scholarly journals Evidence of effect of riparian attributes on listed freshwater fishes and mussels and their aquatic critical habitat: a systematic map protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Caskenette ◽  
Travis Durhack ◽  
Sarah Hnytka ◽  
Colin Kovachik ◽  
Eva Enders
Keyword(s):  
Riparian Zone ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Riparian Habitat ◽  
Aquatic Species ◽  
Consistency Checking ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Systematic Map ◽  
Critical Habitat ◽  
Searchable Database

Abstract Background Habitat that is necessary for the survival and recovery of a species listed as threatened, endangered or extirpated (i.e., Critical Habitat) is protected in Canada. For freshwater aquatic species, Critical Habitat may include the riparian zone, however, it is unclear how much of this riparian habitat needs to be protected to support the survival and recovery of a listed species. The riparian zone mainly affects aquatic species through its indirect effect on aquatic habitat according to five main processes: erosion, filtration, infiltration, shading, and subsidization. To provide quantitative evidence to support the delineation of riparian Critical Habitat, a systematic map will be used to create a searchable database containing the current state of knowledge regarding the relationships between the riparian zone attributes (e.g., size, vegetation) and fishes and mussels, aquatic features, and riparian processes. Methods We will search for primary research articles in bibliographic databases and relevant organizational websites for primary literature, theses, preprints, and grey literature including reports, along with models using a search string specific to riparian habitat. The results will be screened at title and abstract, and full text levels against predefined inclusion criteria and consistency checking will be performed to ensure the inclusion criteria are consistent across multiple reviewers. Quantitative and qualitative data including study details and methods, the riparian habitat, and the waterbody and upland habitat use will be extracted. The findings of the systematic map will be provided in a manuscript and a searchable database accompanied by a decision tree to support biologists in providing scientifically defensible delineation of riparian Critical Habitat for aquatic species at risk in Canada.

Systematic review protocol to guide the delineation of critical habitat in the riparian zone for listed freshwater fishes and mussels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Caskenette ◽  
Travis Durhack ◽  
Sarah Hnytka ◽  
Colin Kovachik ◽  
Eva Enders
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Riparian Habitat ◽  
Aquatic Species ◽  
Consistency Checking ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Critical Habitat ◽  
Quantitative Evidence

BackgroundHabitat that is necessary for the survival and recovery of a species listed as threatened, endangered, or extirpated (i.e., Critical Habitat) is protected in Canada. For aquatic species, Critical Habitat may include riparian habitat, however it is unclear how much of this riparian habitat needs to be protected to support the survival and recovery of a listed species (primary question). To provide quantitative evidence to support the delineation of riparian Critical Habitat, the systematic review will be used to determine the relationships between aquatic and riparian attributes and the dependence of these relationships on the quantity of riparian habitat (secondary questions). MethodsWe will search for primary research articles in bibliographic databases for primary literature, theses, and preprints and for grey literature including reports published on relevant organizational using a search string consisting of substrings for riparian habitat, and for riparian processes (i.e., erosion, filtration, infiltration, shading, and subsidization) or aquatic attributes. The results will be screened at title and abstract, and full text levels against predefined inclusion criteria and consistency checking will be performed on a subset of 100 records to ensure the inclusion criteria are consistent across multiple reviewers. Quantitative data on the riparian and aquatic habitats will be extracted and synthesized to perform dose response meta-analyses. First, the riparian habitat attributes will be combined using probabilistic principal component analysis to develop appropriate dependent variables that describe riparian habitat types. The principal component axes will then be used in a multiple regression analysis along with a measure of the riparian habitat size, and study specific identifiers and modifiers to determine the shape of the relationship and the magnitude of the effect of on the aquatic habitat. These analyses will be used to determine the extent of riparian habitat required to maintain natural levels of riparian process to protect aquatic Critical Habitat. The findings of the systematic review will support the delineation of riparian Critical Habitat for aquatic species at risk in Canada.

scholarly journals Experiences of living with long COVID and of accessing healthcare services: a qualitative systematic review

BMJ Open ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. e050979
Author(s):  
Karen Macpherson ◽  
Kay Cooper ◽  
Jenny Harbour ◽  
Dawn Mahal ◽  
Charis Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Support Groups ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Discussion Forums ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Systematic Map ◽  
Qualitative Systematic Review ◽  
Review Team

