The potential of Trichoderma sp. as antibacterial and immunostimulant  on white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The objective of this research was to study antibacterial and immunostimulatory effects of Trichoderma sp. extract on white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. First experiment was conducted to evaluate inhibitory effect of Trichoderma sp. againts Vibrio harveyi, a pathogenic bacteria causing vibriosis disease on shrimp. Second experiment was conducted to evaluate immunostimulatory effect of Trichoderma sp. on shrimp immunity as well as protective effect against V. harveyi. A group of shrimp was injected with a minimum inhibitory concentration obtained at first experiment, and a week after, shrimps was challenged with V. harveyi (prophylactic). Another group was previously challenged with V. harveyi, and subsequently injected with Trichoderma sp. two fold of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) a day after (therapeutic). Positive control, that was received only V. harveyi, and negative controls, that was received neither Trichoderma sp. nor V. harveyi were included in this experiment. Results of first experiment showed that a concentration of 600 ppm was a MIC of Trichoderma sp. to inhibit V. harveyi. While in the second experiment, the groups receiving Trichoderma sp., either prophylactic or therapeutic, showed protective effect against V. harveyi significantly higher than positive control and lower compared with negative control. Total haemocyte count (THC), differential haemocyte count (DHC), phagocytic index and phenoloxydase activity were different among the groups of prophylactic treatment or therapeutic treatment compared to control positive and negative treatments. In conclusion, Trichoderma sp. could be used in prophylactic and therapeutic treatments to combat infection of V. harveyi on L. vannamei. Key words: Trichoderma sp., V. harveyi, immunostimulant ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh antibakterial dan immunostimulasi ekstrak Trichoderma sp. terhadap udang putih, Litopenaeus vannamei. Percobaan pertama dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penghambatan Trichoderma sp. terhadap Vibrio harveyi, bakteri patogen yang menyebabkan penyakit vibriosis pada udang. Percobaan kedua dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh immonustimulasi Trichoderma sp. terhadap imunitas udang serta pengaruh protektif terhadap V. harveyi. Sekelompok udang disuntik dengan konsentrasi hambatan minimum (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) yang diperoleh dari hasil percobaan pertama, dan seminggu kemudian udang diuji tantang dengan V. harveyi (profilaksis). Kelompok udang lain diuji tantang dengan V. harveyi sebelumnya untuk kemudian disuntik dengan Trichoderma sp. (therapeutic). Kontrol positif, yang hanya diuji tantang dengan V. harveyi, dan kontrol negatif, yang tidak mendapat baik Trichoderma sp. maupun V. harveyi. Hasil percobaan pertama menunjukkan bahwa 600 ppm merupakan konsentrasi MIC Trichoderma sp. yang memberikan efek penghambatan maksimal terhadap V. harveyi. Sedangkan hasil percobaan kedua, kelompok udang yang mendapatkan Trichoderma sp. baik sebagai profilaksis maupun therapeutic menunjukkan bahwa Trichoderma sp. memberikan efek perlindungan terhadap infeksi V. harveyi secara signifikan lebih tinggi daripada kontrol positif dan lebih rendah daripada kontrol negatif. Total hemocyte count (THC) dan differential hemocyte (DHC), indeks fagositik dan aktivitas fenoloksidase kelompok perlakuan profilaksis atau perlakuan therapeutic berbeda baik dengan kontrol positif maupun negatif. Untuk itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa Trichoderma sp. dapat digunakan dalam tindakan pencegahan dan pengobatan infeksi V. harveyi pada udang putih. Kata kunci: Trichoderma sp., V. harveyi, immunostimulan

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Daya Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Api-Api (Avicennia alba) terhadap Vibrio harveyi Penyebab Vibriosis secara Invitro [In Vitro Antibacteria Activity of Api-Api (Avicennia alba) Leave Extract Against Vibrio harveyi Causes Vibriosis]

Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan ◽

10.20473/jipk.v10i2.10527 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 131

Author(s):

Zurica Melati Fitri ◽

Kismiyati Kismiyati ◽

Ahmad Shofy Mubarak

Keyword(s):

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Experimental Method ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Vibrio Harveyi ◽

