BROADSIDE REFRACTION SHOOTING

Geophysics ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 725-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Approximate Method ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Significant Error ◽  
Curved Surfaces ◽  
Travel Times ◽  
The Relationship

The three‐dimensional refraction trajectories and travel times in seismic broadside refraction shooting across simple steeply dipping or faulted hypothetical structures are determined when the shotpoint is displaced from the axis. No curved surfaces are assumed and the diffractions to be expected from the structural discontinuities are evaluated. An approximate method for correcting arc time measurements taken over the opposite side to that of the shotpoint is investigated while the conversion of times to dip is discussed. Discussion is also given to the differences in the diffraction time curves caused by changing the shotpoint from the up to the down side of a fault and the relationship these curves have with the refraction time curves in both arc and broadside shooting. The results of these studies indicate the care that should be taken in distinguishing between refracted and diffracted events, and in relating a measured broadside time to a particular point on the refractor. The latter may lead to significant error when simple mid‐point depth computations, often resorted to in field work, are employed.

scholarly journals Four-Dimensional Printing: Design and Fabrication of Smooth Curved Surface Using Controlled Self-Folding

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongping Deng ◽  
Tsz-Ho Kwok ◽  
Yong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Active Material ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Curved Surfaces ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Planar Surfaces ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Dimensional Printing ◽  
Printing Method

Traditional origami structures fold along predefined hinges, and the neighboring facets of the hinges are folded to transform planar surfaces into three-dimensional (3D) shapes. In this study, we present a new self-folding design and fabrication approach that has no folding hinges and can build 3D structures with smooth curved surfaces. This four-dimensional (4D) printing method uses a thermal-response control mechanism, where a thermo shrink film is used as the active material and a photocurable material is used as the constraint material for the film. When the structure is heated, the two sides of the film will shrink differently due to the distribution of the constraint material on the film. Consequently, the structure will deform over time to a 3D surface that has no folding hinges. By properly designing the coated constraint patterns, the film can be self-folded into different shapes. The relationship between the constraint patterns and their correspondingly self-folded surfaces has been studied in the paper. Our 4D printing method presents a simple approach to quickly fabricate a 3D shell structure with smooth curved surfaces by fabricating a structure with accordingly designed material distribution.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Single Droplet Splashing on Liquid Film by Coupling FVM with VOF

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 841
Author(s):  
Yuzhen Jin ◽  
Huang Zhou ◽  
Linhang Zhu ◽  
Zeqing Li
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Film ◽  
Weber Number ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Single Droplet ◽  
Navier Stokes Equations ◽  
Volume Method ◽  
The Relationship

A three-dimensional numerical study of a single droplet splashing vertically on a liquid film is presented. The numerical method is based on the finite volume method (FVM) of Navier–Stokes equations coupled with the volume of fluid (VOF) method, and the adaptive local mesh refinement technology is adopted. It enables the liquid–gas interface to be tracked more accurately, and to be less computationally expensive. The relationship between the diameter of the free rim, the height of the crown with different numbers of collision Weber, and the thickness of the liquid film is explored. The results indicate that the crown height increases as the Weber number increases, and the diameter of the crown rim is inversely proportional to the collision Weber number. It can also be concluded that the dimensionless height of the crown decreases with the increase in the thickness of the dimensionless liquid film, which has little effect on the diameter of the crown rim during its growth.

scholarly journals Stretchable micro-scale concentrator photovoltaic module with 15.4% efficiency for three-dimensional curved surfaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Sato ◽  
Taizo Masuda ◽  
Kenji Araki ◽  
Masafumi Yamaguchi ◽  
Kenichi Okumura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Power Conversion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Thin Film Solar Cells ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Silicon Compound ◽  
Curved Surfaces ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Module Design

AbstractStretchable photovoltaics are emerging power sources for collapsible electronics, biomedical devices, and buildings and vehicles with curved surfaces. Development of stretchable photovoltaics are crucial to achieve rapid growth of the future photovoltaic market. However, owing to their rigidity, existing thin-film solar cells based predominantly on silicon, compound semiconductors, and perovskites are difficult to apply to 3D curved surfaces, which are potential real-world candidates. Herein, we present a stretchable micro-scale concentrator photovoltaic module with a geometrical concentration ratio of 3.5×. When perfectly fitted on a 3D curved surface with a sharp curvature, the prototype module achieves an outdoor power conversion efficiency of 15.4% and the daily generated electricity yield improves to a maximum of 190% relative to a non-concentration stretchable photovoltaic module. Thus, this module design enables high areal coverage on 3D curved surfaces, while generating a higher electricity yield in a limited installation area.

scholarly journals A Field Measurement Based Wind Characteristics Analysis of a Typhoon in Near-Ground Boundary Layer

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 873
Author(s):  
Dandan Xia ◽  
Liming Dai ◽  
Li Lin ◽  
Huaifeng Wang ◽  
Haitao Hu
Keyword(s):  
Turbulence Intensity ◽  
Field Measurement ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Wind Data ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Gust Factor ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
Wind Characteristics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

The field measurement was conducted to observe the wind field data of West Pacific typhoon “Maria” in this research. With the application of ultrasonic anemometers installed in different heights (10 m, 80 m, 100 m) of the tower, the three dimensional wind speed data of typhoon “Maria” was acquired. In addition, vane-type anemometers were installed to validate the accuracy of the wind data from ultrasonic anemometers. Wind characteristics such as the mean wind profile, turbulence intensity, integral length scale, and wind spectrum are studied in detail using the collected wind data. The relationship between the gust factor and turbulence intensity was also studied and compared with the existing literature to demonstrate the characteristics of Maria. The statistical characteristics of the turbulence intensity and gust factor are presented. The corresponding conclusion remarks are expected to provide a useful reference for designing wind-resistant buildings and structures.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional relationships between tumor cells and microcirculation with double cyanine immunolabeling, laser scanning confocal microscopy, and computer-assisted reconstruction: an alternative to cast corrosion preparations.

