Reply to Discussion by J. R. Hearst and R. C. Carlson

Geophysics ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1464-1464
Author(s):  
J. R. Hearst ◽  
R. C. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Outer Radius ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gradient Term ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Inner Radius ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Our equations (3) and (4) are correct. They represent the difference between the attraction of the shell viewed from [Formula: see text], the outer radius of the shell, and [Formula: see text], its inner radius. (The attraction of the shell viewed from [Formula: see text] is zero.) On the other hand, equations (5) and (6) of Fahlquist and Carlson represent the difference in attraction of the entire earth from the same viewpoints and thus, as they say, include a free‐air gradient term. However, their equation (5) would be correct only if the mean density of the earth were equal to that of the shell, and the free‐air gradient obtained by their equation (10) is correct only under these circumstances.

THE EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON THE NUMBER OF OOCYTES IN THE ADULT ALBINO RAT

1953 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. INGRAM
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physiological Significance ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Litter Mate ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rate Of Decline

A comparison of the number of oocytes in fourteen pairs of hypophysectomized and litter-mate control rats showed that the number was greater in nine of the fourteen comparisons, and less in only five. This ratio is not significantly different from one of 7: 7. The mean total number of oocytes was, on the other hand, about 20 % greater in the operated animals, the statistical significance of the difference falling between P = 0·05–0·02. If any physiological significance attaches to this difference, the most likely explanation is that the rate of decline in the number of oocytes is less after removal of the pituitary than in normal animals.

scholarly journals Respiratory burst in neutrophilic granulocytes of carps (Cyprinus carpio): cytometric studies

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Stosik ◽  
W. Deptula ◽  
K. Wiktorowicz ◽  
M. Trávníček ◽  
K. Baldy-Chudzik
Keyword(s):  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Respiratory Burst ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neutrophilic Granulocytes ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Intense Fluorescence ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Present studies aimed at flow cytometric analysis of respiratory burst in neutrophilic granulocytes in carps, at various stages of their ontogeny. Cytometric evaluation of the repiratory burst in PMN cells of carps demonstrated augmented values of the mean fluorescence channel of PMA-stimulated PMN cells, as compared to the value of the fluorescence channel noted for PMN cells which were not activated or did not respond to activation in response to the applied stimulator. Intensity of the fluorescence, compared to the mean fluorescence channel of the cells which were not stimulated by PMA, was most pronounced in 11- to 21-month old carps, average in the youngest carps aging 3 to 9 months, and the lowest in the eldest, 23- to 29-month old carps. In cases of analysis of the mean fluorescence channel in the selected fraction of PMA-stimulated PMN cells, as compared to the mean fluorescence channel of granulocytes which did not respond by the stimulation reaction, the most intense fluorescence was noted to develop in the eldest, i.e. 23- to 29-month old fish. In the remaining carps, on the other hand, the difference in the mean fluorescence channel was significantly lower. In parallel, the highest fraction of PMA-stimulated granulocytes was found in 11- to 21-month old carps, a lower fraction in the youngest carps aging 3 to 9 months and the lowest fraction of such granulocytes in the eldest carps, 23 to 29 months of age.

scholarly journals The Importance and Usefulness of Corporate Annual Reports in Malaysia

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Nazli Anum Mohd. Ghazali
Keyword(s):  
Information Needs ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Percent Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Chief Financial Officers ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Corporate Annual Reports

The purpose of this study is to examine the perceived importance and usefulness of corporate annual reports in Malaysia and to determine if there is a difference between the perceptions of preparers and users of corporate annual reports. Data for this study were collected using a questionnaire survey conducted in late 2006 and early 2007. Preparers are represented by chief financial officers while users by investment analysts. The mean scores for preparers and users are compared using the independent samples t test and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test to determine if there are any statistically significant differences in their opinions. The findings reveal that preparers rank the annual report as the most important source of corporate information. Users, on the other hand, rank the annual report as the second most important after the visits to companies. However, the difference in the mean scores of preparers and those of users on the importance of annual reports is not significant at 5 percent level. The difference in the mean scores for the visits to companies is, on the other hand, statistically significant at 5 percent level. An implication for this finding is whether the annual report serves the information needs of analysts for decision-making purposes. An opportunity thus arises for future research to examine information needs of analysts and if there is a gap between information provided in annual reports and that required by analysts.   Keywords: corporate annual reports; disclosure; Malaysia; transparency

scholarly journals Another Name for Liberty: Revelation, ‘Objectivity,’ and Intellectual Freedom in Barth and Marion

