scholarly journals Temporal and geographic analysis of trichinellosis incidence in Chile with risk assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Landaeta-Aqueveque ◽  
Salvador Ayala ◽  
Denis Poblete-Toledo ◽  
Mauricio Canals
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Temporal Data ◽  
Rate Fluctuation ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Domestic Cycle ◽  
Model Residuals ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation

AbstractTrichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by several Trichinella species around the world. In Chile, the domestic cycle was fairly well-studied in previous decades, but has been neglected in recent years. The aims of this study were to analyze, geographically, the incidence of trichinellosis in Chile to assess the relative risk and to analyze the incidence rate fluctuation in the last decades. Using temporal data spanning 1964–2019, as well as geographical data from 2010 to 2019, the time series of cases was analyzed with ARIMA models to explore trends and periodicity. The Dickey-Fuller test was used to study trends, and the Portmanteau test was used to study white noise in the model residuals. The Besag-York-Mollie (BYM) model was used to create Bayesian maps of the level of risk relative to that expected by the overall population. The association of the relative risk with the number of farmed swine was assessed with Spearman’s correlation. The number of annual cases varied between 5 and 220 (mean: 65.13); the annual rate of reported cases varied between 0.03 and 1.9 cases per 105 inhabitants (mean: 0.53). The cases of trichinellosis in Chile showed a downward trend that has become more evident since the 1980s. No periodicities were detected via the autocorrelation function. Communes (the smallest geographical administrative subdivision) with high incidence rates and high relative risk were mostly observed in the Araucanía region. The relative risk of the commune was significantly associated with the number of farmed pigs and boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758). The results allowed us to state that trichinellosis is not a (re)emerging disease in Chile, but the severe economic poverty rate of the Mapuche Indigenous peoples and the high number of backyard and free-ranging pigs seem to be associated with the high risk of trichinellosis in the Araucanía region.

Temporal and geographic analysis of human trichinellosis incidence in Chile with risk assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Landaeta-Aqueveque ◽  
Salvador Ayala ◽  
Denis Poblete-Toledo ◽  
Mauricio Canals
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Temporal Data ◽  
High Relative Risk ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Domestic Cycle ◽  
Model Residuals ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation ◽  
Bym Model

Abstract Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by several Trichinella species around the world. In Chile, the domestic cycle was fairly well-studied in previous decades, but has been neglected in recent years. The aims of this study were to analyze, geographically, the incidence of trichinellosis in Chile to assess the relative risk, as well as to analyze the temporal fluctuation in the incidence rates in the last decades. Using temporal data spanning 1964–2019, as well as geographical data from 2010–2019, the time series of cases was analyzed with ARIMA models to explore trends and periodicity. The Dickey–Fuller test was used to study trends, and the Portmanteau test was used to study white noise in the model residuals. The Besag–York–Mollie (BYM) model was used to create Bayesian maps of the level of risk relative to that expected by the overall population. The association of the relative risk with the number of farmed swine was assessed with Spearman’s correlation. The number of annual cases varied between 5 and 220 (mean: 65.13); the annual rate of reported cases varied between 0.03 and 1.9 cases per 105 inhabitants (mean: 0.53). The cases of trichinellosis in Chile showed a downward trend that has become more evident since the 1980s. No periodicities were detected via the autocorrelation function. Communes (the smallest geographical administrative subdivision) with high incidence rates and high relative risk were mostly observed in the Araucanía region. The relative risk of the commune was significantly associated with the number of farmed pigs and boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758). The results allowed us to state that trichinellosis is not an (re)emerging disease in Chile, but local conditions must be further studied to identify the factors favoring the presence of outbreaks in some communes, particularly in Araucanía.