ObjectiveTo explore the experiences of people living with long COVID and how they perceive the healthcare services available to them.DesignQualitative systematic review.Data sourcesElectronic literature searches of websites, bibliographic databases and discussion forums, including PubMed LitCovid, Proquest COVID, EPPI Centre living systematic map of evidence, medRxiv, bioRxiv, Medline, Psychinfo and Web of Science Core Collection were conducted to identify qualitative literature published in English up to 13 January 2021.Inclusion criteriaPapers reporting qualitative or mixed-methods studies that focused on the experiences of long COVID and/or perceptions of accessing healthcare by people with long COVID. Title/abstract and full-text screening were conducted by two reviewers independently, with conflicts resolved by discussion or a third reviewer.Quality appraisalTwo reviewers independently appraised included studies using the qualitative CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) checklist. Conflicts were resolved by discussion or a third reviewer.Data extraction and synthesisThematic synthesis, involving line-by-line reading, generation of concepts, descriptive and analytical themes, was conducted by the review team with regular discussion.ResultsFive studies published in 2020 met the inclusion criteria, two international surveys and three qualitative studies from the UK. Sample sizes varied from 24 (interview study) to 3762 (survey). Participants were predominantly young white females recruited from social media or online support groups. Three analytical themes were generated: (1) symptoms and self-directed management of long COVID; (2) emotional aspects of living with long COVID and (3) healthcare experiences associated with long COVID.ConclusionsPeople experience long COVID as a heterogeneous condition, with a variety of physical and emotional consequences. It appears that greater knowledge of long COVID is required by a number of stakeholders and that the design of emerging long COVID services or adaptation of existing services for long COVID patients should take account of patients’ experiences in their design.

scholarly journals Scientific evidence of sustainable plant disease protection strategies for oats in Sweden: a systematic map

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Vilvert ◽  
Åke Olson ◽  
Ann-Charlotte Wallenhammar ◽  
Jonas Törngren ◽  
Anna Berlin
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Diseased Plant ◽  
Systematic Map ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Protection Strategies

Abstract Background Oat (Avena sativa L.) is an important cereal crop for livestock feed and human consumption. The largest oat-producing countries are located in the Northern Hemisphere with Sweden as the tenth largest producer. Oat production is challenged by different diseases that can lead to significant yield reductions and impaired grain quality. The use of efficient and sustainable plant protection management is of great economic and ecological importance. The systematic map in this study aims to provide a knowledge base inventory and to identify areas that need to be researched in the future in terms of plant disease management for more sustainable oat production. Methods Literature searches were conducted in both academic bibliographic databases and relevant online sources of grey literature. A time-span restriction of 40 years (1978–2018) was applied to the searches. English was used in all searches, and Swedish, Norwegian and Danish languages were used in the grey literature searches. The screening process, which followed a protocol with eligibility criteria, was conducted at three levels: title, abstract and full text. Metadata incorporating bibliographic information, study location, climatic zone, disease name, the common and scientific names of the disease-causing organism, pathogen type, intervention and management methods, diseased plant part, plant stage, and outcome were extracted from the studies and included in the systematic map. The systematic map findings are visualized in figures and tables and described. All included studies can be found in a searchable database. Review findings A total of 58 eligible articles, most (n = 51) from scientific journals published in English, were included in the systematic map. A majority of the studies were conducted in the Northern Hemisphere in temperate climatic zones, where most of the world’s oats are produced. The earliest article was published in 1980, followed by an oscillating temporal distribution of articles over the following years. By country, Canada had the highest number of articles, and by region, Europe had the highest number. Fungi were the most studied pathogen type, and a total of 16 different diseases were reported. Fusarium head blight (Fusarium spp.) and crown rust (Puccinia coronata) were the most studied diseases. In total, 17 different intervention management approaches for controlling the diseases were analyzed in the articles, with cultivar resistance and pesticide application as the most studied methods. Conclusion The map highlights the low quantity of available relevant field research on oat disease management. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic map of crop protection. This map provides a database of scientific literature that can be used to develop sustainable disease management strategies. The method used in this study has great potential and can also be used to benefit other crops. Research is often based on the availability of funding, and this map could be a useful tool for researchers and funding organizations to identify relevant research topics that need to be further studied. In addition, this systematic map offers a useful tool for field-based advisors in providing scientifically relevant crop protection strategies for farmers.

scholarly journals What evidence exists on conservation actions to conserve insects? A protocol for a systematic map of literature reviews

