Genotypic variation in spatiotemporal distribution of canopy light interception in relation to yield formation in cotton

Abstract A 2-yr study was conducted at Black Belt Research and Extension Center in Marion Junction, AL, to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rate on forage production characteristics, nutritive value, and animal performance of beef heifers grazing a mixture of native warm-season grasses (NWSG) including big bluestem, little bluestem, and indiangrass. Six, two-hectare plots were randomly assigned to one of two treatments (0 or 67 kg N ha-1 applied in early April; n = 3 replications per treatment). Paddocks were continuously stocked with four weaned Angus × Simmental beef heifers (initial BW 288 ± 7 kg) from late May/early June through mid-to-late August during 2018 (73 grazing d) and 2019 (70 grazing d), respectively. Put-and-take cattle were used to manage forage to a target of 38 cm. Forage mass and canopy heights were collected every two weeks during the trial. Visual ground cover ratings, canopy light interception, and botanical composition were measured at the beginning and end of the trial in each year. Hand-plucked samples were collected every two weeks during the grazing trial to determine forage nutritional value. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4, and differences were declared significant when P ≤ 0.05. Nitrogen fertilized NWSG had greater crude protein (P < 0.0001), sward heights (P = 0.0003), and canopy light interception at the beginning of the season (P = 0.0049) compared to non-fertilized paddocks. However, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.05) among N-fertility treatments for mean forage mass, heifer ADG, or BCS across the 2-yr study. Botanical composition data indicated that indiangrass decreased from 64% to 61% (P = 0.0022) and weed pressure increased from 11% to 15% (P = 0.0064) across the summer grazing season. Canopy light interception decreased by 51% from early June to August in fertilized NWSG and 26% in unfertilized paddocks, respectively. These data illustrate that NWSG systems may provide a viable grazing system in the summer months under reduced N inputs.

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Pasture characteristics of Italian ryegrass and milk production under different management strategies

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2012000600018 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. 863-868 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marcolino Frederico Miguel ◽

Henrique Mendonça Nunes Ribeiro Filho ◽

Steben Crestani ◽

Fabiana da Rocha Ramos ◽

Tereza Cristina Moraes Genro

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Growing Season ◽

Light Interception ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Low Light ◽

Canopy Light Interception

The objective of this work was to assess the effects of the sward structure of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), during the first grazing cycle, on its morphological and bromatological characteristics throughout the growing season, and on the performance of dairy cows. The treatments consisted of two structures obtained as a function of canopy-light interception: high-light interception (HLI) and low-light interception (LLI), with different pre-grazing heights in the first grazing cycle. Pasture was managed under rotational grazing with a herbage allowance not below 30 kg dry matter (DM) per cow per day. Three grazing cycles, with a grazing interval of 30 days, were evaluated. Pre-grazing herbage mass was greater (2,240 vs. 1,656 kg ha-1 DM), but the proportion of leaf blades was smaller (0.35 vs. 0.43) for HLI swards. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were similar between treatments in the first grazing cycle, but in the second and third ones NDF was greater, and OMD lower, for the HLI swards. Milk yields were greater for cows grazing LLI swards (19.4 vs. 21.1 kg per day). Initial grazing with 90% of light interception promotes greater nutritional value in the subsequent cycles.

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Ground monitoring the light–shadow windows of a tree canopy to yield canopy light interception and morphological traits

Plant Cell & Environment ◽

10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00600.x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 23 (8) ◽

pp. 783-796 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Rita Giuliani ◽

Eugenio Magnanini ◽

Cristiano Fragassa ◽

Fabrizio Nerozzi

Keyword(s):

Morphological Traits ◽

Light Interception ◽

Tree Canopy ◽

Ground Monitoring ◽

Canopy Light Interception

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Tree light capture and spatial variability of understory light increase with species mixing and tree size heterogeneity

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2016-0061 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (7) ◽

pp. 968-977 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Gauthier Ligot ◽

Aitor Ameztegui ◽

Benoît Courbaud ◽

Lluís Coll ◽

Dan Kneeshaw

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Weighted Average ◽

Structural Heterogeneity ◽

Light Interception ◽

Tree Size ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Transmitted Radiation ◽

