Hierarchical coordinated anti-jamming channel access in clustering networks: a multi-leader multi-follower Stackelberg game approach

AbstractThis paper mainly investigates the multi-user coordinated anti-jamming problem in clustering communication networks. In such kinds of networks, there exist multiple clusters and multiple users who communicate with their receivers simultaneously. Besides, a malicious jammer persistently attacks channels with wide-band and dynamic changing jamming signals. To cope with these challenges brought by the large-scale clustering network and the dynamic wide-band jamming, a hierarchical coordinated anti-jamming approach is proposed, and a multi-leader multi-follower Stackelberg game is introduced to model the anti-jamming problem. In detail, cluster heads act as leaders, and select available frequency bands to avoid jamming attacks, while users in each cluster act as followers and select corresponding channels distributedly and independently. Moreover, it is proved that there exist multiple Stackelberg equilibriums (SEs) in the proposed game. To obtain SEs, a hierarchical coordinated anti-jamming channel access (HCACA) algorithm is designed. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed approach is effective to cope with the dynamic wide-band jamming attacks. Furthermore, it is also depicted that the proposed approach outperforms the distributed anti-jamming comparative approach in terms of convergence speed.

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Hierarchical Coordinated Anti-Jamming Channel Access in Clustering Networks: A Multi-Leader Multi-Follower Stackelberg Game Approach

10.21203/rs.3.rs-486044/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yifan Xu ◽

Jin Chen ◽

Zhibin Feng ◽

Kailing Yao ◽

Guoxin Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Communication Networks ◽

Large Scale ◽

Stackelberg Game ◽

Wide Band ◽

Comparative Approach ◽

Channel Access ◽

Jamming Attacks ◽

Frequency Bands ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Multiple Clusters

Abstract This paper mainly investigates the multi-user coordinated anti-jamming problem in clustering communication networks. In such kinds of networks, there exist multiple clusters, and multiple users who communicate with their receivers simultaneously. Besides, a malicious jammer persistently attacks channels with wide-band and dynamic changing jamming signals. To cope with these challenges brought by the large-scale clustering network and the dynamic wide-band jamming, a hierarchical coordinated anti-jamming approach is proposed, and a multi-leader multi-follower Stackelberg game is introduced to model the anti-jamming problem. In detail, cluster heads act as leaders, and select available frequency bands to avoid jamming attacks. While users in each cluster act as followers, and select corresponding channels distributedly and independently. Moreover, it is proved that there exist multiple Stackelberg Equilibriums (SEs) in the proposed game. To obtain SEs, a hierarchical coordinated anti-jamming channel access (HCACA) algorithm is designed. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed approach is effective to cope with the dynamic wide-band jamming attacks. Furthermore, it is also depicted that the proposed approach outperforms the distributed anti-jamming comparative approach in terms of convergence speed.

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Optimal Decision-Making to Charge Electric Vehicles in Heterogeneous Networks: Stackelberg Game Approach

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12020325 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 325 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shijun Chen ◽

Huwei Chen ◽

Shanhe Jiang

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Heterogeneous Networks ◽

Demand Uncertainty ◽

Stackelberg Game ◽

Optimal Solution ◽

Stackelberg Equilibrium ◽

Optimal Decision ◽

Charging Station ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Grid Operators

Electric vehicles (EVs) are designed to improve the efficiency of energy and prevent the environment from being polluted, when they are widely and reasonably used in the transport system. However, due to the feature of EV’s batteries, the charging problem plays an important role in the application of EVs. Fortunately, with the help of advanced technologies, charging stations powered by smart grid operators (SGOs) can easily and conveniently solve the problems and supply charging service to EV users. In this paper, we consider that EVs will be charged by charging station operators (CSOs) in heterogeneous networks (Hetnet), through which they can exchange the information with each other. Considering the trading relationship among EV users, CSOs, and SGOs, we design their own utility functions in Hetnet, where the demand uncertainty is taken into account. In order to maximize the profits, we formulate this charging problem as a four-stage Stackelberg game, through which the optimal strategy is studied and analyzed. In the Stackelberg game model, we theoretically prove and discuss the existence and uniqueness of the Stackelberg equilibrium (SE). Using the proposed iterative algorithm, the optimal solution can be obtained in the optimization problem. The performance of the strategy is shown in the simulation results. It is shown that the simulation results confirm the efficiency of the model in Hetnet.

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Design and Evaluation of Large-Scale IoT-Enabled Healthcare Architecture

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11083623 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 3623

Author(s):

Omar Said ◽

Amr Tolba

Keyword(s):

Packet Loss ◽

Large Scale ◽

Performance Metrics ◽

Medical System ◽

Healthcare Data ◽

High Altitude Platforms ◽

Wide Range ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Healthcare Architecture ◽

The Internet Of Things

Employment of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology in the healthcare field can contribute to recruiting heterogeneous medical devices and creating smart cooperation between them. This cooperation leads to an increase in the efficiency of the entire medical system, thus accelerating the diagnosis and curing of patients, in general, and rescuing critical cases in particular. In this paper, a large-scale IoT-enabled healthcare architecture is proposed. To achieve a wide range of communication between healthcare devices, not only are Internet coverage tools utilized but also satellites and high-altitude platforms (HAPs). In addition, the clustering idea is applied in the proposed architecture to facilitate its management. Moreover, healthcare data are prioritized into several levels of importance. Finally, NS3 is used to measure the performance of the proposed IoT-enabled healthcare architecture. The performance metrics are delay, energy consumption, packet loss, coverage tool usage, throughput, percentage of served users, and percentage of each exchanged data type. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed IoT-enabled healthcare architecture outperforms the traditional healthcare architecture.

