scholarly journals Determination of DynamicElastic Properties of Anah Formation, Near Rawa city / Western Iraq Using Ultrasonic Technique

2020 ◽  
pp. 1672-1683
Author(s):  
Salman Z. Khorshid ◽  
Munther D. Al-Awsi ◽  
Emad H. Kadhim
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Wave Velocities ◽  
A Value ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Non Destructive

The aim of the current  study is to determine the elastic properties  of carbonate rocks using ultrasonic method.  Forty rock samples of  Anah formation  were collected at  different depths from  four wells drilled at the study area . The relationship between wave velocities and elastic properties of rocks was defined. Regression analyses to define these relations were applied. The results indicate that the elastic properties of the rocks show a linear relationship with both P- and S-wave velocities. The best relationship was obtained between both Young's modulus and Shear modulus with Vs in the determination of the coefficient ( R2  ), with values of 0.91 and 0.94,  respectively.  Bulk modulus and  Lame’s constant were  better correlated with Vp than with Vs  in the determination of R2,with values of 0.92 and 0.83, respectively. Poisson’s ratio  showed a good correlation using the ratio of Vp/Vs in the determination of R2, with a value of 0.81. The main output of this  study shows that the ultrasonic method is a useful tool for the prediction of the elastic dynamic properties of sample rocks and that it can be used as an economical , simple and  non- destructive method, especially for engineering purposes.    

scholarly journals Measuring ultrasonic characterisation to determine the impact of TOC and the stress field on shale gas anisotropy

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yazeed Altowairqi ◽  
Reza Rezaee ◽  
Milovan Urosevic ◽  
Claudio Delle Piane
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Ultrasonic Transducers ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Wave Velocities ◽  
Degree Of Anisotropy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dynamic Elastic Properties

While the majority of natural gas is produced from conventional sources, there is significant growth from unconventional sources, including shale-gas reservoirs. To produce gas economically, candidate shale typically requires a range of characteristics, including a relatively high total organic carbon (TOC) content, and it must be gas mature. Mechanical and dynamic elastic properties are also important shale characteristics that are not well understood as there have been a limited number of investigations of well-preserved samples. In this study, the elastic properties of shale samples are determined by measuring wave velocities. An array of ultrasonic transducers are used to measure five independent wave velocities, which are used to calculate the elastic properties of the shale. The results indicated that for the shale examined in this research, P- and S-wave velocities vary depending on the isotropic stress conditions with respect to the fabric and TOC content. It was shown that the isotropic stress significantly impacts velocity. In addition, S-wave anisotropy was significantly affected by increasing stress anisotropy. Stress orientation, with respect to fabric orientation, was found to be an important influence on the degree of anisotropy of the dynamic elastic properties in the shale. Furthermore, the relationship between acoustic impedance (AI) and TOC was established for all the samples.

scholarly journals Prediction of Dynamic Elastic Properties for Mishrif formation in West Qurna-1 oil field: an experimental work

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ahmed wattan ◽  
Mohammed AL‑Jawad
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Compressional Wave ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Wave Velocities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Elastic Characteristics

Abstract Shear and compressional wave velocities are useful for drilling operations, the exploration of reservoirs, stimulation processes, and hydraulic fracturing. An ultrasonic device will be used in this investigation to anticipate and analyze the elastic characteristics of carbonate rocks. At the summit of the field, the well WQ1-20 obtained samples of the Mishrif formation from a variety of various depths. The number of samples taken from the well is nine from different units whereas the number of samples taken from the main unit (MB2) was five. The relations between the elastic properties for the carbonate rocks with P-and S-waves were defined. The relations between Vp and Vs with elastic properties were defined by applied Regression analysis. The results showed that a linear relationship between P-and S-wave velocities with the elastic properties of the carbonate rocks. It is found that the relationship between Vp and Young's modulus (E) is R2 equal to 0.979 while the relationship between Vs and Young's modulus (E) is R2 equal to 0.925. The relationship between shear modulus and Vs is good in comparison with Vp where the values of R2 were 0.985 and 0.94 respectively. R2 values for the Bulk modulus and Lame's constant of Vp are 0.925 and 0.6, respectively, while the values for Vs are 0.925 and 0.6 for the latter. The relation between Vp/Vs ratio with Poisson’s ratio showed a good R2 with a value of 0.97. When it comes to predicting the dynamic elastic characteristics of a material, the ultrasonic approach may be regarded as a cost-effective, easy, and non-destructive method.

Determination of Optimal Nondestructive Technique (NDT) Using Multi-Criteria Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 760 ◽  
pp. 615-620
Author(s):  
Alexandru Stefan Leonte ◽  
Anișor Nedelcu ◽  
Razvan Gabriel Dragan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Defects ◽  
Concrete Slab ◽  
Nondestructive Technique ◽  
Impact Echo ◽  
Ultrasonic Methods ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Multi Criteria Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Non Destructive

The present paper presents an optimization model for quality control of industrial products by using two non-destructive techniques (NDT): infrared termography and ultrasonic methods. The main purpose it is to determinate the best analyzing method using multi-criteria analysis by taking into account the results that outcome from the two non-destructive evaluations. There have been studied defects like: internal defects and surface defects. Therewith were taking into consideration: safety, efficiency of the method and the cost of the equipment used in controlling the product. For this study it was created a concrete slab with embedded defects which had different depths. The sample was tested using active thermography and impact echo methods and the results were studied and integrated in an multi-criteria analysis to reveal the best method for this case.

