in 7.3 % (29 sera) of bovine samples and 7.6 % (1 serum) of 13 swine sera samples and furthermore, bratislava serotype antibody detected in 8.7% (12 sera) of the pigs included in our study. Our study indicates that risk of human leptospirosis infection through animal derived food consumption, soil and water contamination is present due to prevalence of hardjo and bratislava serotype in cattle and pig farms. These results correlates with study conducted by Odontsetseg N. PhD in 2005 which stated that Hardjo serotype of Leptospira interrogans was detected in cattle herd in our country and these suggest that leptospirosis is prevalent in certain regions of our country. Мал амьтны лептоспирозийн тандан судалгааны дүн Хураангуй:  Мал амьтны гаралтай хүнсний бүтээгдэхүүн ус, хөрсөөр дамжин хүнд халдварладаг зооноз өвчин болох Лептоспирозийн танадан судалгааг Булган, Орхон, Сэлэнгэ, Төв аймгууд болон Улаанбаатар хот орчмоос цуглуулсан үхрийн 721, гахайн 169, зарим мэрэгч амьтдын 108, усны 22 нийт 1020 сорьцыг ийлдэс судлал болон молекул биологи, нян судлалын аргаар шинжлэв. Судалгааны дүнд шинжилгээнд хамрагдсан нийт 397 үхрийн сорьцны 32 буюу 8.06%, 137 гахайн сорьцны 13 буюу 9.4%-д нь L. pomona, L. tarassovi, L. hebdomadis, L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. grippotyphosa, L. sejroe, L. canicola, L. hardjo, L. bratislava хэвшлүүдийн эсрэг үүссэн өвөрмөц эсрэгбием тус тус илрэв. Лептоспирозийн байгалийн дамжуулагч болох мэрэгчийн 108-н сорьцонд Полимериазан Гинжин Урвал (ПГУ) тавихад 8 сорьц буюу 7.4%-д нь лептоспирозийн G1, G2 генийн өвөрмөц бүтээгдэхүүн илэрсэн болно. Ийлдэс судлал, ПГУ- аар эерэг гарсан сорьцуудад үүсгэгч илрүүлэх нян судлалын шинжилгээ хийсэн боловч үүсгэгч өсгөвөрлөгдсөнгүй. Манай орны Орхон, Сэлэнгийн сав газар, Архангай, Төв аймаг, Улаанбаатар хот орчмын үхэр, гахай, мэрэгчидийн сорьц лептоспирозоор эерэг дүн үзүүлсэн нь манай орны мал амьтан, мэрэгчидэд өвчний халдварлалт байгааг харуулж байна. Түлхүүр үг: Leptospira, үүсгэгч, өвөрмөц эсрэгбием, ийлдсийн хэвшил, ген

TBE in Sweden

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
First Time

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was isolated for the first time in Sweden in 1958 (from ticks and from 1 tick-borne encephalitis [TBE] patient).1 In 2003, Haglund and colleagues reported the isolation and antigenic and genetic characterization of 14 TBEV strains from Swedish patients (samples collected 1991–1994).2 The first serum sample, from which TBEV was isolated, was obtained 2–10 days after onset of disease and found to be negative for anti-TBEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas TBEV-specific IgM (and TBEV-specific immunoglobulin G/cerebrospinal fluid [IgG/CSF] activity) was demonstrated in later serum samples taken during the second phase of the disease.

scholarly journals Pestivirus infections in cervids from the Czech Republic

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 191-193
Author(s):  
K. Sedlak ◽  
T. Girma ◽  
J. Holejsovsky
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Border Disease

372 sera of cervids from the Czech Republic were examined for antibodies to the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV) by competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and for the presence of the BVDV by AgELISA. Antibodies to BVDV/BDV were found in 0.6% (two positive/305 tested) red deer (<I>Cervus elaphus</I>). BVDV/BDV antibodies were not found in four sika deer (<I>Cervus Nippon</I>) and 63 fallow deer (<I>Dama dama</I>). All serum samples were BVDV antigen negative. Our results confirmed that red deer in the Czech Republic are only rarely infected with Pestiviruses. This was the first survey of pestiviruses in farmed and wild cervids in the Czech Republic.

scholarly journals Detection of Nipah virus in Pteropus medius in 2019 outbreak from Ernakulam district, Kerala, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Sudeep ◽  
Pragya D. Yadav ◽  
Mangesh D. Gokhale ◽  
R. Balasubramanian ◽  
Nivedita Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Index Case ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Visceral Organs ◽  
Distinct Cluster ◽  
New Genotype ◽  
Kerala State ◽  
Set Up

Abstract Background In June 2019, Nipah virus (NiV) infection was detected in a 21-year-old male (index case) of Ernakulum, Kerala, India. This study was undertaken to determine if NiV was in circulation in Pteropus species (spp) in those areas where the index case had visit history in 1 month. Methods Specialized techniques were used to trap the Pteropus medius bats (random sampling) in the vicinity of the index case area. Throat and rectal swabs samples of 141 bats along with visceral organs of 92 bats were collected to detect the presence of NiV by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR). Serum samples of 52 bats were tested for anti-NiV Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The complete genome of NiV was sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS) from the tissues and swab samples of bats. Results One rectal swab sample and three bats visceral organs were found positive for the NiV. Interestingly, 20.68% (12/58) of Pteropus were positive for anti-NiV IgG antibodies. NiV sequences of 18,172; 17,200 and 15,100 nucleotide bps could be retrieved from three Pteropus bats. Conclusion A distinct cluster of NiV sequences, with significant net-evolutionary nucleotide divergence, was obtained, suggesting the circulation of new genotype (I-India) in South India. NiV Positivity in Pteropus spp. of bats revealed that NiV is circulating in many districts of Kerala state, and active surveillance of NiV should be immediately set up to know the hotspot area for NiV infection.

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