scholarly journals Metabolites of gut microbiome are associated with glucose metabolism in non-diabetic obese adults: a Chinese monozygotic twin study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Yu ◽  
Cai-Guo Yu ◽  
Xing-Qi Yin ◽  
Zong-Wei Wang ◽  
Xiao-Bo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolism ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Citrate Cycle ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A

Abstract Background Evidence suggests gut microbiome is associated with diabetes. However, it’s unclear whether the association remains in non-diabetic participants. A Chinese monozygotic twin study, in which the participants are without diabetes, and are not taking any medications, was conducted to explore the potential association. Methods Nine pairs of adult monozygotic twins were enrolled and divided into two twin-pair groups (a and b). Clinical and laboratory measurements were conducted. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was assessed. Fecal samples were collected to analyze the microbiome composition by 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was performed to detect the metabolites. Results The participants aged 53 years old averagely, with 8 (88.9%) pairs were women. All the participants were obese with VAT higher than 100 cm2 (152.2 ± 31.6). There was no significant difference of VAT between the twin groups (153.6 ± 30.4 cm2 vs. 150.8 ± 29.5 cm2, p = 0.54). Other clinical measurements, including BMI, lipid profiles, fasting insulin and blood glucose, were also not significantly different between groups (p ≥ 0.056), whereas HbA1c level of group a is significantly higher than group b (5.8 ± 0.3% vs. 5.6 ± 0.2%, p = 0.008). The number and richness of OTUs are relatively higher in group a, and 13 metabolites were significantly different between two groups. Furthermore, several of the 13 metabolites could be significantly linked to special taxons. The potential pathway involved drug metabolism-other enzymes, Tryptophan metabolism and Citrate cycle. Conclusions Gut microbiome composition and their metabolites may modulate glucose metabolism in obese adults without diabetes, through Tryptophan metabolism, Citrate cycle and other pathways.

scholarly journals Metabolites of Gut Microbiome Are Associated With Glucose Metabolism in Non-diabetic Obese Adults: A Chinese Monozygotic Twin Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Yu ◽  
Cai-Guo Yu ◽  
Xing-Qi Yin ◽  
Zong-Wei Wang ◽  
Xiao-Bo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolism ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A

Abstract BackgroundEvidence suggests gut microbiome is associated with diabetes. However, it’s unclear whether this association remains in non-diabetic subjects. We conducted a monozygotic twin study, in which the participants are without diabetes, and are not taking any medications, to explore the potential association.MethodsNine pairs of adult monozygotic twins were enrolled and divided into two twin-pair groups (a and b). Clinical and laboratory measurements were conducted. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was assessed. Fecal samples were collected to analyze the microbiome composition by 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was performed to detect the metabolites. ResultsThe participants aged 53 years old averagely, with 8 (88.9%) pairs were women. All the participants were obese with VAT higher than 100 cm2 (152.2±31.6). There was no significant difference of VAT between the twin groups (153.6±30.4 cm2 vs. 150.8±29.5 cm2, p=0.54). Other clinical measurements, including BMI, lipid profiles, fasting insulin and blood glucose, were also not significantly different between groups (p≥0.056), whereas HbA1c level of group a is significantly higher than group b(5.8±0.3 % vs. 5.6±0.2 %, p=0.008). The number and richness of OUTs are relatively higher in group a, and 13 metabolites were significantly different between two groups. Furthermore, several of the 13 metabolites could be significantly linked to special taxons. The potential pathway involved drug metabolism-other enzymes, Tryptophan metabolism and Citrate cycle.ConclusionGut microbiome composition and their metabolites may modulate glucose metabolism in obese adults without diabetes, through Tryptophan metabolism, Citrate cycle and other pathways.

scholarly journals Alterations in gut microbiome composition and function in irritable bowel syndrome and increased probiotic abundance with daily supplementation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joann Phan ◽  
Divya Nair ◽  
Suneer Jain ◽  
Thibaut Montagne ◽  
Demi Valeria Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Irritable Bowel

AbstractBackgroundIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by abdominal discomfort and irregular bowel movements and stool consistency. Because there are different symptoms associated with IBS, it is difficult to diagnose the role of the microbiome in IBS.ObjectiveHere, we present a study that includes metagenomic sequencing of stool samples from subjects with the predominant subtypes of IBS and a healthy cohort. We collected longitudinal samples from individuals with IBS who took daily made-to-order precision probiotic and prebiotic supplementation throughout the study.Materials and MethodsThis study includes a population of 489 individuals with IBS and 122 healthy controls. All stool samples were subjected to shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Precision probiotics and prebiotics were formulated for all subjects with longitudinal timepoints.ResultsThere was significant variation explained in the microbiome between the healthy and IBS cohorts. Individuals with IBS had a lower gut microbiome diversity and reduced anti-inflammatory microbes compared to the healthy controls. Eubacterium rectale and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were associated with healthy microbiomes while Shigella species were associated with IBS. Pathway analysis indicated a functional imbalance of short chain fatty acids, vitamins, and a microbial component of Gram-negative bacteria in IBS compared to healthy controls. In the longitudinal dataset, there was a significant difference in microbiome composition between timepoints 1 and 3. There was also a significant increase in the overall microbiome score and relative abundances of probiotic species used to target the symptoms associated with IBS.ConclusionsWe identified microbes and pathways that differentiate healthy and IBS microbiomes. In response to precision probiotic supplementation, we identified a significant improvement in the overall microbiome score in individuals with IBS. These results suggest an important role for probiotics in managing IBS symptoms and modulation of the microbiome as a potential management strategy.ImportanceAn estimated 35 million people in the United States and 11.5% of the population globally are affected by IBS. Immunity, genetics, environment, diet, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), and the gut microbiome are all factors that contribute to the onset or triggers of IBS. With strong supporting evidence that the gut microbiome may influence symptoms associated with IBS, elucidating the important microbes that contribute to the symptoms and severity is important to make decisions for targeted treatment. As probiotics have become more common in treating IBS symptoms, identifying effective probiotics may help inform future studies and treatment.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiome Composition in Obese and Non-Obese Persons: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Mariona Pinart ◽  
Andreas Dötsch ◽  
Kristina Schlicht ◽  
Matthias Laudes ◽  
Jildau Bouwman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Genus Level

Whether the gut microbiome in obesity is characterized by lower diversity and altered composition at the phylum or genus level may be more accurately investigated using high-throughput sequencing technologies. We conducted a systematic review in PubMed and Embase including 32 cross-sectional studies assessing the gut microbiome composition by high-throughput sequencing in obese and non-obese adults. A significantly lower alpha diversity (Shannon index) in obese versus non-obese adults was observed in nine out of 22 studies, and meta-analysis of seven studies revealed a non-significant mean difference (−0.06, 95% CI −0.24, 0.12, I2 = 81%). At the phylum level, significantly more Firmicutes and fewer Bacteroidetes in obese versus non-obese adults were observed in six out of seventeen, and in four out of eighteen studies, respectively. Meta-analyses of six studies revealed significantly higher Firmicutes (5.50, 95% 0.27, 10.73, I2 = 81%) and non-significantly lower Bacteroidetes (−4.79, 95% CI −10.77, 1.20, I2 = 86%). At the genus level, lower relative proportions of Bifidobacterium and Eggerthella and higher Acidaminococcus, Anaerococcus, Catenibacterium, Dialister, Dorea, Escherichia-Shigella, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Megasphera, Prevotella, Roseburia, Streptococcus, and Sutterella were found in obese versus non-obese adults. Although a proportion of studies found lower diversity and differences in gut microbiome composition in obese versus non-obese adults, the observed heterogeneity across studies precludes clear answers.