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Rummelt ◽  
L M Gardner ◽  
R Folberg ◽  
S Beck ◽  
B Knosp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Melanoma Cells ◽  
Tumor Blood Vessels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Scanning Electron

The morphology of the microcirculation of uveal melanomas is a reliable market of tumor progression. Scanning electron microscopy of cast corrosion preparations can generate three-dimensional views of these vascular patterns, but this technique sacrifices the tumor parenchyma. Formalin-fixed wet tissue sections 100-150 microns thick from uveal melanomas were stained with the lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEAI) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) to demonstrate simultaneously the tumor blood vessels and proliferating tumor cells. Indocarbocyanine (Cy3) was used as a fluorophore for UEAI and indodicarbocyanine (Cy5) was used for PCNA. Double labeled sections were examined with a laser scanning confocal microscope. Images of both stains were digitized at the same 5-microns intervals and each of the two images per interval was combined digitally to form one image. These combined images were visualized through voxel processing to study the relationship between melanoma cells expressing PCNA and various microcirculatory patterns. This technique produces images comparable to scanning electron microscopy of cast corrosion preparations while permitting simultaneous localization of melanoma cells expressing PCNA. The microcirculatory tree can be viewed from any perspective and the relationship between tumor cells and the tumor blood vessels can be studied concurrently in three dimensions. This technique is an alternative to cast corrosion preparations.

A Research on the Morphology and Composition of Flocs (Part 1: Floc Breaage Disregarded)

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 1566-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Qiang Ding ◽  
Qing Na Li ◽  
Xin Rong Pang ◽  
Ji Run Xu
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Suspension Viscosity ◽  
Primary Particles ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Three Dimensional Space ◽  
Floc Breakage

The characteristics of flocs aggregated in flocculation have been paid more and more attention for a long time. In this paper, a new classification and analyses method dealing with the flocs is developed. The flocs formed after flocculation is divided into four kinds, including the left primary particles, linear flocs with all component particles in a line, planar flocs with all component particles on a plane and volumetric flocs with all component particles in a three-dimensional space. By analyzing the formation approaches of different kind of flocs regardless of the floc breakage, the number of every kind of floc is analyzed to be related with the suspension concentration mathematically. After comparing the different items in the models describing the relationship of floc number and concentration, a series of simplified expressions are presented. Lastly, a mathematical equation relating the measurable suspension viscosity with the numbers of different flocs is obtained.

An Equivalent 3-D Method for Analyzing Orthogonally Stiffened Plate Structures

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (02) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Kyu Nam Cho ◽  
William S. Vorus
Keyword(s):  
Bridge Decks ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stiffened Plate ◽  
Plate Structures ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Beam Elements ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Relationship

A new three-dimensional method is proposed for analyzing orthogonally stiffened grillage structures. The method is based on earlier work related to bridge decks. The relationship between system displacement and loads is described mathematically, and matrices are developed to examine the shear compatibility between plate and beam elements. The paper concludes with a comparison between deflections obtained by several different procedures and the proposed model.

A Cadaveric and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of the Salpingopharyngeus

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Karen Perta ◽  
Eileen Kalmar ◽  
Youkyung Bae
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Velopharyngeal Function ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The aim of the study was to update our information regarding the salpingopharyngeus (SP) muscle using cadaveric and in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Primary objectives were to (a) observe the presence/absence of the muscle and (b) quantify and describe its dimensions and course. Method SP specimens from 19 cadavers (10 women, nine men) were analyzed. Following head bisection, measurements of SP, including width of the cartilaginous attachment (CW) and width of the superior muscle base (SMW), were taken before and after removal of the overlying mucosa. In addition, SP was analyzed in 15 healthy subjects (eight men, seven women) using high-resolution three-dimensional MRI data. CW and SMW measures were replicated in the paraxial MRI view. Results The presence of the salpingopharyngeal fold and muscle was confirmed bilaterally in all cadaveric and living subjects. Following mucosa removal, mean cadaveric CW and SMW measurements were 5.6 and 3.8 mm, respectively. Mean in vivo CW and SMW were 6.1 and 3.7 mm, respectively. Results from the hierarchical regression analyses revealed that, in both cadaveric and living groups, SMW is dependent on the relationship between age and body weight, after controlling for sex. Conclusions The salpingopharyngeal fold and SP muscle are always present bilaterally and can be quantified at the superior origin using both cadaveric and in vivo three-dimensional MRI data. Though both the superior origin and inferior course of SP are highly variable, the size of the SP muscle is dependent on characteristics known to affect muscle fibers, such as the relationship between age and body weight. Given the consistent and quantifiable presence of the SP muscle, its potential role in velopharyngeal function for speech and swallowing is reconsidered. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14347859

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