scholarly journals Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) leaves enhances disease resistance in Channa punctata from Vibrio harveyi infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipin Kumar Verma ◽  
Om Prakash ◽  
R. Shiva Raj Kumar ◽  
Kumari Vandana Rani ◽  
Neeta Sehgal
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Channa Punctata

Abstract Background Channa punctata, Indian spotted snakehead, has a great economic value in south and south-east Asia being an important protein source for humans. Fish cultures are affected due to various bacterial and viral infections. Vibrio harveyi is a fish pathogenic bacteria which causes several outbreaks throughout the world and leads to huge mortalities. In this study, leaves of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) were used to investigate its immunostimulatory potential in Channa punctata. Results The immunostimulatory effects of water hyacinth leaves were studied in fish fed with 2.5% and 5% supplementary feed (experimental groups) in comparison to normal feed (control groups). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of E. crassipes methanol extract showed presence of various components which have immunostimulatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. The antibacterial activity, antioxidant potential, and presence of phenol and flavonoids in methanol and ethanol extracts supported its use in fish feed. The healthy acclimatized fish were challenged with V. harveyi weekly. Liver function tests, alkaline phosphatase levels, and immunoglobulin content in the experimental groups were improved with respect to those in the positive control group. The spleen and head kidney were obtained at the final day of experiment, and macrophages were isolated; higher percentage of phagocytosis and phagocytic index indicated enhanced cell-mediated immune response in fish due to supplemented feed. Conclusion Plant-infused feed with leaves of E. crassipes can be recommended as a regular feed supplement to enhance fish immunity and disease resistance against the V. harveyi infection.

scholarly journals The Effects of Fish Feed Supplemented with Azolla Meal on the Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, and Health Condition of Genetically-Improved Farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1029-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fawzy I. Magouz ◽  
Mahmoud A.O. Dawood ◽  
Mahmoud F.I. Salem ◽  
Ayman A.I. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Genetically Improved

AbstractAzolla meal was included in fish feed at different levels (10%, 20%, and 30%) and was fed to genetically-improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) for 90 days. The obtained results demonstrated that the final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate decreased significantly in fish fed 30% Azolla (P<0.05), while tilapia fed 10% and 20% did not differ significantly from those of the control (P>0.05). However, the feed conversion ratio increased significantly in fish fed 30% Azolla (P<0.05), while tilapia fed 10% and 20% did not differ significantly from those of the control (P>0.05). The body proximate analysis, amylase, lipase, protease, blood phagocytic index, and phagocytic and lysozyme activity were not affected by the inclusion of Azolla in tilapia diets and remained similar to those of the control group (P>0.05). The villus length of the foregut was not significantly affected by Azolla inclusion in tilapia diets (P>0.05). In the midgut, the villus length significantly (P<0.05) increased in fish fed Azolla at 20% and 30% compared to the control, with no differences from those fed at 10% (P>0.05). The villus length significantly (P<0.05) increased in the hind gut in fish fed Azolla at 30 % compared to the control, with no differences from those fed at 10% and 20% (P>0.05). The mucosal length of the tilapia foregut significantly (P<0.05) increased in fish fed Azolla at 10% compared to the control, with no differences from those fed at 20% and 30% (P>0.05). In the foregut and hindgut, the number of goblet cells significantly increased in fish fed Azolla at 3% compared to the control, with no differences from those fed at 10% and 20% (P>0.05), while in the midgut, the number of goblet cells significantly (P<0.05) increased in fish fed Azolla at 20% and 30% compared to the control, with no differences from those fed at 10% (P>0.05). Feeding tilapia with Azolla resulted in normal hematological and biochemical functions, with insignificant differences for the measured parameters except for the red blood cell count, which significantly (P<0.05) increased in fish fed Azolla at 20% compared to the control, with no differences from those fed at 20% and 30%.

scholarly journals Utilization of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as Fish Feed Ingredient

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Dian Yuni Pratiwi ◽  
Aulia Andhikawati
Keyword(s):  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
The Impact