Cancer in adolescents and young adults (AYA) in North Netherlands (1989–2003): Increased incidence, stable survival and high incidence of secondary tumors

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9538-9538
Author(s):  
J. C. van Gaal ◽  
E. S. de Bont ◽  
E. Bastiaannet ◽  
M. Schaapveld ◽  
J. C. Kluin-Nelemans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Young Cohort ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Secondary Tumors ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Hodgkin's Lymphomas ◽  
Over Time

9538 Background: Lack of improvement in survival in AYA cancer patients as compared to children has led to increased awareness of this young population. We performed a population-based study of the incidence and survival of primary tumors and incidence of second tumors in patients 12–24 years, diagnosed in North Netherlands. Methods: Patients, diagnosed 1989–2003, classified according to Birch, were retrieved from the regional cancer registry and were divided into age groups (12–15, 16–19, 20–24). Age-specific incidence rates per 100,000 were calculated using population data from Statistics Netherlands. Three-year moving means of incidence were calculated for the three age groups. 5-years survival over time for males (M) and females (F) was calculated; difference in survival was assessed with log-rank test. Results: From 1989–2003 1,118 patients were diagnosed: lymphoma 22.9%, germ-cell malignancies 14.5%, melanoma 13.7%, carcinoma 12.7%, sarcoma 11.7%, CNS tumors 11.5%, leukaemia 10%. The total age-specific incidence rates per 100,000 were: M:13.4 (12–15 yrs), 26.9 (16–19 yrs), and 27.5 (20–24 yrs) and F:13.9, 20.7, 20.7. M/F ratio was 1.32. Between 1999–2003 a remarkable high incidence of Hodgkin's lymphoma in 16–19 yrs (M 9.4, F 7.6), germ cell malignancies 14.1 (M, 20–24), and melanoma 7.0 (F, 20–24) was found. The estimated annual percent change in incidence was 2.15% (p=0.001) overall. Multivariate analysis of the incidence showed a significant increase by age and year of diagnosis. The 5 years-survival was 0.80, 0.80 and 0.82 for the three age groups. Survival did not change significantly during the study period, except for a better survival for leukemias (p=0.04). With a follow-up of 8.7 years the relative risk of secondary tumors was 34.98 (23.06- 50.89; p<0.05). Conclusions: Between 1989 and 2003 the total incidence of cancer in AYA increased. Except for leukaemia survival was stable over time. No difference in survival between the age groups (12–15;16–19; 20–24) was found. From 1999–2003 a remarkable high incidence of Hodgkin's lymphomas (M, 16–19), germ cell malignancies (M, 20–24) and melanomas (F, 20–24) was observed. The relative risk of a secondary tumor in this young cohort was 35-fold increased. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Cognitive function and risk for depression in old age: a meta-analysis of published literature

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Quan Huang ◽  
Zheng-Rong Wang ◽  
Yong-Hong Li ◽  
Yi-Zhou Xie ◽  
Qing-Xiu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk For Depression

ABSTRACTBackground: We assessed the relationship between cognitive impairment (including mild cognitive impairment with no signs of dementia, and dementia) and risk for depression in old age (60 years and older).Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library database were used to identify potential studies. All of the clinical studies that produced data on the association between cognitive function and risk of depression among individuals aged 55 years or older were identified and included in this review. The studies were classified into cross-sectional and longitudinal subsets. The quantitative meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were performed. For prevalence and incidence rates of depression, odds risk (OR) and relative risk (RR) were calculated, respectively.Results: Since all but two studies found in the search were for individuals aged 60 years or over, we assessed and reported on results for this larger group only. In this review we included 13 cross-sectional and four prospective longitudinal studies. The quantitative meta-analysis showed that, in old age, individuals with non-dementia cognitive impairment had neither significant higher prevalence nor incidence rates of depression than those without (odds risk (OR): 1.48, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): 0.87–2.52; relative risk (RR): 1.12, 95% CI: 0.62–2.01). In old age, individuals with dementia had both significant higher prevalence and incidence rates of depression than those without (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.15–2.89; RR: 3.92, 95% CI: 1.93–7.99).Conclusions: Despite the methodological limitations of this meta-analysis, we found that in old age, there was no association between depression and cognitive impairment with no dementia; however, there was a definite association between depression and dementia and thus dementia might be a risk for depression.