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The Flexible Operation of Coal Power and Its Renewable Integration Potential in China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11164424 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (16) ◽

pp. 4424 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chunning Na ◽

Huan Pan ◽

Yuhong Zhu ◽

Jiahai Yuan ◽

Lixia Ding ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Power Systems ◽

Power System ◽

Large Scale ◽

Renewable Integration ◽

Flexible Resources ◽

Feasible Option ◽

Coal Power ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Flexible Operation

At present time, China’s power systems face significant challenges in integrating large-scale renewable energy and reducing the curtailed renewable energy. In order to avoid the curtailment of renewable energy, the power systems need significant flexibility requirements in China. In regions where coal is still heavily relied upon for generating electricity, the flexible operations of coal power units will be the most feasible option to face these challenges. The study first focused on the reasons why the flexible operation of existing coal power units would potentially promote the integration of renewable energy in China and then reviewed the impacts on the performance levels of the units. A simple flexibility operation model was constructed to estimate the integration potential with the existing coal power units under several different scenarios. This study’s simulation results revealed that the existing retrofitted coal power units could provide flexibility in the promotion of the integration of renewable energy in a certain extent. However, the integration potential increment of 20% of the rated power for the coal power units was found to be lower than that of 30% of the rated power. Therefore, by considering the performance impacts of the coal power units with low performances in load operations, it was considered to not be economical for those units to operate at lower than 30% of the rated power. It was believed that once the capacity share of the renewable energy had achieved a continuously growing trend, the existing coal power units would fail to meet the flexibility requirements. Therefore, it was recommended in this study that other flexible resources should be deployed in the power systems for the purpose of reducing the curtailment of renewable energy. Furthermore, based on this study’s obtained evidence, in order to realize a power system with high proportions of renewable energy, China should strive to establish a power system with adequate flexible resources in the future.

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A Stackelberg-Game-Based Power Control Algorithm for Wireless Mesh Networks

Abstract and Applied Analysis ◽

10.1155/2013/832309 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yanbing Liu ◽

Tao Wu ◽

Jun Huang ◽

Shousheng Jia

Keyword(s):

Power Control ◽

Wireless Mesh Networks ◽

Control Algorithm ◽

Large Scale ◽

Mesh Networks ◽

Stackelberg Game ◽

Noncooperative Game ◽

Destination Node ◽

Wireless Mesh ◽

Power Control Algorithm

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are a promising networking paradigm for next generation wireless networking system. Power control plays a vital role in WMNs and is realized to be a crucial step toward large-scale WMNs deployment. In this paper, we address the problem of how to allocate the power for both optimizing quality of service (QoS) and saving the power consumption in WMNs based on the game theory. We first formulate the problem as a noncooperative game, in which the QoS attributes and the power of each node are defined as a utility function, and all the nodes attempt to maximize their own utility. In such game, we correlate all the interfering nodes to be an interfering object and the receiving node to be the interfering object's virtual destination node. We then present an equilibrium solution for the noncooperative game using Stackelberg model, and we propose an iterative, distributed power control algorithm for WMNs. Also, we conduct numeric experiments to evaluate the system performance, our results show that the proposed algorithm can balance nodes to share the limited network resources and maximize total utility, and thus it is efficient and effective for solving the power control problem in WMNs.

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A model of bandwidth utilization in wide-band computer communication networks

Proceedings IEEE SOUTHEASTCON '97. 'Engineering the New Century' ◽

10.1109/secon.1997.598679 ◽

2002 ◽

Author(s):

C. Katsinis

Keyword(s):

Communication Networks ◽

Wide Band ◽

Computer Communication Networks ◽

Bandwidth Utilization ◽

Computer Communication

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Control method for the stable operation of distributed inverters following the introduction of large-scale renewable energy to a remote island grid

Clean Energy ◽

10.1093/ce/zkab004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 196-207

Author(s):

Shoichi Sato ◽

Yasuhiro Noro

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Large Scale ◽

Control Method ◽

Synchronous Generator ◽

Stable Operation ◽

Battery Energy Storage Systems ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Battery Energy ◽

Systems Simulation ◽

Different Characteristics

Abstract The introduction of large-scale renewable energy requires a control system that can operate multiple distributed inverters in a stable way. This study proposes an inverter control method that uses information corresponding to the inertia of the synchronous generator to coordinate the operation of battery energy storage systems. Simulation results for a system with multiple inverters applying the control method are presented. Various faults such as line-to-line short circuits and three-phase line-to-ground faults were simulated. Two fault points with different characteristics were compared. The voltage, frequency and active power quickly returned to their steady-state values after the fault was eliminated. From the obtained simulation results, it was verified that our control method can be operated stably against various faults.