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal Robert Haddaway ◽  
Eliza Grames ◽  
Douglas H. Boyes ◽  
Manu E. Saunders ◽  
Nigel G Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Evidence Review

BackgroundInsects play a central role in the functioning of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and contribute to a multitude of ecosystem services in managed and unmanaged systems Even local declines of insect abundance and richness can have enormous ecological and economic consequences. Evidence-informed conservation actions are essential to prevent potential cascading consequences of insect declines, and to help declining populations recover. Policy-makers rely on syntheses of primary research, such as reviews and meta-analyses, when making decisions about which conservation actions to implement. These evidence reviews vary in their quality, and do not necessarily synthesise the full range of scientific evidence found in the primary literature, which hampers decision-making.. This evidence review map will identify, catalogue, and describe evidence reviews that investigate actions and policies to conserve insect biodiversity. This will help policy makers identify relevant reviews and researchers to identify synthesis gaps. It will also generate a list of conservation actions which can feed into future synthesis projects. We will produce an interactive database of evidence reviews, acting as a bibliography for policy-makers, curate a list of insect conservation actions that have been reviewed, and identify synthesis gaps for conservation actions that have not been reviewed.MethodsWe will search for evidence reviews across seven large, generic bibliographic databases, a database of environmental reviews, and five grey literature resources using a search string consisting of an insect substring, a biodiversity or population response substring, an evidence synthesis substring, and a conservation substring. The results will be deduplicated and then screened at title and abstract (concurrently) and full text levels against predefined inclusion criteria. We will initially perform consistency checking on a subset of records at each level to ensure the inclusion criteria are sufficiently clear and understood by multiple reviewers. We will extract a suite of descriptive meta-data from relevant reviews, including a description of the action and information on each review’s focal taxa, biomes, and locations. If resources allow, we will apply the CEESAT critical appraisal tool for evidence reviews to assess validity of individual records and the evidence base as a whole. We will summarise our findings in an interactive database of reviews and other visualisations, including evidence atlases and heat maps (cross tabulations of the volume of evidence across two categorical variables). The findings of the evidence review map will support the identification of synthesis gaps and clusters that may warrant further attention through secondary research.

scholarly journals What evidence exists on conservation actions to conserve insects? A protocol for a systematic map of literature reviews

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal R. Haddaway ◽  
Eliza M. Grames ◽  
Douglas H. Boyes ◽  
Manu E. Saunders ◽  
Nigel G. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Evidence Review

Abstract Background Insects play a central role in the functioning of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and contribute to a multitude of ecosystem services in managed and unmanaged systems Even local declines of insect abundance and richness can have enormous ecological and economic consequences. Evidence-informed conservation actions are essential to prevent potential cascading consequences of insect declines, and to help declining populations recover. Policy-makers rely on syntheses of primary research, such as reviews and meta-analyses, when making decisions about which conservation actions to implement. These evidence reviews vary in their quality, and do not necessarily synthesise the full range of scientific evidence found in the primary literature, which hampers decision-making. This evidence review map will identify, catalogue, and describe evidence reviews that investigate actions and policies to conserve insect biodiversity. This will help policy makers identify relevant reviews and researchers to identify synthesis gaps. It will also generate a list of conservation actions which can feed into future synthesis projects. We will produce an interactive database of evidence reviews, acting as a bibliography for policy-makers, curate a list of insect conservation actions that have been reviewed, and identify synthesis gaps for conservation actions that have not been reviewed. Methods We will search for evidence reviews across seven large, generic bibliographic databases, a database of environmental reviews, and five grey literature resources using a search string consisting of an insect substring, a biodiversity or population response substring, an evidence synthesis substring, and a conservation substring. The results will be deduplicated and then screened at title and abstract (concurrently) and full text levels against predefined inclusion criteria. We will initially perform consistency checking on a subset of records at each level to ensure the inclusion criteria are sufficiently clear and understood by multiple reviewers. We will extract a suite of descriptive meta-data from relevant reviews, including a description of the action and information on each review’s focal taxa, biomes, and locations. If resources allow, we will apply the CEESAT critical appraisal tool for evidence reviews to assess validity of individual records and the evidence base as a whole. We will summarise our findings in an interactive database of reviews and other visualisations, including evidence atlases and heat maps (cross tabulations of the volume of evidence across two categorical variables). The findings of the evidence review map will support the identification of synthesis gaps and clusters that may warrant further attention through secondary research.