Abstract P080: Gut Microbiota, Gut-Derived Metabolites and Glucose Metabolism: Findings From a Monozygotic Twin Study

Circulation ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 139 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Zhu ◽  
Eric Strachan ◽  
Emily Fowler ◽  
Tamara Bacus ◽  
Peter Roy-Byrne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Monozygotic Twin

scholarly journals Characteristics of Gut Microbiome and Prediction of Infection in Neutropenic Children with Acute Leukemia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwu Wang ◽  
Bixin Li ◽  
Aijia Li ◽  
Ping Ni ◽  
Limin Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Bacteroides Fragilis ◽  
High Abundance ◽  
Sequence Coverage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Childhood Acute Leukemia

Abstract Background: Neutropenia in children with acute leukemia have a high incidence of infection and mortality. To identify and classify the potentially infected pathogens, this study compared the structural characteristics of gut microbiome in neutropenic and non-neutropenic children with acute leukemia. Results: The results showed that 6033 OUTs were observed in total, and the sequence coverage index was more than 0.97. In the analysis of alpha diversity, the colony richness index (Chao1 index) of Group A1 was significantly lower than that of Group A0 (P = 0.035). The fecal bacterial communities were dominated by the phylum Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes in both groups, with no significant difference. Higher relative abundance of genera Enterococcus (P = 0.0076), Streptococcus (P = 0.014) and species Bacteroides fragilis (P = 0.034) were observed in Group A1, but class Clostridia (P = 0.038), genera Blautia (P = 0.021) and Roseburia (P = 0.011) were more prevalent in Group A0. The relatively high abundance of Bacteroides fragilis in neutropenia with childhood acute leukemia was an independent risk factor for infection (P=0.028, 95% CI 1.024-1.241).Conclusions: The increase of Enterococcus, Streptococcus and Bacteroides fragilis, and the decrease of Clostridium, Blautia, and Roseburia may be the characteristics of intestinal flora in patients with acute leukemia. The relatively high abundance of Bacteroides fragilis in neutropenia with childhood acute leukemia may predict the occurrence of infection.

With a Little Help From My Teachers? Effects of Teacher--Child Relationship on Concurrent and Subsequent Prosocial Behavior: A Monozygotic Twin Study

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra S. Rivizzigno ◽  
Mara R. Brendgen ◽  
Frank Vitaro ◽  
Michel Boivin ◽  
Ginette Dionne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Child Relationship

DeVega versus ring annuloplasty in severe functional tricuspid insufficiency and their impact on the right ventricle

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Yasser Hamdy ◽  
Mohammed Mahmoud Mostafa ◽  
Ahmed Elminshawy
Keyword(s):  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Tricuspid Valve ◽  
Tricuspid Regurgitation ◽  
Early Postoperative Period ◽  
Tricuspid Valve Repair ◽  
Ring Annuloplasty ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Right

Background: Functional tricuspid valve regurgitation secondary to left-sided valve disease is common. DeVega repair is simple, but residual regurgitation with subsequent impairment of the right ventricular function is a concern. This study aims to compare tricuspid valve repair using DeVega vs. ring annuloplasty and their impact on the right ventricle in the early postoperative period and after six months. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study of 51 patients with rheumatic heart disease who underwent tricuspid valve repair for secondary severe tricuspid regurgitation. Patients were divided into two groups: group A; DeVega repair (n=34) and group B; ring annuloplasty repair (n=17). Patients were assessed clinically and by echocardiography before discharge and after six months for the degree of tricuspid regurgitation, right ventricular diameter and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE). Results: Preoperative echocardiographic assessment showed no difference in left ventricular end-systolic diameter, end-diastolic diameter, ejection fraction and right ventricular diameter, however; group A had significantly better preoperative right ventricular function measured by TAPSE (1.96 ± 0.27 vs1.75 ± 0.31 cm; p=0.02). Group B had significantly longer cardiopulmonary bypass time (127.65 ± 13.56 vs. 111.74 ± 18.74 minutes; p= 0.003) and ischemic time (99.06 ± 11.80 vs. 87.15 ± 16.01 minutes; p= 0.009). Pre-discharge, there was no statistically significant difference in the degree of tricuspid regurgitation, but the right ventricular diameter was significantly lower in group B (2.66 ± 0.41 and 2.40 ± 0.48 cm; p=0.049). After six months of follow up, the degree of tricuspid regurgitation (p= 0.029) and the right ventricular diameter were significantly lower in the ring annuloplasty group (2.56 ± 0.39 and 2.29 ± 0.44 cm; p=0.029). Although there was a statistically significant difference in preoperative TAPSE, this difference disappeared after six months. Conclusion: Both DeVega and ring annuloplasty techniques were effective in the early postoperative period, ring annuloplasty was associated with lesser residual regurgitation and better right ventricular remodeling in severe functional tricuspid regurgitation than DeVega procedure after 6-months of follow up.

