scholarly journals A review on liquid chromatographic methods for the bioanalysis of atorvastatin

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karan Wadhwa ◽  
A. C. Rana
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Chromatographic Methods ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract Background The unsatisfied clinical need has encouraged the development and validation of bioanalytical procedures for the quantification of drugs in biological samples because the monitoring of drug concentrations helps in personalizing the patient’s pharmacotherapy, assessing the adherence to therapy, and is also extensively useful for pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions studies. Main Body The present review aimed to provide insightful information about the various liquid chromatographic methods developed till 2019 for the analysis and quantification of atorvastatin, its metabolites, and co-administered drugs in the various biological matrices like the serum, plasma, and urine with special emphasis on sample preparation techniques applied before chromatographic analysis along with different chromatographic conditions and their validation data. A total of 88 published papers that have used liquid chromatography techniques to quantify atorvastatin in biological fluids are included in the study. Out of the total reported liquid chromatographic methods, 34% used UV spectrophotometer as a detector, and 55% used MS/MS as a detector. Whereas 38% of them used protein precipitation procedure, 33% applied liquid-liquid extraction approach, and 12% employed solid-phase extraction technique for sample preparation. Conclusion In the last decade, numerous bioanalytical procedures have been developed for the quantification of atorvastatin in different biological samples using liquid chromatographic techniques. Moreover, advancement in technology developed several new and advanced sample preparation approaches like dispersive liquid-liquid extraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, which have high recovery rates than conventional procedures. Thus, the summarized review may be consulted as an informative tool to support the optimization of new bioanalytical methods for the quantification of atorvastatin.

The Benefits and Limitations of Methods Development in Solid Phase Extraction: Mini Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norfahana Abd-Talib ◽  
Siti Hamidah Mohd-Setapar ◽  
Aidee Kamal Khamis
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Methods Development ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Target Analytes ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Over recent years, there has been an explosive growth of sample preparation techniques. Sample preparation is in most cases meant to be the isolation online or offline concentration of some components of interest or target analytes. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is a very popular technique nowadays in sample preparation. The principal is quite similar with liquid- liquid extraction (LLE) which involves partition of solutes between two phases. But, there are some differences between them and some benefits and limitations of difference types of SPE technique like presented in this paper.

scholarly journals Modern Methods of Sample Preparation for the Analysis of Oxylipins in Biological Samples

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liakh ◽  
Pakiet ◽  
Sledzinski ◽  
Mika
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Popular Subject ◽  
Technological Platforms

Oxylipins are potent lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, which play important roles in various biological processes. Being important regulators and/or markers of a wide range of normal and pathological processes, oxylipins are becoming a popular subject of research; however, the low stability and often very low concentration of oxylipins in samples are a significant challenge for authors and continuous improvement is required in both the extraction and analysis techniques. In recent years, the study of oxylipins has been directly related to the development of new technological platforms based on mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)/MS), as well as the improvement in methods for the extraction of oxylipins from biological samples. In this review, we systematize and compare information on sample preparation procedures, including solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction from different biological tissues.

scholarly journals Determination of Nitroimidazoles and Their Metabolites in Swine Tissues by Liquid Chromatography

2003 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianzhong Shen ◽  
Yue Yhang ◽  
Suxia Zhang ◽  
Shuangyang Ding ◽  
Xinhua Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Method ◽  
Swine Tissue ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Sensitive Method

Abstract A liquid chromatographic method was developed for determination of metronidazole (MNZ), ronidazole (RNZ), dimetridazole (DMZ), and 2-hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (DMZOH) in swine tissue. After extraction with ethyl acetate and evaporation, the nitroimidazoles were redissolved in hydrochloric acid. Hexane was used in the liquid–liquid extraction to remove fat. An Oasis® HLB solid-phase extraction was performed after neutralization of the acidic extract. The limits of detection were 1.0–2.0 μg/kg for DMZOH, MNZ, RNZ, and DMZ in muscle and liver. Average recoveries ranged from 80.1 to 83.9% in muscle fortified at 10, 20, and 50 μg/kg; average re-coveries in liver ranged from 78.9 to 82.3%. The procedure provides a simple and sensitive method for monitoring DMZOH, MNZ, RNZ, and DMZ residues in swine tissues.