Open Theology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 430-450
Author(s):  
Kristóf Oltvai
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Intellectual Freedom ◽  
Specific Kind ◽  
Absolute Truth ◽  
Saturated Phenomenon ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Karl Barth’s and Jean-Luc Marion’s theories of revelation, though prominent and popular, are often criticized by both theologians and philosophers for effacing the human subject’s epistemic integrity. I argue here that, in fact, both Barth and Marion appeal to revelation in an attempt to respond to a tendency within philosophy to coerce thought. Philosophy, when it claims to be able to access a universal, absolute truth within history, degenerates into ideology. By making conceptually possible some ‚evental’ phenomena that always evade a priori epistemic conditions, Barth’s and Marion’s theories of revelation relativize all philosophical knowledge, rendering any ideological claim to absolute truth impossible. The difference between their two theories, then, lies in how they understand the relationship between philosophy and theology. For Barth, philosophy’s attempts to make itself absolute is a produce of sinful human vanity; its corrective is thus an authentic revealed theology, which Barth articulates in Christian, dogmatic terms. Marion, on the other hand, equipped with Heidegger’s critique of ontotheology, highlights one specific kind of philosophizing—metaphysics—as generative of ideology. To counter metaphysics, Marion draws heavily on Barth’s account of revelation but secularizes it, reinterpreting the ‚event’ as the saturated phenomenon. Revelation’s unpredictability is thus preserved within Marion’s philosophy, but is no longer restricted to the appearing of God. Both understandings of revelation achieve the same epistemological result, however. Reality can never be rendered transparent to thought; within history, all truth is provisional. A concept of revelation drawn originally from Christian theology thus, counterintuitively, is what secures philosophy’s right to challenge and critique the pre-given, a hermeneutic freedom I suggest is the meaning of sola scriptura.

Seasonal variations in wool growth and heat tolerance of sheep. I. Wool growth

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Wodzicka
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seasonal Rhythm ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
The Difference

The monthly wool growth of three groups of rams was studied at Beltsville, Maryland. Group I received natural daylight (at 38° 53' N.) and was shorn monthly. Group II had a 7:17 hours of daylight to hours of darkness rhythm and was shorn every 6 months, once in winter and once in summer. Group III received natural daylight and was likewise shorn every 6 months. The rams of all groups produced more wool in summer than in winter. This difference was significant (P<0.001). The mean body weight and food intake were both greater in the winter months, which indicated that the seasonal rhythm of wool growth was not a consequence of poorer feeding in winter. The rams which were shorn monthly (group I) grew considerably more wool than the other two groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. The short-day treatment of group II did not increase the annual wool production nor decrease the seasonal rhythm of wool growth. The balance of evidence from this and other experiments indicates that temperature rather than light controls the seasonal rhythm of wool growth.

scholarly journals Researches on the tides. Seventh series. On the diurnal inequality of the height of the tide, especially at Plymouth and at Sincapore : and on the mean level of the sea

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 465-466
Keyword(s):  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Equilibrium Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Correct Knowledge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Naval Officers ◽  
Similar Kind

The diurnal inequality which the author investigates in the present paper, is that by which the height of the morning tide differs from that of the evening of the same day; a difference which is often very considerable, and of great importance in practical navigation, naval officers having frequently found that the preservation or destruction of a ship depended on a correct knowledge of the amount of this variation. In the first section of the paper he treats of the diurnal inequality in the height of the tides at Plymouth, at which port good tide observations are regularly made at the Dock Yard ; and these observations clearly indicate the existence of this inequality. As all the other inequalities of the tides have been found to follow the laws of the equilibrium theory, the author has endeavoured to trace the laws of the diurnal inequality by assuming a similar kind of correspondence with the same theory; and the results have confirmed, in the most striking manner, the correctness of that assumption. By taking the moon’s declination four days anterior to the day of observation, the results of computation accorded, with great accuracy, with the observed heights of the tides: that is, the period employed was the fifth lunar transit preceding each tide. In the second section, the observations made on the tides at Sincapore from August 1834 to August 1835, are discussed. A diurnal inequality was found to exist at that place, nearly agreeing in law and in amount with that at Plymouth ; the only difference being that, instead of four days, it was found necessary to take the lunar declination a day and a half preceding the tide ; or, more exactly, at the interpolated,or north lunar transit, which intervened between the second and third south transit preceding the tide. The diurnal inequality at Sincapore is of enormous magnitude, amounting in many cases to six feet of difference between the morning and evening tides; the whole rise of the mean tide being only seven feet at spring tides, and the difference between mean spring and neap tides not exceeding two feet.