scholarly journals Prevalence of sending, receiving and forwarding sexts among youths: A three-level meta-analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243653
Author(s):  
Cristian Molla-Esparza ◽  
Josep-Maria Losilla ◽  
Emelina López-González
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Set Inclusion ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
The Mean

By systematic review with a three-level, mixed-effects meta-analysis, this paper examines the prevalence of sexting experiences among youths aimed at analyzing conceptual and methodological moderators that might explain its heterogeneity. A search was conducted of five bibliographic databases and grey literature up until February 2020. The risk of bias in primary studies was assessed. A total of seventy-nine articles met the set inclusion criteria. Mean prevalences for sending, receiving and forwarding sexts were .14 (95% CI: .12, .17), .31 (95% CI: .26, .36) and .07 (95% CI: .05, .09), respectively, expressed as fractions over one. Moderator analyses showed that all sexting experiences increased with age (e.g., the mean prevalence for sending sexts at the age of 12 was .04, whereas, at the age of 16, it was .21) and year of data collection (e.g., the mean prevalence for sending sexts in studies collecting data in 2009 was .07, whereas, in studies collecting data in 2018, it was .33). Subgroup analysis revealed that studies with probabilistic samples led to significantly lower mean prevalences for the sexting experiences of sending (.08, 95% CI: .06, .11), receiving (.19, 95% CI: .15, .24) and forwarding sexts (.04, 95% CI: .03, .07). Self-reported administration procedures also led to more homogeneous prevalence estimates than interviews. Prevalence estimates also varied according to the type of media content (e.g., the mean prevalence for sending sexual text messages was .22, whereas, for sending sexual images or videos, it was .12). Overall, our meta-analysis results suggest high and increasing prevalences of sending and receiving sexts among youths.

scholarly journals Existing evidence on the outcomes of wildlife translocations in protected areas: a systematic map

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Langridge ◽  
Romain Sordello ◽  
Yorick Reyjol
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Systematic Map ◽  
Natural Habitats

Abstract Background Ecosystem degradation, mainly through overexploitation and destruction of natural habitats, is a well-known threat to the viability and persistence of many species’ populations worldwide. The use of translocations as a viable conservation tool in conjunction with protected areas has been rapidly increasing over the last few decades. Protected areas such as strict nature reserves, national parks, and species management areas continue to be central tools for biodiversity conservation as they provide vital habitats set aside from various human pressures. Because action consistently runs ahead of policy, the need for a clearer evidence base on the outcomes of wildlife translocations undertaken at a global scale is becoming increasingly urgent for scientific and decision-making communities, in order to build clear strategy frameworks around conservation translocations. We therefore conducted a systematic mapping exercise to provide an overview of the existing evidence on the outcomes of wildlife translocations in protected areas. Methods We searched two bibliographic databases, four web-based search engines with search-by-key-words capacity, 5 specialist websites, and conducted a grey literature call through two project stakeholders. We screened articles by title, abstract, and full text using pre-defined inclusion criteria all the while assessing the consistency of the reviewers. All relevant translocations were coded from retained publications. Key variables of interest were extracted and coded for each translocation event. The quantity and characteristics of the available evidence and knowledge gaps/clusters are summarised. The distribution and frequency of translocations are presented in heat- and geographical maps. Review findings A total of 613 articles were considered eligible for coding bibliometric data. Metapopulation management and review articles were not coded for quantitative and qualitative variables. Linked data (duplicated translocations) were also excluded. Finally, 841 studies of different translocation events were fully coded from 498 articles. Most of these translocations were carried out in North America and Oceania. The most commonly undertaken intervention types were one-off supplementations and “supplemented reintroductions”. Mammals were by far the most transferred group among animals. Magnoliopsida was the most translocated plant group. Survival, space use, and demography metrics were the most studied outcomes on translocated species. Conclusions This systematic map provides an up-to-date global catalogue of the available evidence on wildlife translocations to, from, or within protected areas. It should enable protected area managers to better understand their role in the global network of protected areas, regarding translocation practice, both as suppliers or recipients of translocated species. It may help managers and practitioners make their own choices by comparing previous experiences, regarding both the species concerned and the precise translocation modalities (number of individuals, etc.). Finally, it constitutes a decision-making tool for managers as well as for policy makers for future translocations.

scholarly journals The sensitivity of respiratory tract specimens for the detection of SARS-CoV-2: A protocol for a living systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Moore ◽  
Maura I. Nakahata ◽  
Chaney C. Kalinich ◽  
Kate Nyhan ◽  
Daniel J. Bromberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Systematic Map ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
Highly Sensitive