Colony Growth ◽

Minimum Concentration ◽

Extract Concentration ◽

Avicennia Alba

AbstrakBudidaya udang dihadapkan pada berbagai kendala penyakit yang timbul dan dapat menyebabkan kematian masal pada larva udang windu, salah satunya vibriosis yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Vibrio harveyi. Zat antibakteri yaitu : flavonoid, saponin dan tanin terbukti dapat membunuh beberapa bakteri patogen. Daun api – api Avicennia alba mengandung zat anti bakteri sehingga berpotensi digunakan untuk membunuh bakteri Vibrio harveyi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi optimum ekstrak daun api-api (Avicennia alba) dalam menghambat dan membunuh pertumbuhan bakteri Vibrio harveyi. Penelitian ini mengunakan metode eksperimental dengan perlakuan konsentrasi ekstrak daun api-api (Avicennia alba) sebesar 100%, 90% 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%. 30%, 20%, 10%, 0%. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) dan pertumbuhan koloni pada uji Minimum Bacteria Concentration (MBC). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pada konsentrasi 60% ekstrak daun Avicennia alba dapat menghambat pertumbuhan V.harveyi. Sedangkan pada konsentrasi 90% ekstrak daun Avicennia alba menyebabkan bakteri V.harveyi terbunuh. AbstractShrimp culture has various obstacles such as the emergence of diseases that can cause deaths in tiger shrimp larvae such as vibriosis caused by Vibrio harveyi. Some antibacterial substances such as flavonoid, saponin, and tannin inhibit and kill several pathogenic bacteria. Avicennia alba leaves contain anti-bacterial substances that have the potential to be used to kill Vibrio harveyi bacteria. This study aimed to determine the minimum concentration of Avicennia alba leaves extract for inhibiting and kill the growth of Vibrio harveyi. This study used an experimental method, using Avicennia alba leaves extract concentration treatment of 100%, 90% 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%. 30%, 20%, 10%, 0%. The parameters observed in this study were the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and bacteria colony growth in Minimum Bacteria Concentration (MBC) test. The results showed that at a concentration of 60% Avicennia alba leaves extract could inhibit the growth of V.harveyi. While at a concentration of 90% Avicennia alba leaves extract, Vibrio harveyi bacteria was killed.

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Effects of spray-dried animal plasma on growth performance, survival, feed utilization, immune responses, and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0257792 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. e0257792

Author(s):

Niti Chuchird ◽

Tirawat Rairat ◽

Arunothai Keetanon ◽

Putsucha Phansawat ◽

Chi-Chung Chou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Positive Control ◽

Feed Utilization ◽

Pacific White Shrimp ◽

White Shrimp ◽

Total Hemocyte Count ◽

Spray Dried

Spray-dried animal plasma (SDP) in feed for several animal species provides health benefits, but research about use of SDP in shrimp feed is very limited. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of dietary SDP on growth performance, feed utilization, immune responses, and prevention of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). In Experiment 1, the post-larvae were divided into five groups (four tank/group and 80 shrimp/tank) and fed four times daily diets with porcine SDP at 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6% of the diet for 45 days. In Experiment 2, the surviving shrimp from Experiment 1 were redistributed into six groups: four SDP groups as in Experiment 1 plus the positive and negative controls (four tank/group and 30 shrimp/tank). They were then challenged with V. parahaemolyticus by immersion at 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL and were fed with the same diets for another 4 days. In Experiment 1, shrimp fed 4.5% or 6% SDP diets had significantly higher body weight, survival rate, and improved feed conversion ratio. The immune parameters (total hemocyte count and phagocytic, phenoloxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities) of the shrimp fed 3–6% SDP diets also showed significant enhancement compared to the control. In Experiment 2, the survival rates of the 3–6% SDP groups were significantly higher than the positive control at day 4 after the immersion challenge. Likewise, the histopathological study revealed milder signs of bacterial infection in the hepatopancreas of the 3–6% SDP groups compared to the challenged positive control and 1.5% SDP groups. In conclusion, shrimp fed diets with SDP, especially at 4.5–6% of the diet, showed significant improvement in overall health conditions and better resistance to V. parahaemolyticus infection.