Pulmonary interstitial compliance and microvascular filtration coefficient

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (2) ◽  
pp. H189-H198 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Transpulmonary Pressure ◽  
Filtration Coefficient ◽  
Alveolar Pressure ◽  
Fluid Movement ◽  
Volume Relationship ◽  
Pressure Volume Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Static and dynamic properties governing the fluid movement into the pulmonary interstitium were examined in isolated canine lobes. The system was driven by altering intravascular presure (Piv) when the lobe was isogravimetric (change in weight (W) = 0) and allowing the lobe to become isogravimetric again. By making use of an analogy to charging a capacitor across a resistor, calculation of the filtration coefficient for transvascular fluid movement (KF) and determination of the pressure-volume relationship of the pulmonary interstitial space (Pis-Vis), with a minimum of untested assumptions, was possible. KF was found to be the same for fluid moving out of or into the intravascular space, and when the relationship between Piv and alveolar pressure (PAlv) was constant, KF was independent of transpulmonary pressure (PL). When PAlv exceeded Piv, changes in Piv did not influence KF, suggesting no significant change in either surface area available for fluid transudation or vascular permeability. The Pis-Vis curve for increasing values of Vis and Pis is best described by an exponential relationhip and is independent of PL. However, the Pis-Vis curve with decreasing values of Vis and Pis is dependent on PL.

scholarly journals Hubungan Antara Hardiness Dengan Burnout Pada Santri Pondok Pesantren Persatuan Islam Putra Bangil

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Abd. Rochman Fahmi ◽  
Widyastuti Widyastuti
Keyword(s):  
External Factors ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
A Value ◽  
Simple Regression Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Correlational ◽  
Correlational Method ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effective Contribution

<p>Density of boarding activities demanding students to do more intense routines. These routines can be a pressure for students that experienced mental fatigue of Burnout. Burnout can be affected by external factors or internals. Internals factors become very important because individual assessnebt against external factors depend on its internal factors. The method of this research is quantitative correlational by using the boarding school’s students as subjects. Determination of the subject use proporsionate stratified random sampling. The method of data collection is spread  the questioner wich contain Hardiness and Burnout scale based on aspects of each variables. This research analyze the relationship of Hardiness as internal factor with Burnout on boarding school’s students. This research use quantitative correlational method with a scale of Hardiness and Burnout that distribute on 97 boarding school’s students. The result of this research are calculated using the correlational product moment, then obtained a very  significant result with a value of correlational is – 0,714. Based on the result , the correlation between Hardiness and Bunrout has proven with a negative direction of hypothesis. Based on simple regression analysis on the results, obtained F of 92,664 with sig = 0.000 which sig &lt;0.05. The effective contribution of Hardiness against Burnout is 50.5%, the meaning there is still a 49.5% chance of Burnout is affected by other variables.<strong></strong></p>

Using the Ultrasonic Method for the Defectoscopy of Failures in Reinforced Concrete Columns

2021 ◽  
Vol 322 ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Kristýna Hrabová ◽  
Sabina Hüblová ◽  
Petr Cikrle ◽  
Tomáš Vymazal
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Concrete Columns ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Column ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Detailed Determination

Using non-destructive diagnostic methods is currently important not only with regard to preserving existing structures but also with regard to sustainable development, which is getting more and more to the forefront of attention. This paper deals with defectoscopy of a reinforced concrete column made with artificially created defects corresponding to the defects in real structures. Modern diagnostic methods enable detailed determination of the properties of structures and detection of their critical points. A method which appears to be very promising in detecting defects and failures is the ultrasonic method. It enables monitoring the development of failures at different levels of loading. Besides that, permanent deformation will also be monitored during the loading using a strain gauge.

Tapping the Memory in Archaeological Materials

1988 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Notis ◽  
Charles E. Lyman ◽  
Heidi Moyer ◽  
Christopher Cowen
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Conservation Science ◽  
Museum Management ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Management And Conservation

In the areas of archaeology, archaeometry, museum management and conservation science conflict often exists between the desire to preserve, and the desire to understand an artifact. This conflict exists because much laboratory analysis can be destructive. However, conservation can best be done when the materials and techniques that were used for making the object originally are understood. Thus there is a constant drive to develop non-destructive and/or microsample analysis procedures that are meaningful in terms of the statistical accuracy of the results and the added understanding that they provide. In addition to the availability of new microanalytical techniques, the scientific approach developed in materials science is of great value to the fields of archaeometry and conservation science. The ‘materials science approach’ involves the determination of structure and chemistry at various levels in the microstructural hierarchy, and includes the relationship between this structure and chemistry and the material's properties. On the other hand, the study of archaeological materials can be of great value to the materials scientist because these objects exist in a time frame not reproduceable in typical laboratory experiments.