High Incidence Rates of Stroke in Örebro, Sweden: Further Support for Regional Incidence Differences within Scandinavia

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Appelros ◽  
Ingegerd Nydevik ◽  
Åke Seiger ◽  
Andreas Terént
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rates ◽  
High Incidence

scholarly journals Association between stress and bilateral symmetrical alopecia in free-ranging Formosan macaques in Mt. Longevity, Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-Chih Chen ◽  
Ai-Mei Chang ◽  
Ming-Shan Tsai ◽  
Yen-Hua Huang ◽  
Kurtis Jai-Chyi Pei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Population Status ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Normal Hair ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSince 2013, a high incidence of bilateral symmetrical alopecia has been observed in free-ranging Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) in Mt. Longevity, Taiwan. We hypothesized that stress induces alopecia in this population. To verify our hypothesis, we evaluated the histopathological characteristics of skin biopsy and used a validated enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) analysis, which act as an indicator of stress experienced by the individual. Follicular densities were lower (2.1–3.0 mm2) in individuals with symmetrical alopecia than in those with normal hair conditions (4.7 mm2). Furthermore, anagen to catagen/telogen ratios were lower in individuals with alopecia (0–1.4) than in those with normal hair (4.0). The histopathological characteristics of alopecia were similar to those of telogen effluvium, which indicates that stress is one of the possible etiologies. On the basis of the analytical and biological validation of EIAs for FGM analysis, 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone was considered suitable for monitoring adrenocortical activity in both sexes of Formosan macaques. The mean concentrations (standard error; sample size) of 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone were 2.02 (0.17; n = 10) and 1.41 (0.10; n = 31) μg/g for individuals with and without alopecia, respectively. Furthermore, the results of logistic regression analysis show that 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone (p = 0.012) concentration was positively associated with alopecia. Thus, stress was the most likely to trigger symmetrical alopecia in Formosan macaques in Mt. Longevity. Although stress can decrease the fitness of an individual, considering the population status of Formosan macaques in Taiwan is stable and alopecia was only observed in our study area, which is isolated from other populations, the impact on the total population of Formosan macaque in Taiwan is limited. Nonetheless, stress-induced immunosuppression and alopecia might affect the local abundance and increase zoonosis risk due to frequent human–macaque contact in Mt. Longevity. Future studies are suggested to focus on the causative factor of stress and the effects of stress and alopecia on the health and welfare in the Formosan macaques.

scholarly journals Incidence Of Diarrheal Infections In Ukraine: Epidemiological Peculiarities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Malysh ◽  
Oksana Chemych ◽  
Roman Rodyna ◽  
Inna Chorna ◽  
Svitlana Doan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Food Item ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Low Incidence

Abstract Background : Diarrheal infections remain relevant for many countries of the world. The processes of globalization, fundamental changes in nutrition and water consumption contributed to the fact that the significance of individual infection sources, etiological structure of diarrheal infections changed. Purpose of the study: on the background of the analytical study of the incidence of diarrheal infections in Ukraine under the current conditions, to determine the factors influencing epidemic situation. Methods: The reports of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Main Administrations of Statistics in Kharkiv, Odesa, Zaporizhia oblasts for 2011-2018 are used in the paper. Epidemiological and statistical research methods are applied. Results: The epidemic situation with diarrheal infections in Ukraine is characterized by a low incidence of typhoid fever (from 0.012 to 0.14 per 100 thousand people), shigellosis (from 1.97-6.13 per 100 thousand people), stable incidence rates without the downward trend, salmonellosis (from 17.35 till 24.1 per 100 thousand people), high incidence of diahrreal infections of specified etiology (from 115.5 to141.9 per 100 thousand people) and diahrreal infections of unspecified etiology (from 69.76 to 107.02 per 100 thousand people). The most complicated epidemic situation is observed in economically most developed regions of the country. Most diarrheal infectionsoutbreaks are connected with catering establishments 36.5 % and with children educational establishments 26.1 %. In the region with the highest shigellosis and salmonellosis incidence direct strong correlation relationships are established between the incidence and population, density, natural population movement. The oblasts with the highest diahrreal infections of specified etiology, rotaviral enteritis, diahrreal infections of unspecified etiology incidence are at least provided with water resources and have problems with provision of high-quality drinking water. There is a need to improve the system of epidemiological surveillance over diarrheal infections by extension of the indicators of microbiological study of drinking water quality in the regions of Ukraine, where high diahrreal infections of specified etiology, rotaviral enteritis, diahrreal infections of unspecified etiology incidence is registered; by increasing frequency of food item inspections in the oblasts, where mediana shigellosis and salmonellosis incidence exceeds the average one in Ukraine. Keywords: diarrheal infections, shigellosis, salmonellosis, rotaviral enteritis.