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Prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic to control Vibrio harveyi and IMNV co-infection in Litopenaeus vannamei

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.13.11-20 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

, Widanarni ◽

Jeanni Indah Noermala ◽

, Sukenda

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽

Vibrio Harveyi ◽

Positive Control ◽

White Shrimp ◽

Infectious Myonecrosis Virus ◽

Probiotic Treatment

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the effects of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic in survival and immune response of white shrimp against co-infection of Vibrio harveyi and infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). The shrimps used had a body weigth of 2.04±0.20 g/individual, the shrimps were reared at a density of 20 shrimps in 60x30x35 cm3 sized aquarium. The study was conducted with five treatments consisting K(+) (without the addition of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic with co-infection), K(-) (without the addition of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic, and without co-infection), P1 (the addition of prebiotic with co-infection), P2 (the addition of probiotic with co-infection), and P3 (the addition of synbiotic with co-infection). The results showed that the addition of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic could increase survival and immune response of white shrimp towards co-infection of Vibrio harveyi and IMNV. The best survival was obtained in probiotic treatment (79.17%), followed by prebiotic treatment (75%), synbiotic treatment (70.83%), while the positive control was only 50%. Keywords: white shrimp, prebiotic, probiotic, synbiotic, IMNV, Vibrio harveyi ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pemberian prebiotik, probiotik, dan sinbiotik terhadap sintasan dan respons imun udang vaname dengan ko-infeksi Vibrio harveyi dan IMNV (infectious myonecrosis virus). Udang yang digunakan memiliki bobot 2,04±0,20 g/ekor, dipelihara sebanyak 20 ekor dalam akuarium berukuran 60x30x35 cm3. Penelitian dilakukan dengan lima perlakuan yaitu K(+) (tanpa pemberian prebiotik, probiotik, dan sinbiotik dengan ko-infeksi), K(-) (tanpa pemberian prebiotik, probiotik dan sinbiotik tanpa ko-infeksi), P1 (pemberian prebiotik dengan ko-infeksi), P2 (pemberian probiotik dengan ko-infeksi), dan P3 (pemberian sinbiotik dengan ko-infeksi). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian prebiotik, probiotik, dan sinbiotik mampu meningkatkan sintasan dan respons imun udang vaname terhadap ko-infeksi V. harveyi dan IMNV. Sintasan terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan probiotik sebesar 79,17%, diikuti perlakuan prebiotik sebesar 75%, perlakuan sinbiotik sebesar 70,83%, sedangkan pada kontrol positif hanya mencapai 50%. Kata kunci: udang vaname, prebiotik, probiotik, sinbiotik, IMNV, Vibrio harveyi

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Bacillus NP5 Improves Growth Performance and Resistance Against Infectious Myonecrosis Virus in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) (Bacillus NP5 Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan dan Ketahanan Terhadap Infeksi Virus Myonecrosis pada Udang Putih (L. vannamei)

ILMU KELAUTAN Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences ◽

10.14710/ik.ijms.19.4.211-218 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 211 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Widanarni Widanarni ◽