Long Run ◽

Forest Heterogeneity ◽

Canopy Light Interception

Mixed and multi-layered forest ecosystems are sometimes more productive than monospecific and single-layered ones. It has been suggested that trees of different species and sizes occupy complementary positions in space, which would act as a mechanism to increase canopy light interception and wood production. However, greater canopy light interception reduces the average amount and variability of transmitted radiation, offering fewer opportunities for all species to regenerate and to maintain forest heterogeneity in the long run. We investigated whether increasing overstory heterogeneity indeed results in greater canopy light interception and lower variability in transmittance. We modeled the three-dimensional structure of forest stands with three typical forest structures, 10 mixtures of four tree species, and three different basal areas. We used the forest light interception model SamsaraLight and performed three-way analyses of covariance to analyze the effects of the three varied components of forest heterogeneity. We found no evidence that increasing structural heterogeneity increases canopy light interception. However, the light interception by mixed canopies was greater than the weighted average of light interception by the corresponding pure canopies. Variability in transmittance increased in some cases with compositional heterogeneity and, to a lesser extent, with tree size inequalities. The advantage of heterogeneous forests is in opportunities for natural regeneration, as well as in opportunities to enhance canopy light interception.

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Sealed environment chamber for canopy light interception and trace hydrocarbon analyses

Advances in Space Research ◽

10.1016/s0273-1177(99)00314-2 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 271-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M.A. Dixon ◽

B. Grodzinski ◽

R. Côté ◽

M. Stasiak

Keyword(s):

Light Interception ◽

Environment Chamber ◽

Canopy Light Interception

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High Density and Uniform Plant Distribution Improve Soybean Yield by Regulating Population Uniformity and Canopy Light Interception

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11091880 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1880

Author(s):

Cailong Xu ◽

Ruidong Li ◽

Wenwen Song ◽

Tingting Wu ◽

Shi Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Light Interception ◽

Plant Distribution ◽

Planting Density ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Plant Spacing ◽

Soybean Yield ◽

The Relationship ◽

Canopy Light Interception

Optimizing the spatial distribution of plants under normal conditions of water and fertilizer is widely used by farmers to improve soybean yield. However, the relationship between soybean yield and spatial plant distribution in the field has not been well studied. This study examined the effect of planting density and plant distribution pattern on soybean plant growth, yield components, canopy light interception, and dry matter accumulation. We also analyzed the relationship between photosynthetic rate, dry matter accumulation, and yield under different planting densities and plant distribution. A two year field experiment was conducted during the 2018 and 2019 soybean planting seasons. Two planting densities (1.8 × 105 and 2.7 × 105 plants ha−1) and two plant distribution patterns (uniform and non-uniform plant spacing) were tested. Higher planting density significantly increased the canopy light interception and dry matter accumulation during soybean growth, leading to increased soybean productivity. The seed yield of soybean under higher planting density was 22.8% higher than under normal planting density. Soybean planted under uniform spacing significantly reduced the differences plant-to-plant. Uniform plant spacing significantly increased the canopy light interception and dry matter accumulation of the soybean population. In addition, the coefficient of variation of seed weight per plant between individual plants under uniform plant distribution decreased by 71.5% compared with non-uniform plant distribution. Furthermore, uniform plant distribution increased soybean seed yield by 9.5% over non-uniform plant distribution. This study demonstrates that increasing planting density under uniform plant distribution can be useful to obtain higher seed yield without increasing other farm inputs.

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Rhizome Characteristics and Canopy Light Interception of Grazed Rhizoma Peanut Pastures

Agronomy Journal ◽

10.2134/agronj1992.00021962008400050009x ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 84 (5) ◽

pp. 804-809 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

J. A. Ortega‐S. ◽

L.E. Sollenberger ◽

J.M. Bennett ◽

J.A. Cornell

Keyword(s):

Light Interception ◽

Canopy Light Interception ◽

Rhizoma Peanut

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The Bases of Productivity in Apple Production Systems: The Role of Light Interception by Different Shoot Types

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.121.5.886 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 121 (5) ◽

pp. 886-893 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Jens N. Wünsche ◽

