Compressional wave velocities through 36 synthetic sandstone cores were measured and related to several of their physical properties, namely, porosity, manufacturing pressure, grain contacts, and amount of cement. The cores were composed of Ottawa sand grains averaging 0.12 mm in diameter and commercial Grefco cement; the manufacturing pressure was varied from 4,000 to 10,000 psi; the cement content by volume was varied from 10 to 100 percent; the effective porosities ranged between 2.1 and 30.4 percent; and the compressional wave velocities ranged between 9,170 and 17,420 ft.sec. All velocity measurements were taken at room temperature and atmospheric pressure using cores that contained only air in the pore space. The results are presented in graphic form, showing the relationship between the compressional wave velocity and manufacturing pressure, porosity, and cement content. For Grefco cement contents between 10.0 and 17.5 percent, the compressional wave velocity is controlled by the manufacturing pressure and the porosity. A change in manufacturing pressure of 1,000 psi changed the compressional wave velocity by one percent for cores having porosities of about 23 percent and by about 3 percent for cores having porosities of about 28 percent. A decrease in porosity of one percent increased the velocity by an average of 1.4 percent for effective porosities between 23 and 26 percent. The velocity is also dependent, to a great extent, on the number of grain contacts which is intimately associated with the manufacturing pressure, and the cement content which is intimately associated with the porosity. For cement contents greater than 17.5 percent by volume, the sand grains float in the cement, and the analogy between the synthetic sandstone cores and natural sandstones is questionable.
Measuring ultrasonic characterisation to determine the impact of TOC and the stress field on shale gas anisotropy