scholarly journals Improved effect of a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelium cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung Hee Kim ◽  
Do-Hun Kim ◽  
Su Geun Yang ◽  
Dae Yu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Rpe Cells ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Background Oxidative damage to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells contributes to the development of age-related macular degeneration, which is among the leading causes of visual loss in elderly people. In the present study, we evaluated the protective role of triphenylphosphonium (TPP)-Niacin against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in RPE cells. Methods The cellular viability, lactate dehydrogenase release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial function of retinal ARPE-19 cells were determined under treatment with H2O2 or pre-treatment with TPP-Niacin. The expression level of mitochondrial related genes and some transcription factors were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results TPP-Niacin significantly improved cell viability, reduced ROS generation, and increased the antioxidant enzymes in H2O2-treated ARPE-19 cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction from the H2O2-induced oxidative stress was also considerably diminished by TPP-Niacin treatment, along with reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and upregulation of the mitochondrial-associated gene. In addition, TPP-Niacin markedly enhanced the expression of transcription factors (PGC-1α and NRF2) and antioxidant-associated genes (especially HO-1 and NQO-1). Conclusion We verified the protective effect of TPP-Niacin against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in RPE cells. TPP-Niacin is believed to protect against mitochondrial dysfunction by upregulating antioxidant-related genes, such as PGC-1α, NRF2, HO-1, and NQO-1, in RPE cells.

scholarly journals Improved Effect of a Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MYUNG HEE KIM ◽  
Do Hun Kim ◽  
Su Geun Yang ◽  
Dae Yu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Rpe Cells ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Background: Oxidative damage to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells contributes to the development of age-related macular degeneration, which is among the leading causes of visual loss in elderly people. In the present study, we evaluated the protective role of triphenylphosphonium (TPP)-Niacin against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in RPE cells.Methods: The cellular viability, lactate dehydrogenase release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial function of retinal ARPE-19 cells were determined under treatment with H2O2 or pre-treatment with TPP-Niacin. The expression level of mitochondrial related genes and some transcription factors were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: TPP-Niacin significantly improved cell viability, reduced ROS generation, and increased the antioxidant enzymes in H2O2-treated ARPE-19 cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction from the H2O2-induced oxidative stress was also considerably diminished by TPP-Niacin treatment, along with reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and upregulation of the mitochondrial-associated gene. In addition, TPP-Niacin markedly enhanced the expression of transcription factors (PGC-1α and NRF2) and antioxidant-associated genes (especially HO-1 and NQO-1).Conclusion: We verified the protective effect of TPP-Niacin against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in RPE cells. TPP-Niacin is believed to protect against mitochondrial dysfunction by upregulating antioxidant-related genes, such as PGC-1α, NRF2, HO-1, and NQO-1, in RPE cells.

scholarly journals Improved Effect of a Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
MYUNG HEE KIM ◽  
Dae Hyun Kim ◽  
Su Geun Yang ◽  
Dae Yu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Rpe Cells ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Background: Oxidative damage to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells contributes to the development of age-related macular degeneration, which is among the leading causes of visual loss in elderly people. In the present study, we evaluated the protective role of triphenylphosphonium (TPP)-Niacin against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in RPE cells.Methods: The cellular viability, lactate dehydrogenase release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial function of retinal ARPE-19 cells were determined under treatment with H2O2 or pre-treatment with TPP-Niacin. The expression level of mitochondrial related genes and some transcription factors were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: TPP-Niacin significantly improved cell viability, reduced ROS generation, and increased the antioxidant enzymes in H2O2-treated ARPE-19 cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction from the H2O2-induced oxidative stress was also considerably diminished by TPP-Niacin treatment, along with reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and upregulation of the mitochondrial-associated gene. In addition, TPP-Niacin markedly enhanced the expression of transcription factors (PGC-1α and NRF2) and antioxidant-associated genes (especially HO-1 and NQO-1).Conclusion: We verified the protective effect of TPP-Niacin against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in RPE cells. TPP-Niacin is believed to protect against mitochondrial dysfunction by upregulating antioxidant-related genes, such as PGC-1α, NRF2, HO-1, and NQO-1, in RPE cells.