Alan N. Lakso ◽

Terence L Robinson ◽

Fritz Lenz ◽

Steven S. Denning

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Light Interception ◽

Total Light ◽

Slender Spindle ◽

Apple Production ◽

Fisheye Photographs ◽

Role Of Light ◽

Canopy Light Interception

Although apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) system yield differences are generally related to whole-canopy light interception, this study tested the hypothesis that these orchard yields are related primarily to total light intercepted by the spur canopy. Seasonal leaf area development of different shoot types, exposed bourse shoot leaf net photosynthesis, fruit growth, whole canopy light interception (by image analysis of fisheye photographs) and relative light interception by different shoot types (by a laser assisted canopy scanning device) were estimated within four 14-year-old `Empire' apple production systems (slender spindle/M.9, central leader/M.7, central leader/M.9/MM.111 and Y-trellis/M.26). The final LAI values were CL/M.7 = 1.8, CL/9/111 = 2.3, SS/M.9 = 2.6 and Y/M.26 = 3.6. Exposed leaf net photosynthesis showed few differences and was not dependent upon the production system. Yields of the pyramidal shaped tree forms were 40 to 42 t·ha-1 while Y-trellis produced 59 t·ha-1, with similar fruit sizes. Again, yields were primarily related to the percentage of light intercepted by the whole canopy, 48% to 53% for conic forms versus 62% for the Y-trellis system. Laser analyses showed that the Y-trellis system intercepted about 20% to 30% more light with the spur canopy than the conic tree forms, supporting the hypothesis. Yields were better correlated with spur canopy LAI and spur canopy light interception than with extension shoot canopy LAI and light interception.

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The Relationship Between Leaf Area and Light Interception by Spur and Extension Shoot Leaves and Apple Orchard Productivity

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.7.1202 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (7) ◽

pp. 1202-1206 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Jens N. Wünsche ◽

Alan N. Lakso

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Production Systems ◽

Light Interception ◽

Apple Orchard ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Area Index ◽

Canopy Development ◽

Slender Spindle ◽

The Relationship ◽

Canopy Light Interception

The study evaluated the relationship of spur vs. extension shoot leaf area and light interception to apple (Malus {XtimesX}domesticaBorkh.) orchard productivity. Fifteen-year-old `Marshall McIntosh'/M.9 trees had significantly greater leaf area and percentage of light interception at 3-5 and 10-12 weeks after full bloom (AFB) than did 4-year-old `Jonagold'/Mark trees. Despite significant increases in leaf area and light interception with canopy development, linear relationships between total, spur, and extension shoot canopy leaf area index (LAI) and 1) light interception and 2) fruit yield were similar at both times. Mean total and spur canopy LAI and light interception were significantly and positively correlated with fruit yield; however, extension shoot LAI and light interception were poorly correlated with yield. In another study total, spur and extension shoot canopy light interception varied widely in five apple production systems: 15-year-old central leader `Redchief Delicious' MM.111, 15-year-old central leader `Redchief Delicious' MM.111/M.9, 16-year-old slender spindle `Marshall McIntosh' M.9, 14-year-old `Jerseymac' M.9 on 4-wire trellis, and 17-year-old slender spindle `MacSpur' M.9. Yields in these orchards were curvilinearly related to total and extension shoot canopy light interception and decreased when total light interception exceeded 60% and extension shoot interception exceeded 25%. Fruit yields were linearly and highly correlated (r2 = 0.78) with spur light interception. The findings support the hypothesis that fruit yields of healthy apple orchards are better correlated with LAI and light interception by spurs than by extension shoots. The results emphasize the importance of open, well-illuminated, spur-rich tree canopies for high productivity.

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Effect of Two Levels of Deficit Irrigation on Photosynthesis, Canopy Light Interception, and Yields in Prune

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.837f ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 837F-837

Author(s):

Bruce D. Lampinen ◽

Kenneth A. Shackel

Keyword(s):

Photosynthetic Rate ◽

Deficit Irrigation ◽

Light Interception ◽

First Year ◽

Severe Stress ◽

Stress Treatment ◽

Stem Water ◽

Dry Fruit ◽

Moderate Stress ◽

Canopy Light Interception

Two levels of deficit irrigation were applied to mature French prune trees based on gradually declining midday stem water potentials decreasing to –1.5 MPa (moderate stress) and –2.5 MPa (severe stress) by harvest. The moderate and severe stress treatments resulted in 32% and 51% water savings, respectively, compared to the fully irrigated control. The average photosynthetic rate and dry fruit yield for the moderate stress treatment were not significantly lower than those for the fully irrigated control. The severe stress treatment had significantly lower photosynthetic rates from late morning until sunset on most days. However, this lower photosynthetic rate did not result in significantly lower dry fruit yields. There were no significant differences in light interception as measured diurnally or over the course of the season in the first year of the study. However, light interception and photosynthetic differences might be expected to be more pronounced in subsequent years, due to carryover effects.

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