scholarly journals A Synthesis of Data, Model-Based Analyses, and Refinements of Possible Management Scenarios for Bison and Elk in the Jackson Valley

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 98-124
Author(s):  
Linda Zeigenfuss ◽  
Francis Singer ◽  
Michael Rock ◽  
Matt Tobler
Keyword(s):  
Data Model ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Private Lands ◽  
Housing Developments ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Private Housing ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Town

The elk and bison winter ranges in the Jackson Valley lie on a land complex consisting of Grand Teton NP (GTNP), National Elk Refuge (NER), town of Jackson, private ranches, and private housing developments. To reduce conflicts on these private lands, elk and bison are artificially fed alfalfa pellets at several feedgrounds located on the National Elk Refuge, the Gros Ventre Valley (Bridger-Teton NF), and south of the town. The concentrations of elk may be altering vegetation communities, especially riparian willow, aspen, buffaloberry, and other woody shrubs near the feedgrounds. Managers are concerned about these possible alterations. Human developments, human alterations, artificial feeding and high incidence of brucellosis in elk and bison complicate management of free-ranging ungulates in Grand Teton NP and the Jackson Valley. Managers need additional information on predicted land use changes, feeding scenarios, and ungulate-disease relations in the Jackson Valley to guide their management decisions.

scholarly journals SPATIAL STUDY OF INCIDENCE RATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS IN BRAZIL FROM 2002 TO 2012

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 927
Author(s):  
André Luis Santiago MAIA ◽  
Gecynalda Soares da Silva GOMES ◽  
Isabelle Galdino de ALMEIDA
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Occupational Accidents ◽  
Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Random Manner ◽  
Critical Regions

The intensive process of economic growth and job creation in Brazil in the last years is often associated an important dimension where this process is far drop satisfactory: the high incidence rates of occupational accidents. Important instruments can be constructed from the quantitative study considering possible changes caused by economic dynamics over the years. We conducted exploratory spatial data analysis  (ESDA) and Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) to analyze the spatial distribution of this rate in order to identify critical regions in Brazil. Data were extracted from the Brazilian Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE) and from the Brazilian Ministry of Social Security websites for the years from 2002 to 2012. Results show that the incidence rate of occupational accidents in Brazil is distributed in a geographically non-random manner and municipalities with high rates tends to cluster.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Surveillance Reveals Little Spread From a Large University Campus to the Surrounding Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L Valesano ◽  
William J Fitzsimmons ◽  
Christopher N Blair ◽  
Robert J Woods ◽  
Julie Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
University Of Michigan ◽  
University Campus ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Study Interval ◽  
Washtenaw County ◽  
The University ◽  
Subsequent Wave

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had high incidence rates at institutions of higher education (IHE) in the United States, but the transmission dynamics in these settings are poorly understood. It remains unclear to what extent IHE-associated outbreaks have contributed to transmission in nearby communities. Methods We implemented high-density prospective genomic surveillance to investigate these dynamics at the University of Michigan and the surrounding community during the Fall 2020 semester (August 16–November 24). We sequenced complete severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomes from 1659 individuals, including 468 students, representing 20% of cases in students and 25% of total cases in Washtenaw County over the study interval. Results Phylogenetic analysis identified &gt;200 introductions into the student population, most of which were not related to other student cases. There were 2 prolonged student transmission clusters, of 115 and 73 individuals, that spanned multiple on-campus residences. Remarkably, &lt;5% of nonstudent genomes were descended from student clusters, and viral descendants of student cases were rare during a subsequent wave of infections in the community. Conclusions The largest outbreaks among students at the University of Michigan did not significantly contribute to the rise in community cases in Fall 2020. These results provide valuable insights into SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics at the regional level.

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