scholarly journals Improved Effect of a Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
MYUNG HEE KIM ◽  
Dae Hyun Kim ◽  
Su Geun Yang ◽  
Dae Yu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Rpe Cells ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Background: Oxidative damage in retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells contributes to the development of age-related macular degeneration, which is among the leading causes of visual loss in elderly people. In the present study, we evaluated the protective role of TPP-Niacin against the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress to RPE cells. Methods: The cellular viability, lactate dehydrogenase, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial function were determined in the retinal ARPE-19 cells under the treatment with H2O2 or pre-treatment with TPP-Niacin. The expression level of mitochondrial related genes and some transcription factors were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: TPP-Niacin significantly improved cell viability reduction, reduced ROS generation and increased the antioxidant enzymes in H2O2-treated ARPE-19 cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction from H2O2-induced oxidative stress was also significantly diminished by the TPP-Niacin treatment, reduced generation of ROS, an ameliorated reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and an upregulated mitochondrial associated gene. In addition, TPP-Niacin markedly enhanced the expression of transcription factors (PGC-1α and NRF2) and antioxidant associated genes (especially, HO-1 and NQO-1). Conclusion: We proved the protective effect of TPP-Niacin against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in RPE cells. TPP-Niacin is believed to have played a protective role against mitochondrial dysfunction by up-regulating antioxidant-related genes such as PGC-1α, NRF2, HO-1 and NQO-1 in RPE cells.

scholarly journals Madecassoside protects retinal pigment epithelial cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis through the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinzi Zhou ◽  
Fenghua Chen ◽  
Aimin Yan ◽  
Xiaobo Xia
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Triterpenoid Saponin ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Rpe Cells ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive and degenerative ocular disease associated with oxidative stress. Madecassoside (MADE) is a major bioactive triterpenoid saponin that possesses antioxidative activity. However, the role of MADE in AMD has never been investigated. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the protective effect of MADE on retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells under oxidative stress condition. We used hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce oxidative damage in human RPE cells (ARPE-19 cells). Our results showed that H2O2-caused significant decrease in cell viability and increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were dose-dependently attenuated by MADE. MADE treatment also attenuated H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production in RPE cells. The reduced glutathione (GSH) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in H2O2-induced ARPE-19 cells were elevated after MADE treatment. MADE also suppressed caspase-3 activity and bax expression, as well as increased bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, H2O2-induced increase in expression levels of HO-1 and nuclear Nrf2 were enhanced by MADE treatment. Finally, knockdown of Nrf2 reversed the protective effects of MADE on H2O2-induced ARPE-19 cells. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that MADE protected ARPE-19 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by inducing the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

scholarly journals PGC-1α Protects RPE Cells of the Aging Retina against Oxidative Stress-Induced Degeneration through the Regulation of Senescence and Mitochondrial Quality Control. The Significance for AMD Pathogenesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Kaarniranta ◽  
Jakub Kajdanek ◽  
Jan Morawiec ◽  
Elzbieta Pawlowska ◽  
Janusz Blasiak
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cellular Senescence ◽  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Sirtuin 1 ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Rpe Cells ◽  
Age Related

PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha) is a transcriptional coactivator of many genes involved in energy management and mitochondrial biogenesis. PGC-1α expression is associated with cellular senescence, organismal aging, and many age-related diseases, including AMD (age-related macular degeneration), an important global issue concerning vision loss. We and others have developed a model of AMD pathogenesis, in which stress-induced senescence of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells leads to AMD-related pathological changes. PGC-1α can decrease oxidative stress, a key factor of AMD pathogenesis related to senescence, through upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and DNA damage response. PGC-1α is an important regulator of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), which is targeted in the therapy of wet AMD, the most devastating form of AMD. Dysfunction of mitochondria induces cellular senescence associated with AMD pathogenesis. PGC-1α can improve mitochondrial biogenesis and negatively regulate senescence, although this function of PGC-1α in AMD needs further studies. Post-translational modifications of PGC-1α by AMPK (AMP kinase) and SIRT1 (sirtuin 1) are crucial for its activation and important in AMD pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Oxidative stress-mediated TXNIP loss causes RPE dysfunction

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Ji Cho ◽  
Sung-Jin Yoon ◽  
Wooil Kim ◽  
Jongjin Park ◽  
Jangwook Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Autophagic Flux ◽  
Blood Retinal Barrier ◽  
Rpe Cells ◽  
Age Related

Abstract The disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), for example, through oxidative damage, is a common factor underlying age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Aberrant autophagy also contributes to AMD pathology, as autophagy maintains RPE homeostasis to ensure blood–retinal barrier (BRB) integrity and protect photoreceptors. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) promotes cellular oxidative stress by inhibiting thioredoxin reducing capacity and is in turn inversely regulated by reactive oxygen species levels; however, its role in oxidative stress-induced RPE cell dysfunction and the mechanistic link between TXNIP and autophagy are largely unknown. Here, we observed that TXNIP expression was rapidly downregulated in RPE cells under oxidative stress and that RPE cell proliferation was decreased. TXNIP knockdown demonstrated that the suppression of proliferation resulted from TXNIP depletion-induced autophagic flux, causing increased p53 activation via nuclear localization, which in turn enhanced AMPK phosphorylation and activation. Moreover, TXNIP downregulation further negatively impacted BRB integrity by disrupting RPE cell tight junctions and enhancing cell motility by phosphorylating, and thereby activating, Src kinase. Finally, we also revealed that TXNIP knockdown upregulated HIF-1α, leading to the enhanced secretion of VEGF from RPE cells and the stimulation of angiogenesis in cocultured human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. This suggests that the exposure of RPE cells to sustained oxidative stress may promote choroidal neovascularization, another AMD pathology. Together, these findings reveal three distinct mechanisms by which TXNIP downregulation disrupts RPE cell function and thereby exacerbates AMD pathogenesis. Accordingly, reinforcing or restoring BRB integrity by targeting TXNIP may serve as an effective therapeutic strategy for preventing or attenuating photoreceptor damage in AMD.

scholarly journals Oxidative stress alters transcript localization of disease-causing genes in the retinal pigment epithelium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz J Kaczynski ◽  
Elizabeth D Au ◽  
Michael H Farkas
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Retinal Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
The Body ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Nuclear Retention ◽  
Age Related

Nuclear retention is a mechanism whereby RNA transcripts are held in the nucleus to maintain a proper nuclear-to-cytoplasmic balance or as a stockpile for use in responding to stimuli. Many mechanisms are employed to determine whether transcripts are retained or exported to the cytoplasm, though the extent to which tissue- or cell-type, stressors, or disease pathogenesis affect this process remains unclear. As the most biochemically active tissue in the body, the retina must mitigate endogenous and exogenous stressors to maintain cell health and tissue function. Oxidative stress, believed to contribute to the pathogenesis, or progression, of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs), is produced both internally from biochemical processes, as well as externally from environmental insult. To evaluate the effect of oxidative stress on transcript localization in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), we performed poly-A RNA sequencing on nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (iPSC-RPE) cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide, as well as untreated controls. Under normal conditions, the number of mRNA transcripts retained in the nucleus exceeded that found in studies of other tissues. Further, the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of transcripts is altered following oxidative stress, as is the retention of genes associated with AMD, IRDs, and those important for RPE physiology. These results provide a retention catalog of all expressed mRNA in iPSC-RPE under normal conditions and after exposure to hydrogen peroxide, offering insight into one of the potential roles oxidative stress plays in the progression of visual disorders.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Aging Retina