Munti Yuhana ◽

Arief Muhammad

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽

Positive Control ◽

White Shrimp ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Daily Growth ◽

Infectious Myonecrosis Virus ◽

Total Hemocyte Count ◽

Hemocyte Count

Infectious Myonecrosis (IMN) merupakan salah satu penyakit yang sering menyerang udang vaname. Probiotik banyak digunakan pada budidaya udang karena terbukti mampu mengurangi serangan penyakit pada udang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pemberian probiotik Bacillus NP5 melalui pakan terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan, respons imun, dan resistensi udang vaname terhadap infeksi Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV). Udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei (2.41±0.07 g ekor-1) diberi pakan yang disuplementasi probiotik Bacillus NP5 dengan dosis yang berbeda, 102 CFU.g-1 (A), 104 CFU.g-1 (B), 106 CFU.g-1 (C), dan kontrol tanpa suplementasi probiotik (kontrol negatif, KN; kontrol positif, KP) selama 30 hari dan dengan tiga ulangan untuk masing-masing dosis, kemudian KP, perlakuan A, B, dan C diuji tantang secara intramuskular dengan IMNV (100 µl.ekor-1). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa udang vaname yang diberi pakan dengan suplementasi probiotik mempunyai laju pertumbuhan harian (LPH), rasio konversi pakan (RKP), dan respons imun yang lebih tinggi. Udang tersebut juga mempunyai total hemocyte count (THC) dan resistensi terhadap IMNV yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol positif. Konsentrasi probiotik 106 CFU.g-1 memberikan hasil terbaik dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan, respon imun, dan resistensi udang vaname terhadap infeksi IMNV. Kata kunci: probiotik, Bacillus NP5, Litopenaeus vannamei, pertumbuhan, IMNV Infectious Myonecrosis (IMN) is one of the most prevalent white shrimp diseases. Probiotics are widely used in shrimp cultivation because they have been proven to reduce shrimp disease outbreak. This study aimed to observe the effect of oraly administered probiotic Bacillus NP5 on the white shrimp's growth performance, immune response, and resistance to Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV) infection. White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (2.41±0.07 g individual-1) were fed with a feed supplemented with different doses of the probiotic Bacillus NP5, i.e. 102 CFU.g-1 (A), 104 CFU.g-1 (B), 106 CFU.g-1 (C), and control without any probiotic (negative control, KN; positive control, KP) for 30 days and with three replications for each dose, then KP, treatment A, B, and C were challenged intramuscularly with IMNV (100 µl.shrimp-1). The results of the study showed that white shrimp fed with the supplemented probiotic had higher Daily Growth Rate (DGR), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), and immune response. They also had the higher Total Hemocyte Count (THC) and resistance to IMNV than the positive control. Probiotic with concentration of 106 CFU.g-1 gave the highest value on enhancing growth, immunity, and resistance of white shrimp towards IMNV infection. Key words: probiotic, Bacillus NP5, Litopenaeus vannamei, growth, IMNV

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Use of Chitosan to Control Vibrio harveyi Infection on White Shrimp Litopeneaus vannamei

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.6.205-209 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 205

Author(s):

. Sukenda ◽

Y. Tri Anggoro ◽

D. Wahjuningrum ◽

. Rahman

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Survival Rate ◽

Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽

Antibacterial Effect ◽

Sea Water ◽

Vibrio Harveyi ◽

White Shrimp ◽

Phagocytic Index ◽

Post Injection ◽

Total Haemocyte Count

Immunostimulation and antibacterial effect of chitosan against vibriosis were examined in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Control shrimps were injected with 0.05 μl of sterile sea water, while experimental shrimps were injected with 2, 4 and 6 μg per g shrimp of chitosan. All shrimps were subsequently challenged by 106 CFU/ml of live Vibrio harveyi by injection method. Survival rate of shrimps injected with chitosan were found to slightly increase in accordance with dose of chitosan, even not statistically significant. Total haemocyte count and phagocytic index at experimental shrimps were over than control shrimps up to three days post injection. Number of V. harveyi in the intestine of experimental shrimps were lower than control shrimps indicates an antibacterial activity of chitosan to combat infection. Keywords: chitosan, Vibrio harveyi, haemocyte, phagocytic index, Litopenaeus vannamei ABSTRAK Efek imunostimulasi dan antibakterial dari kitosan melawan vibriosis dilihat pada udang putih (Litopenaeus vannamei). Udang control disuntik dengan 0,05 μl air laut steril, sedangkan udang uji disuntik dengan kitosan 2, 4 dan 6 μg per g udang. Semua udang diuji tantang dengan 106 CFU/ml bakteri Vibrio harveyi hidup dengan metode penyuntikan. Sintasan udang yang disuntik dengan kitosan meningkat berbarengan dengan peningkatan dosis kitosan, meskipun tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata. Jumlah total hemosit dan indeks fagositosis pada udang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol sampai tiga hari pasca penyuntikan. Jumlah V. harveyi dalam saluran pencernaan dari udang uji lebih rendah dibandingkan udang kontrol, hal ini menunjukkan aktifitas antibacterial dari kitosan dalam melawan infeksi. Kata kunci: kitosan, Vibrio harveyi, hemosit, indeks fagositosis, Litopenaeus vannamei

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Draft Genome Sequence of a Vibrio harveyi Strain Associated with Vibriosis in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Genome Announcements ◽

10.1128/genomea.01662-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Emille Moreno ◽

Marci Parks ◽

Lee J. Pinnell ◽

James J. Tallman ◽

Jeffrey W. Turner

Keyword(s):

Genome Sequence ◽

Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽

Vibrio Harveyi ◽

Draft Genome ◽

Penaeid Shrimp ◽

Pacific White Shrimp ◽

Draft Genome Sequence ◽

White Shrimp ◽

Content Type ◽

Future Studies

ABSTRACT Vibrio harveyi is a Gram-negative bacterium associated with vibriosis in penaeid shrimp. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a V. harveyi strain isolated from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during a vibriosis outbreak. The availability of this genome will aid future studies of vibriosis in shrimp aquaculture.