Predicting acoustic-wave velocities and fluid sensitivity to elastic properties in fractured carbonate formation

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. SB69-SB80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Xu ◽  
Maojin Tan ◽  
Xiaochang Wang ◽  
Chunping Wu
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Seismic Inversion ◽  
Carbonate Reservoir ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Mineral Concentration ◽  
Fracture Porosity ◽  
Wave Velocities ◽  
Carbonate Formation ◽  
Fractured Carbonate

Estimation of S-wave velocity is one of the most critical steps for prestack seismic inversion. Based on the petrophysical model of fractured carbonate rocks, theoretical methods are firstly investigated for estimating P- and S-wave velocities in the presence of fractures. Then, the methods of calculating elastic properties in fractured carbonate rocks are discussed. The mineral concentration, total porosity, and fracture porosity from core X-ray diffraction and routine core measurements or log interpretation results are used to estimate the P- and S-wave velocities. In the given carbonate rock model, the elastic properties of carbonate rocks with different porosity and fractures are calculated. Two field tests prove that the proposed new method is effective and accurate. Furthermore, the model is useful for fluid identification, which is one of the most outstanding problems for carbonate reservoir description. The simulation results suggest that the larger the fracture porosity is, the easier fluid typing. In Tahe Oilfield, the elastic properties of different fluid zones indicate that bulk modulus and Young’s modulus are more sensitive to fluid than shear modulus, the Lamé constant, and Poisson’s ratio.

The effect of age on the unfolding of elastin lamellae and collagen fibers with stretch in human carotid arteries

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1050-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenon J. Samila ◽  
Stefan A. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Low Degrees ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Human Carotid

We measured folding of elastin lamellae and collagen fibers in human carotid arteries and correlated the results with the elastic properties of the vessels. Specimens cut into circumferential strips were stretched to various degrees, fixed, and stained for elastin and collagen. Folding was measured on photographic projections. Elastin lamellae unfolded quickly with initial stretch. In old vessels they did not straighten as much as in the young suggesting that the content of the interlamellar space may interfere with the unfolding. Collagen fibers straightened more during stretch in stiffer older vessels than in the young, already at low degrees of stretch. Young's modulus at extension of 5% appeared to correlate with unfolding of elastin lamellae in young extensible vessels. The modulus correlated significantly with unfolding of collagen fibers at extensions of 15% and greater, and the slope of the regression of the modulus on folding increased with stretch. Our findings provide for the first time morphologic evidence for the role of elastin lamellae in the determination of the elastic properties at low extensions, for the importance of collagen fibers in increasing stiffness with further stretch, and for the relationship between increased stiffness with age and the earlier recruitment of the collagen fibers.

Determining P- and S-wave velocities and Q-values from single ultrasound transmission measurements performed on cylindrical rock samples: it’s possible, when…

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc S. Boxberg ◽  
Mandy Duda ◽  
Katrin Löer ◽  
Wolfgang Friederich ◽  
Jörg Renner
Keyword(s):  
Wave Velocity ◽  
P Wave ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Standard Material ◽  
Rock Samples ◽  
Intrinsic Attenuation ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Wave Velocities ◽  
P Wave Velocity

&lt;p&gt;Determining elastic wave velocities and intrinsic attenuation of cylindrical rock samples by transmission of ultrasound signals appears to be a simple experimental task, which is performed routinely in a range of geoscientific and engineering applications requiring characterization of rocks in field and laboratory. P- and S-wave velocities are generally determined from first arrivals of signals excited by specifically designed transducers. A couple of methods exist for determining the intrinsic attenuation, most of them relying either on a comparison between the sample under investigation and a standard material or on investigating the same material for various geometries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Of the three properties of interest, P-wave velocity is certainly the least challenging one to determine, but dispersion phenomena lead to complications with the consistent identification of frequency-dependent first breaks. The determination of S-wave velocities is even more hampered by converted waves interfering with the S-wave arrival. Attenuation estimates are generally subject to higher uncertainties than velocity measurements due to the high sensitivity of amplitudes to experimental procedures. The achievable accuracy of determining S-wave velocity and intrinsic attenuation using standard procedures thus appears to be limited.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We pursue the determination of velocity and attenuation of rock samples based on full waveform modeling and inversion. Assuming the rock sample to be homogeneous - an assumption also underlying standard analyses - we quantify P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity and intrinsic P- and S-wave attenuation from matching a single ultrasound trace with a synthetic one numerically modelled using the spectral finite-element software packages SPECFEM2D and SPECFEM3D. We find that enough information on both velocities is contained in the recognizable reflected and converted phases even when nominal P-wave sensors are used. Attenuation characteristics are also inherently contained in the relative amplitudes of these phases due to their different travel paths. We present recommendations for and results from laboratory measurements on cylindrical samples of aluminum and rocks with different geometries that we also compare with various standard analysis methods. The effort put into processing for our approach is particularly justified when accurate values and/or small variations, for example in response to changing P-T-conditions, are of interest or when the amount of sample material is limited.&lt;/p&gt;

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