A Rapid Method for the Quantitative Determination of 34 Pesticides in Nonalcoholic Carbonated Beverages Using Liquid–Liquid Extraction Coupled to Dispersive Solid-Phase Cleanup Followed by Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

2017 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 624-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyajeet Rai ◽  
Madhuri Devi Gullapalli ◽  
Anshuman Srivastava ◽  
Hussain Shaik ◽  
Mohammed Haris Siddiqui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Carbonated Beverages ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Primary Secondary Amine

Abstract An economical, rapid, and sensitive multiresidue method using liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) coupledwith dispersive SPE (dSPE) cleanup was developed for the quantitative determination of 34 multiclass multiresidue (MCMR) pesticides (14 organochlorines, eight organophosphates, 10 synthetic pyrethroids, and two herbicides) in nonalcoholic carbonated beverages (cola, orange, lemon-lime, and citra) using GC with tandem MS. The procedure mainly involved LLE by dichloromethane and dSPE cleanup in the presence of magnesium sulfate, primary secondary amine, and C18. The RSD of the developed method was found to be less than 14%. The LOD andLOQ values for all the analyzed pesticides were found in the ranges of 0.001–0.027 μg/L and 0.004–0.088 μg/L, respectively. The LOQ levels of the pesticides analyzed were found to be well below the recommended limit by the European Union (0.1 μg/L in water). The mean recoveries of pesticides indifferent nonalcoholic carbonated beverages (cola, orange, lemon-lime, and citra) were found to be in the range of 79–111%, with RSDs less than 11%. The validation data prove that the method can be acceptable to regulatory agencies for the routine analysis of MCMR pesticides in nonalcoholic carbonated beverages.

scholarly journals Miniaturized Salting-Out Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction Combined with Disposable Pipette Extraction for Fast Sample Preparation of Neonicotinoid Pesticides in Bee Pollen

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 5703
Author(s):  
Xijuan Tu ◽  
Wenbin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Bee Pollen ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Loading Modes ◽  
Neonicotinoid Pesticides ◽  
Disposable Pipette Extraction

As the main source of nutrients for the important pollinator honeybee, bee pollen is crucial for the health of the honeybee and the agro-ecosystem. In the present study, a new sample preparation procedure has been developed for the determination of neonicotinoid pesticides in bee pollen. The neonicotinoid pesticides were extracted using miniaturized salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (mini-SALLE), followed by disposable pipette extraction (DPX) for the clean-up of analytes. Effects of DPX parameters on the clean-up performance were systematically investigated, including sorbent types (PSA, C18, and silica gel), mass of sorbent, loading modes, and elution conditions. In addition, the clean-up effect of classical dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) was compared with that of the DPX method. Results indicated that PSA-based DPX showed excellent clean-up ability for the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of neonicotinoid pesticides in bee pollen. The proposed DPX method was fully validated and demonstrated to provide the advantage of simple and rapid clean-up with low consumption of solvent. This is the first report of DPX method applied in bee pollen matrix, and would be valuable for the development of a fast sample preparation method for this challenging and important matrix.

Quantification of 54 Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs, Including 20 Designer Ones, in Plasma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Degreef ◽  
Lore Vits ◽  
Eleanor M Berry ◽  
Kristof E K Maudens ◽  
Alexander L N van Nuijs
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Tertiary Butyl ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Designer Benzodiazepines

Abstract Benzodiazepines are widely used in the treatment of sleep and anxiety disorders, as well as epileptic seizures and alcohol withdrawal because of their broad therapeutic index and low cost. Due to their central nervous system depressant effects they are also often implicated in traffic accidents and drug-related intoxications. With an increasing number of designer benzodiazepines used in a recreational setting, there is a need for analytical methods to be able to quantify both the prescribed and designer benzodiazepines. A liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantification of 34 prescribed and 20 designer benzodiazepines in plasma. Different sample preparation strategies, including protein precipitation, liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and mini-QuEChERS, were tested. The best recoveries for all compounds of interest were obtained with a liquid–liquid extraction using methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether and 500 μL plasma. The method was fully validated according to the European Medicines Agency guidelines for all compounds, except pivoxazepam, which is included for qualitative purposes only. In-sample stability issues were observed for cloxazolam, both at ambient temperature and during long-term storage at −20°C. Due to the large number of compounds included, the simple and time-efficient sample preparation and the relatively inexpensive instrumentation used, the presented method can be readily implemented in both therapeutic drug monitoring and forensic analyses.

scholarly journals Determination of Amoxicillin in Catfish and Salmon Tissues by Liquid Chromatography with Precolumn Formaldehyde Derivatization

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catharina Y W Ang ◽  
Wenhong Luo ◽  
Eugene B Hansen ◽  
James P Freemana ◽  
Harold C Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Fluorescence Detection ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Reversed Phase Lc

Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) method with fluorescence detection was developed for analysis of amoxicillin in catfish and salmon tissues. The tissue was extracted with phosphate buffer (pH 4.5), followed by trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation of proteins and solid-phase (C18) extraction. Trace amounts of nonpolar interfering substances present after solid-phase extraction were removed by ether liquid-liquid extraction. The extract was reacted with formaldehyde and TCA at 100°C for 30 min. A fluorescent derivative was extracted with ether, concentrated, and analyzed by reversed phase LC with fluorescence detection. Average recoveries of amoxicillin spiked at 2.5-20 ppb were >80% for catfish and >75% for salmon muscle tissue, with coefficients of variation of <6%. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) for catfish tissue were 0.5 and 1.2 ppb, respectively. LOD and LOQ for salmon muscle tissue were 0.8 and 2.0 ppb, respectively.

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