Markedness and Perspective in the Interpretation of the Active and Passive Voice

1974 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Klenbort ◽  
Moshe Anisfeld
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clear Pattern ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Logical Subject ◽  
The Difference

The subjects were presented with active and passive sentences. For each sentence, they had to choose between two alternative implications. The pattern of choices indicates that in the passive the logical subject was interpreted by the subjects as the focal point of the information asserted by the sentence and as the carrier of overall responsibility for the sentential proposition. In contrast to the passive, there was no clear pattern of preferences for the active. The difference between the two voices was attributed to their markedness asymmetry, the passive being marked and the active unmarked. It is concluded that the active offers a neutral structure for conveying information; a structure available for use when one does not want to superimpose on the information content any stylistic or connotational implications. The passive, on the other hand, suggests special connotations in addition to the basic message.

Effect on Polymer Chain Structure Caused by the Molar Fraction of 4-Hydroxybutyrate in Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co -4-hydroxybutyrate)

2012 ◽  
Vol 602-604 ◽  
pp. 776-780
Author(s):  
Zhi Qiang Li ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
Wei Jia Fan
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Intrinsic Viscosity ◽  
Polymer Chain ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Polarizing Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)copolymer [P(3HB-co-4HB)] is a kind of biodegradable high molecular polymer produced by bioaccumulation. Because of the good biodegradability and biocompatibility, P(3HB-co-4HB)s have attracted wide attention . At first, the intrinsic viscosity[η] in good solvent of P(3HB-co-4HB) s with varying contents of 4HB was investigated in different temperature. Second, observed the changes of crystallization gathered state caused by the varying contents of 4HB by polarizing microscope. The results show that to the P(3HB-co-4HB)s in same molecular weight, the intrinsic viscosity[η] in good solvent barely changes when the mole fractions of 4HB increase. On the other hand, the mean square end to end distances[0] of macromolecular flexible chains increase with the mole fractions of 4HB. At the same time, the states of aggregation change from spherulites to dendrites. In this investigation, we discuss the reasons of the differences in depth.

Scenarios as Tools of the Scientific Imagination: The Case of Climate Projections

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-61
Author(s):  
Michael Poznic ◽  
Rafaela Hillerbrand
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Public Realm ◽  
The Public ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Scientific Imagination

Climatologists have recently introduced a distinction between projections as scenario-based model results on the one hand and predictions on the other hand. The interpretation and usage of both terms is, however, not univocal. It is stated that the ambiguities of the interpretations may cause problems in the communication of climate science within the scientific community and to the public realm. This paper suggests an account of scenarios as props in games of make-belive. With this account, we explain the difference between projections that should be make-believed and other model results that should be believed.

Prevalence and Causal Factors of Playing-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Upper Extremity and Trunk among Japanese Pianists and Piano Students

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-117
Author(s):  
Shinichi Furuya ◽  
Hidehiro Nakahara ◽  
Tomoko Aoki ◽  
Hiroshi Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) among Japanese female classical pianists of different age groups. The causal factors for PRMDs also were examined. A group of 203 senior pianists, including piano teachers and students with piano majors at high schools and colleges, were surveyed using questionnaires. Results showed that 77% of these pianists suffered from PRMDs in at least one of their body portions. This value was larger than those reported in Western countries. Forty-four percent of these were serious enough to warrant medical treatment, which was a lower rate than reported in Western countries. The difference in these numbers may reflect the current state of understanding of PRMDs among Japanese pianists and their educators. The prevalence of PRMDs was found to be age-dependent. In the student groups, the finger/hand had the highest rate of PRMDs, followed by the forearm and shoulder. The senior group, on the other hand, had the highest PRMD incidence at the neck/trunk, followed by the forearm and hand/finger. Care may need to be exercised for these differences. The results also indicated that prolonged daily practice (>4 hours), playing chords forcefully, eagerness about practice, and nervous traits were found to contribute to the development of PRMDs in these pianists. Hand size was, on the other hand, not a significant risk factor of PRMDs.

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