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Large-scale Structure and Turbulence Transport in the Young Solar Wind – Comparison of Parker Solar Probe Observations with a Global 3D Reynolds-averaged MHD Model

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-12726 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rohit Chhiber ◽

Arcadi Usmanov ◽

William Matthaeus ◽

Melvyn Goldstein ◽

Riddhi Bandyopadhyay

Keyword(s):

Solar Wind ◽

Large Scale ◽

Transport Equations ◽

Turbulence Energy ◽

Reynolds Stresses ◽

Mean Flow ◽

Coulomb Collisions ◽

Flow Equations ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Turbulence Transport

<div>Simulation results from a global magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar corona and the solar wind are compared with Parker Solar Probe's (PSP) observations during its first several orbits. The fully three-dimensional model (Usmanov et al., 2018, ApJ, 865, 25) is based on Reynolds-averaged mean-flow equations coupled with turbulence transport equations. The model accounts for effects of electron heat conduction, Coulomb collisions, Reynolds stresses, and heating of protons and electrons via nonlinear turbulent cascade. Turbulence transport equations for turbulence energy, cross helicity, and correlation length are solved concurrently with the mean-flow equations. We specify boundary conditions at the coronal base using solar synoptic magnetograms and calculate plasma, magnetic field, and turbulence parameters along the PSP trajectory. We also accumulate data from all orbits considered, to obtain the trends observed as a function of heliocentric distance. Comparison of simulation results with PSP data show general agreement. Finally, we generate synthetic fluctuations constrained by the local rms turbulence amplitude given by the model, and compare properties of this synthetic turbulence with PSP observations.</div>

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Application of Wide-Band Ultrasound for the Detection of Angled Crack Features in Oil and Gas Pipelines

Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity ◽

10.1115/ipc2018-78521 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Willem Vos ◽

Petter Norli ◽

Emilie Vallee

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Crack Detection ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Wide Band ◽

Theoretical Background ◽

Proof Of Concept ◽

Offshore Pipelines ◽

Large Scale Testing ◽

Theoretical Predictions ◽

Set Up

This paper describes a novel technique for the detection of cracks in pipelines. The proposed in-line inspection technique has the ability to detect crack features at random angles in the pipeline, such as axial, circumferential, and any angle in between. This ability is novel to the current ILI technology offering and will also add value by detecting cracks in deformed pipes (i.e. in dents), and cracks associated with the girth weld (mid weld cracks, rapid cooling cracks and cracks parallel to the weld). Furthermore, the technology is suitable for detection of cracks in spiral welded pipes, both parallel to the spiral weld as well as perpendicular to the weld. Integrity issues around most features described above are not addressed with ILI tools, often forcing operators to perform hydrostatic tests to ensure pipeline safety. The technology described here is based on the use of wideband ultrasound inline inspection tools that are already in operation. They are designed for the inspection of structures operating in challenging environments such as offshore pipelines. Adjustments to the front-end analog system and data collection from a grid of transducers allow the tools to detect cracks in any orientation in the line. Description of changes to the test set-up are presented as well as the theoretical background behind crack detection. Historical development of the technology will be presented, such as early laboratory testing and proof of concept. The proof of concept data will be compared to the theoretical predictions. A detailed set of results are presented. These are from tests that were performed on samples sourced from North America and Europe which contain SCC features. Results from ongoing testing will be presented, which involved large-scale testing on SCC features in gas-filled pipe spools.

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Efficient DS-UWB MUD Algorithm Using Code Mapping and RVM

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2016/1930541 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Pingyan Shi ◽

Xiaohui Liu ◽

Xiaofeng Tao ◽

Jianchao Ji

Keyword(s):

Multiuser Detection ◽

Matched Filter ◽

Feature Space ◽

Wide Band ◽

Multiple Access Interference ◽

Decision Function ◽

Optimal Decision ◽

Suppression Mechanism ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Ber Performance

A hybrid multiuser detection (MUD) using code mapping and a wrong code recognition based on relevance vector machine (RVM) for direct sequence ultra wide band (DS-UWB) system is developed to cope with the multiple access interference (MAI) and the computational efficiency. A new MAI suppression mechanism is studied in the following steps: firstly, code mapping, an optimal decision function, is constructed and the output candidate code of the matched filter is mapped to a feature space by the function. In the feature space, simulation results show that the error codes caused by MAI and the single user mapped codes can be classified by a threshold which is related to SNR of the receiver. Then, on the base of code mapping, use RVM to distinguish the wrong codes from the right ones and finally correct them. Compared with the traditional MUD approaches, the proposed method can considerably improve the bit error ratio (BER) performance due to its special MAI suppression mechanism. Simulation results also show that the proposed method can approximately achieve the BER performance of optimal multiuser detection (OMD) and the computational complexity approximately equals the matched filter. Moreover, the proposed method is less sensitive to the number of users.

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