A Comparative Study of Swine Tissue Composting With Woodchips, Rice Husk And Wheat Straw

This study evaluated the performance of woodchips (WS), rice husk (RH) and wheat straw (ST) in swine tissue composting. The ST treatment was shown to first reach the highest temperature (55℃) at 12 d of composting and lasted 9 days. The total nitrogen content (TN) was higher and nitrogen loss was lower in ST than in WS or RH treatment. Ammonium nitrogen content(AN) analysis demonstrated lower NH3 emission in ST than in WS or RH treatment. Bacterial community analysis indicated that bacterial diversity was higher in ST than in WS or RH treatment. The most dominant genera in all composting treatments were Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Brevibacterium, Saccharoporyspora, Acinetobacter, Sphingobacterium, Devosia, Rhizobium, Microbacterium and Sanguibacter. The dominant bacteria were Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Sphingobacterium in ST treatment, Streptomyces, Acinetobacter and Sphingopyxis in WS treatment, and Sanguibacter, Pedobacter and Gordonia in RH treatment. Spearman correlation analysis revealed positive relationship of Brevibacterium, Devosia, Sanguibacter, Brachybacterium and Promicromonospora to temperature; Brevibacterium and Staphylococcus to TN; Brevibacterium, Devosia, Microbacterium, Sanguibacter, Brachybacterium and Promicromonospora to AN. This research provides useful information for improving the efficiency of swine tissue composting.

Whole-Genome Sequences of Salmonella enterica Serovar I 4,[5],12:i:− Isolates from Swine

Salmonella enterica (non-Typhi) is one of the top five pathogens causing enteric infections worldwide. Draft whole-genome sequences of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar I 4,[5],12:i:− isolates from swine tissue samples collected at slaughter were evaluated for antimicrobial resistance genotypes.

Validating indicators of CNS disorders in a swine model of neurological disease

Genetically modified porcine disease models are becoming increasingly important for studying molecular, physiological and pathological characteristics of human disorders. Given their limited history, there remains a great need for proven reagents in swine tissue. To provide a resource for neurological models of disease, we validated antibodies by immunohistochemistry for use in examining central nervous system (CNS) markers. To validate these tools in a relevant model, we utilized a recently developed miniswine model of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). NF1 is a tumor predisposition disorder, presenting with different type of tumors. Additionally, neurological associated symptomologies may include chronic pain, cognitive impairment, and behavioral abnormalities, making this miniswine model an ideal candidate for validating CNS-relevant antibodies. We validate antibodies implicated in glial inflammation (CD68), oligodendrocyte development (NG2, O4, Olig2, and myelin PLP), and neuron differentiation and neurotransmission (doublecortin, GAD67, and tyrosine hydroxylase) by examining cellular localization and brain region specificity. Additionally, we confirm the utility of anti-GFAP, anti-Iba1, and anti-MBP antibodies, previously validated in swine, by testing their immunoreactivity across multiple brain regions in mutant NF1 samples. These validated immunostaining protocols for CNS markers provide a useful resource, furthering the utility of the genetically modified miniswine for translational and clinical applications.

Assessment of heavy metal residues in Brazilian poultry and swine tissue

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of arsenic, lead and cadmium residues in samples of liver, kidney and muscle of poultry and swine during the years from 2002 to 2008. A total of 1978 samples were analyzed: 1031 of poultry and 947 of swine from Brazilian slaughterhouses. The samples were analyzed at the National Agricultural Laboratory using the atomic absorption spectrometry technique. In poultry, the arsenic residues were detected in 53.6% of liver samples, although no results have exceeded the MRL. In kidneys, 39.7% of the samples showed measurable residues and there was no violation of the limits. Regarding lead, there were 5 contaminated liver samples and 24 contaminated kidney samples (1.5 and 3.6% respectively). In muscle tissue there was only one sample with residues. For cadmium, 3.8% of the samples were found below MRL. Cadmium residues were found in 110 kidney samples (16.3% of tested), but only one exceeded the legislation limits. In swine, arsenic residues were detected in 15.3% of liver samples, although no results exceeded the MRL. In kidneys, 14.2% of samples showed measurable residues. However, there was no violation of limits. Regarding lead levels, 7 liver samples and 18 kidney samples were contaminated (2.6 and 2.7% respectively). Cadmium was found below MRL in 14.9% of the analyzed samples. In kidneys, 448 samples (67.8% of the total tested) had cadmium residues and 4 samples exceeded the legislation limits. During the seven years of study (2002-2008), only 5 (0.25%) out of 1978 tested samples violated the Brazilian law. However, even with low levels of violation, monitoring is essential, since the number of samples with residues was often greater than the number of violations, and in some cases, such as cadmium in the kidneys, the majority of samples contained quantifiable residues and with levels often near the limits.

Validation of the Pseudo Imprinted Microspheres for Solid-Phase Extraction of Acyclovir from Swine Tissue

The novel pseudo imprinted microspheres were synthesized by aqueous suspension polymerization using theophylline as the template and employed as a special sorbent of solid-phase extraction for selective extraction of acyclovir from swine tissue. The pseudo imprinted microspheres revealed high affinity and selectivity to acyclovir, and the matrix interferences could be efficiently eliminated, which make the extract of solid-phase extraction clean enough for HPLC analysis. The parameters that affect the extraction efficiency of solid-phase extraction were investigated, including solvent of extraction, volume of loading sample, washing and elution solvent, etc. Good linearity was obtained in a range of 0.05~15 μg/mL with correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9991. The recoveries at three spiked levels were ranged from 91.4% to101.0% with RSD less than of 5.0%.