Effect of short-term use of oral contraceptive pills on intraocular pressure

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayyaba Gul Malik ◽  
Hina Nadeem ◽  
Eiman Ayesha ◽  
Rabail Alam
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Short Time

Objective: To study the effect of short-term use of oral contraceptive pills on intra-ocular pressures of women of childbearing age.   Methods: It was a comparative observational study, conducted at Arif memorial teaching hospital and Allied hospital Faisalabad for a period of six months. Hundred female subjects were divided into two groups of 50 each. Group A, included females, who had been taking oral contraceptive pills (OCP) for more than 6 months and less than 36 months. Group B, included 50 age-matched controls, who had never used OCP. Ophthalmic and systemic history was taken. Careful Slit lamp examination was performed and intraocular pressures (IOP) were measured using Goldman Applanation tonometer. Fundus examination was done to rule out any posterior segment disease. After collection of data, we analyzed and compared the intra ocular pressures between the two groups by using ANOVA in SPSS version 21.   Results: Average duration of using OCP was 14.9 months. There was no significant difference of Cup to Disc ratios between the two groups (p= 0.109). However, significant difference was noted between the IOP of OCP group and controls. (p=0.000). Conclusion: OCP significantly increase IOP even when used for short time period.

Maximum Temperature Through a Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia Ceramic After Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Irradiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Stringer ◽  
Sarah Malley ◽  
Darrell M. Hutto ◽  
Jason A. Griggs ◽  
Susana M. Salazar Marocho
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Zirconia Ceramic ◽  
Tooth Pulp ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Power Setting ◽  
Group A

Background: The most common approach to remove yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) fixed-dental prostheses (FDPs) is by means of diamond burs attached to a high-speed handpiece. This process is time-consuming and destructive. The use of lasers over mechanical instrumentation for removal of FDPs can lead to efficient and predictable restoration retrievability. However, the heat produced might damage the tooth pulp (>42˚C). Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum temperature (T) reached during the use of different settings of the erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet Er,Cr:YSGG laser through a YSZ ceramic. Methods: YSZ slices (1 mm thick) were assigned into 7 groups. For the control group, a diamond bur was used to cut a 1 mm groove into the YSZ slices. For the 6 experimental groups, the laser was operated at a constant combination of 33% water and 66% air during 30 s with two different power settings (W) at three frequencies (PPS), as follows (W/PPS): 2.5/20, 2.5/30, 2.5/45, 4.5/20, 4.5/30, 4.5/45. The T through the YSZ slice was recorded in degrees Celsius by using a digital thermometer with a K thermocouple. Results: The median T of the control group was 26.5˚C. The use of 4.5 W resulted in the median T (˚C) of 44.2 at 20 PPS, 53.3 at 30 PPS, and 58.9 at 45 PPS, while 2.5 W showed 34.6, 31.6, and 25.0 at 20, 30, and 45 PPS, respectively. KruskalWallis one-way ANOVA showed that within each power setting, the T was similar. The high power and lowest frequency (4.5/20) showed no significant difference from the 2.5 W settings and the control group. Conclusion: The lower power setting (2.5 W) is a potential method for the use of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser to debond YSZ structures. The higher power (4.5 W) with high frequencies (30 and 45 PPS) is unsuitable.

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