A freshwater plant, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is commonly found in public waters in Indonesia. Water hyacinth often experiences blooming which causes negative impacts such as lowering oxygen levels, reducing the number of fish, increasing evapotranspiration, disrupting transportation, becoming habitat for disease vectors, and others. However, water hyacinth can be used as an alternative raw material because it still contains nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Water hyacinth also has potential as an antibacterial agent because it contains secondary metabolites (alkaloids, saponins, steroid compounds, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, and cardiac glycosides). The utilization of water hyacinth as fish feed ingredient has been shown to give positive effect on the growth of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), goldfish (Cyprinus carpio), and Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) seeds. The use of water hyacinth as an alternative fish feed ingredient can be a solution to reduce production costs and reduce the impact of water hyacinth blooms.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Enterococcus faecalis YFI-G720 on the Growth, Immunity, Serum Biochemical, Intestinal Morphology, Intestinal Microbiota, and Disease Resistance of Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus)

Fishes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Yan Xu ◽  
Yiqun Li ◽  
Mingyang Xue ◽  
Zidong Xiao ◽  
Yuding Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Crucian Carp ◽  
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Crucian Carp Carassius Auratus

Diseases of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) are closely related to intestinal parameters. Enterococcus faecalis has strong colonization ability in the intestinal tract, and produces natural antibiotics, bacteriocin, and other bacteriostatic substances, which can effectively inhibit some pathogenic bacteria and improve the intestinal microenvironment. This study aimed to assess the effects of E. faecalis YFI-G720 which was isolated from the intestinal of crucian carp on the growth, immunity, intestinal health, and disease resistance of crucian carp. Fish (48.16 ± 0.55 g) were fed four diets, commercial diet or diet containing E. faecalis at 105 CFU/g (EF1), 106 CFU/g (EF2), or 107 CFU/g (EF3) for 28 days. The results showed that supplementation of E. faecalis significantly improved the weight gain ratio (WGR) and the specific growth rate (SGR) compared with control group (p < 0.05). Intestinal mucosal epithelial cells in EF2 were intact and normal, but there was obvious vacuolation in CG. Compared with CG, serum C3 and IgM in EF2 were significantly increased at the end of the experiment (p < 0.05), and serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher in all experimental groups (p < 0.05). Among studied immune-related genes, expression was detected by qPCR, C3, IgM, and IL-1βwere upregulated in all experimental groups to varying degrees from 14 days, with highest expression in EF2 at 28 days. Intestinal microbiota structure analyzed through high-throughput sequencing, and the results showed that the relative abundance of Aeromonas and Acinetobacter decreased while Cetobacterium increased in all experimental groups, with the greatest changes in EF2. Challenge tests showed that fish fed E. faecalis were more resistant to Aeromonas veronii (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary E. faecalis YFI-G720 at 106 CFU/g can improve the health status, immune parameters, intestinal microbiota composition, and disease resistance of crucian carp.

scholarly journals The potential of Trichoderma sp. as antibacterial and immunostimulant on white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Catur A. Pebrianto ◽  
. Sukenda ◽  
. Widanarni
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
White Shrimp ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Total Hemocyte Count