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Effect of Galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.) Extract on the Growth Rate and Resistance to Vibrio harveyi and White Spot Diseases in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v7n9p117 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Tidaporn Chaweepack ◽

Chutima Khomvilai ◽

Surachart Chaweepack ◽

Kaeko Kamei

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽

Vibrio Harveyi ◽

Pacific White Shrimp ◽

White Spot ◽

White Shrimp ◽

Alpinia Galanga

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Oral application of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic in Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)challenged with Vibrio harveyi

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.11.54-63 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 54 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

. Widanarni ◽

Puguh Widagdo ◽

Dinamella Wahjuningrum

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Vibrio Harveyi ◽

Positive Control ◽

Pacific White Shrimp ◽

White Shrimp ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Average Weight ◽

High Survival ◽

Immersion Method

The use of antibiotics for controlling of luminous vibriosis caused by Vibrio harveyi is restricted now, because it induces antibiotic-resistant bacteria and leave residue in shrimp’s body. An alternative solution that can be done to treat the disease is by using applications of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic. The aim of this research was to examine the effect of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic on the survival rate and growth of Pacific white shrimp against V. harveyi infection. Feed as a treatment was supplemented with probiotic 1%, prebiotic 2%, and probiotic 1%+prebiotic 2% (synbiotic). Shrimps feed without supplementation of probiotic and prebiotic was used as a control treatment. The shrimps were maintainedin the aquarium (60×30×35 cm3) with a density of 40 shrimps/40 L and an average weight of 0.4±0.1 g. After 30 days of feeding treatment, the shrimp was challenged by immersion method with V. harveyi solution containing 106 CFU/mL. The results showed that before challenge, synbiotic feed treated shrimp has a growth rate (5.89%), feed conversionrate (1.21), and a high survival rate (80%). After challenge, survival rate (83.33%) of shrimp fed diet supplemented with synbiotic was higher than prebiotic (51.67%) and positive control (31.67%). Keywords: probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotic, Vibrio harveyi,Pacific white shrimp

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Mono-/Bis-Alkenoic Acid Derivatives From an Endophytic Fungus Scopulariopsis candelabrum and Their Antifungal Activity

Frontiers in Chemistry ◽

10.3389/fchem.2021.812564 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Jun Tang ◽

Xueshuang Huang ◽

Ming-Hang Cao ◽

Zhiyan Wang ◽

Zhiyin Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

2D Nmr ◽

Positive Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Exserohilum Turcicum ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Alkenoic Acid

During a screening for antifungal secondary metabolites, six new mono-/bis-alkenoic acid derivatives (2–7) and one known alkenoic acid derivative (1) were isolated from an endophytic fungi Scopulariopsis candelabrum. Their chemical structures were identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, as well as comparisons with previously reported literatures. Among them, fusariumesters C‒F (2–5) are bis-alkenoic acid derivatives dimerized by an ester bond, while acetylfusaridioic acid A (6) and fusaridioic acid D (7) are alkenoic acid monomers. All the isolates were submitted to an antifungal assay against Candida albicans and the corn pathogen Exserohilum turcicum using the filter paper agar diffusion method. As a result, only compound 1 decorating with β-lactone ring turned out to be active against these two tested fungi. The broth microdilution assay against Candida albicans showed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1 to be 20 μg/ml, while the minimum inhibitory concentration value of the positive control (naystatin) was 10 μg/ml. And the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value (21.23 μg/ml) of 1 against Exserohilum turcicum was determined by analyzing its inhibition effect on the mycelial growth, using cycloheximide (IC50 = 46.70 μg/ml) as the positive control.

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