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janis T. Eells
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Mtdna Mutations ◽  
Age Related

Mitochondria are central in retinal cell function and survival and they perform functions that are critical to cell function. Retinal neurons have high energy requirements, since large amounts of ATP are needed to generate membrane potentials and power membrane pumps. Mitochondria over the course of aging undergo a number of changes. Aged mitochondria exhibit decreased rates of oxidative phosphorylation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and increased numbers of mtDNA mutations. Mitochondria in the neural retina and the retinal pigment epithelium are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage with aging. Many age-related retinal diseases, including glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration, have been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, mitochondria are a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of retinal disease.

scholarly journals Crocetin Prevents RPE Cells from Oxidative Stress through Protection of Cellular Metabolic Function and Activation of ERK1/2

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padideh Karimi ◽  
Ali Gheisari ◽  
Sylvia J Gasparini ◽  
Hossein Baharvand ◽  
Faezeh Shekari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Atp Depletion ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Nuclear Condensation ◽  
Rpe Cells ◽  
Age Related

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause for visual impairment in aging populations with limited established therapeutic interventions available. Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of AMD, damaging the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which is essential for the function and maintenance of the light-sensing photoreceptors. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of crocetin, one of the main components of Saffron, on an in vitro RPE model of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) induced oxidative stress using ARPE19 cells. The effects of crocetin were assessed using lactate de-hydrogenase (LDH) and ATP assays, as well as immunocytochemistry for cell morphology, junctional integrity, and nuclear morphology. The mechanism of crocetin action was determined via assessment of energy production pathways, including mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in real-time as well as investigation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation and distribution. Our results show that crocetin pre-treatment protects ARPE19 cells from TBHP-induced LDH release, intracellular ATP depletion, nuclear condensation, and disturbance of junctional integrity and cytoskeleton. The protective effect of crocetin is mediated via the preservation of energy production pathways and activation of ERK1/2 in the first minutes of TBHP exposure to potentiate survival pathways. The combined data suggest that a natural antioxidant, such as crocetin, represents a promising candidate to prevent oxidative stress in RPE cells and might halt or delay disease progression in AMD.

scholarly journals Mitophagy in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration Investigated in the NFE2L2/PGC-1α-/- Mouse Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iswariyaraja Sridevi Gurubaran ◽  
Johanna Viiri ◽  
Ali Koskela ◽  
Juha M.T. Hyttinen ◽  
Jussi J. Paterno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Double Knockout ◽  
Rpe Cells ◽  
Age Related

Increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage are observed in protein aggregation diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We have recently reported elevated levels of oxidative stress markers, damaged mitochondria, accumulating lysosomal lipofuscin and extracellular drusen-like structures in the retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) of the dry AMD-resembling NFE2L2/PGC1α double knockout (dKO) mouse model. Here, we provide evidence of a disturbance in the autolysosomal machinery handling mitochondrial clearance in the RPE cells of one-year-old NFE2L2/PGC1α-deficient mice. Confocal immunohistochemical analysis revealed an upregulation of autophagosome marker microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3B) as well as numerous mitophagy markers, such as PTE-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and E3 ubiquitin ligase (PARKIN) together with damaged mitochondria. However, we detected no evidence of increased autolysosome formation in transmission electron micrographs or of colocalization of lysosomal marker LAMP2 (lysosome-associated membrane protein 2) and the mitochondrial marker ATP synthase β in confocal micrographs. Interestingly, we observed an upregulation of late autolysosomal fusion Ras-related protein (Rab7) in the perinuclear space of RPE cells together with autofluorescence aggregates. Our results reveal that there is at least a relative decrease of mitophagy in the RPE cells of NFE2L2/PGC1α dKO mice. This further supports the hypothesis that mitophagy is a putative therapy target in AMD-like pathology.

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