<p>The objective of this research was to study antibacterial and immunostimulatory effects of <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. extract on white shrimp, <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>.  First experiment was conducted to evaluate inhibitory effect of <em>Trichoderma </em>sp. againts <em>Vibrio harveyi</em>, a pathogenic bacteria causing vibriosis disease on shrimp.  Second experiment was conducted to evaluate immunostimulatory effect of <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. on shrimp immunity as well as protective effect against <em>V. harveyi</em>. A group of shrimp was injected with a minimum inhibitory concentration obtained at first experiment, and a week after, shrimps was challenged with <em>V. harveyi</em> (prophylactic). Another group was previously challenged with <em>V. harveyi</em>, and subsequently injected with <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. two fold of <em>Minimum Inhibitory Concentration</em> (MIC) a day after (therapeutic). Positive control, that was received only <em>V. harveyi</em>, and negative controls, that was received neither <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. nor <em>V. harveyi</em> were included in this experiment.  Results of first experiment showed that a concentration of 600 ppm was a MIC of <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. to inhibit <em>V. harveyi</em>. While in the second experiment, the groups receiving <em>Trichoderma</em> sp., either prophylactic or therapeutic, showed protective effect against <em>V. harveyi</em> significantly higher than positive control and lower compared with negative control. Total haemocyte count (THC), differential haemocyte count (DHC), phagocytic index and phenoloxydase activity were different among the groups of prophylactic treatment or therapeutic treatment compared to control positive and negative treatments. In conclusion, <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. could be used in prophylactic and therapeutic treatments to combat infection of <em>V. harveyi</em> on <em>L. vannamei</em>.</p> <p>Key words: <em>Trichoderma </em>sp., <em>V. harveyi, </em>immunostimulant</p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh antibakterial dan immunostimulasi ekstrak <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. terhadap udang putih, <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>.  Percobaan pertama dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penghambatan <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. terhadap <em>Vibrio harveyi</em>, bakteri patogen yang menyebabkan penyakit vibriosis pada udang. Percobaan kedua dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh immonustimulasi <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. terhadap imunitas udang serta pengaruh protektif terhadap <em>V. harveyi</em>. Sekelompok udang disuntik dengan konsentrasi hambatan minimum (<em>minimum inhibitory concentration</em>, MIC) yang diperoleh dari hasil percobaan pertama, dan seminggu kemudian udang diuji tantang dengan <em>V. harveyi</em> (profilaksis). Kelompok udang lain diuji tantang dengan <em>V. harveyi</em> sebelumnya untuk kemudian disuntik dengan <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. (<em>therapeutic</em>). Kontrol positif, yang hanya diuji tantang dengan <em>V. harveyi</em>, dan kontrol negatif, yang tidak mendapat baik <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. maupun <em>V. harveyi. </em>Hasil percobaan pertama menunjukkan bahwa 600 ppm merupakan konsentrasi MIC <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. yang memberikan efek penghambatan maksimal terhadap <em>V. harveyi</em>. Sedangkan hasil percobaan kedua, kelompok udang yang mendapatkan <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. baik sebagai profilaksis maupun <em>therapeutic</em> menunjukkan bahwa <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. memberikan efek perlindungan terhadap infeksi <em>V. harveyi</em> secara signifikan lebih tinggi daripada kontrol positif dan lebih rendah daripada kontrol negatif. <em>Total hemocyte count</em> (THC) dan <em>differential hemocyte</em> (DHC), indeks fagositik dan aktivitas fenoloksidase kelompok perlakuan profilaksis atau perlakuan <em>therapeutic</em> berbeda baik dengan kontrol positif maupun negatif. Untuk itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. dapat digunakan dalam tindakan pencegahan dan pengobatan infeksi <em>V. harveyi</em> pada udang putih.</p> <p>Kata kunci: <em>Trichoderma</em> sp., <em>V. harveyi</em>, immunostimulan</p>

Study of The Pharmacological Activity and Heavy Metal Content of Eichhornia Crassipes Extract

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Jimmy ◽  
Diah Indriani Widiputri ◽  
Paulus Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Pharmacological Activity ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Heavy Metal Content ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Negative Impacts

Eichhornia crassipes is well-known as water hyacinth. Water hyacinth grows rapidly in the nutrient-rich water and high light intensity places. The uncontrollable growth of water hyacinth has caused many negative impacts to the environment. For instance, interrupted water transport and decreased population of aquatic lives. The capacity of utilising water hyacinth is slower than water hyacinth growth and water hyacinth is still considered as a threat to theecosystem. This work was focused on the study of the pharmacological activity and heavy metal content of water hyacinth in Lake Cipondoh, Tangerang. Fresh water hyacinth was pre-treated through oven-drying and milling process. After that, each part of the plant was macerated by using multiple extraction method with 96% ethanol/water and three variations of sample-to-solvent ratios (1:30, 1:50, and 1:75 w/v). The result of the experiment showed thatwater hyacinth leaves produced an extract with lowest IC 50 (55.76 ± 6.73 ppm) compared toother parts. The most optimum solvent used to achieve this result was 96% ethanol/water (1:1 v/v). In order to obtain the lowest antioxidant activity, the sample to solvent ratio used was 1:50 and the heavy metal in the extract was very low. With this result, it was concluded that there is a promising opportunity to apply the water hyacinth growing in Lake Cipondoh, Tangerang as herbal medicine ingredient. Through this utilization, the overall number of water hyacinth in Indonesia can be reduced or at the least be controlled, so that the environmental problem caused by this plant can be minimized.

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