AbstractBackgroundHighly sensitive, non-invasive, and easily accessible diagnostics for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are essential for the control of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. There is a clear need to establish a gold standard diagnostic for SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans using respiratory tract specimens.MethodsSearches will be conducted in the bibliographic databases Medline, Embase, bioRxiv, medRxiv, F1000, ChemRxiv, PeerJ Preprints, Preprints.org, Beilstein Archive, and Research Square. Relevant government documents and grey literature will be sought on the FDA’s Emergency Use Authorizations website, the ECDC’s website, and the website of the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics. Finally, papers categorized as diagnosis papers by the EPPI Centre’s COVID-19 living systematic map will be added to our screening process; those papers are tagged with the diagnosis topic based on human review, rather than database searches, and thus this set of papers might include ones that have not been captured by our search strategy.

scholarly journals Systematic Review of Alexithymia in the Population of Hemodialysis Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 2862
Author(s):  
Đorđe Pojatić ◽  
Ivana Tolj ◽  
Davorin Pezerović ◽  
Dunja Degmečić
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Bodily Sensations

Alexithymia is a construct defined as the inability to differentiate between emotional experiences and bodily sensations. According to existing knowledge, alexithymia may have a major effect on the process of treatment and the outcome of the hemodialysis disease. The objective of this literature review was to determine the significance that alexithymia has for compliance and variables of clinical and mental health in the population of hemodialysis patients. For the above purpose, bibliographic databases “MEDLINE” and “Web of Science” were searched. The matrix method was used in analysis of articles. Searching both databases resulted in 248 articles. After applying exclusion and inclusion criteria, we included results of 13 articles in the literature review. The results of the search are findings regarding the prevalence and correlation of alexithymia with variables of clinical and mental health in hemodialysis patients. Alexithymia is significantly more common in the population of hemodialysis patients, and it has a negative effect on their mental and somatic health. Alexithymia levels in hemodialysis patients are more pronounced in cases where there is a greater number of comorbidities. Alexithymia is the predictor of high mortality rate in the population of hemodialysis patients, independent of other comorbidities.

scholarly journals What evidence exists on the impacts of flow variability on fish and macroinvertebrates of temperate floodplain rivers in Central and Western Europe? A systematic map protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Keller ◽  
Somsubhra Chattopadhyay ◽  
Mikołaj Piniewski
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Water Diversion ◽  
Systematic Map ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Flow Variability ◽  
Floodplain Rivers

Abstract Background Flow variability is considered a fundamental factor affecting riverine biota. Any alterations to flow regime can influence freshwater organisms, and this process is expected to change with the projected climate change. This systematic map, therefore, aims at investigating the impacts of natural (resulting from climatic variability), anthropogenic (resulting from direct human pressure), and climate change-induced flow variability on fish and macroinvertebrates of temperate floodplain rivers in Central and Western Europe. Particular focus will be placed on the effects of extreme low and high discharges. These rare events are known to regulate population size and taxonomic diversity. Methods All studies investigating the effects of flow variability on metrics concerning freshwater fish and macroinvertebrates will be considered in the map, particularly metrics such as: abundance, density, diversity, growth, migration, recruitment, reproduction, survival, or their substitutes, such as biomonitoring indices. Relevant flow variability will reflect (1) anthropogenic causes: dams, reservoirs, hydroelectric facilities, locks, levees, water abstraction, water diversion, land-use changes, road culverts; (2) natural causes: floods, droughts, seasonal changes; or (3) climate change. Geographically, the map will cover the ecoregion of Central and Western Europe, focusing on its major habitat type, namely “temperate floodplain rivers and wetlands”. The review will employ search engines and specialist websites, and cover primary and grey literature. No date, language, or document type restrictions will be applied in the search strategy. We expect the results to be primarily in English, although evidence (meeting all eligibility criteria) from other languages within the study area will also be included. We will also contact relevant stakeholders and announce an open call for additional information. Eligibility screening will be conducted at two levels: title and abstract, and full text. From eligible studies the following information will be extracted: the cause of flow variability, location, type of study, outcomes, etc. A searchable database containing extracted data will be developed and provided as supplementary material to the map report. The final narrative will describe the quantity and key characteristics of the available evidence, and identify knowledge gaps and knowledge clusters, i.e. subtopics sufficiently covered by existing studies allowing full systematic review and meta-analysis.

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