The status of research on glaciers and global glacier recession: a review

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger G. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
Glacier Recession ◽  
The Status ◽  
Global Sea Level ◽  
Key Indicators

Mountain glaciers are key indicators of climate change, although the climatic variables involved differ regionally and temporally. Nevertheless, there has been substantial glacier retreat since the Little Ice Age and this has accelerated over the last two to three decades. Documenting these changes is hampered by the paucity of observational data. This review outlines the measurements that are available, new techniques that incorporate remotely sensed data, and major findings around the world. The focus is on changes in glacier area, rather than estimates of mass balance and volume changes that address the role of glacier melt in global sea-level rise. The glacier observations needed for global climate monitoring are also outlined.

scholarly journals Integrated monitoring of mountain glaciers as key indicators of global climate change: the European Alps

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 150-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfried Haeberli ◽  
Martin Hoelzle ◽  
Frank Paul ◽  
Michael Zemp
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Length Change ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Integrated Monitoring ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
Past 2000 Years ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Historical Times ◽  
Key Indicators

AbstractThe internationally recommended multi-level strategy for monitoring mountain glaciers is illustrated using the example of the European Alps, where especially dense information has been available through historical times. This strategy combines in situ measurements (mass balance, length change) with remote sensing (inventories) and numerical modelling. It helps to bridge the gap between detailed local process-oriented studies and global coverage. Since the 1980s, mass balances have become increasingly negative, with values close to –1mw.e. a–1 during the first 5 years of the 21st century. The hot, dry summer of 2003 alone caused a record mean loss of 2.45 mw.e., roughly 50% above the previous record loss in 1998, more than three times the average between 1980 and 2000 and an order of magnitude more than characteristic long-term averages since the end of the Little Ice Age and other extended periods of glacier shrinkage during the past 2000 years. It can be estimated that glaciers in the European Alps lost about half their total volume (roughly 0.5% a–1) between 1850 and around 1975, another 25% (or 1%a–1) of the remaining amount between 1975 and 2000, and an additional 10–15% (or 2–3% a–1) in the first 5 years of this century.

Recent, rapid and profound changes to glacier morphology and dynamics, Juneau Icefield, Alaska

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethan Davies ◽  
Jacob Bendle ◽  
Robert McNabb ◽  
Jonathan Carrivick ◽  
Christopher McNeil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Equilibrium Line Altitude ◽  
Regional Warming ◽  
Geomorphological Mapping ◽  
Glacier Recession ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Imagery ◽  
Global Sea Level

<p>The Alaskan region (comprising glaciers in Alaska, British Columbia and Yukon) contains the third largest ice volume outside of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, and contributes more to global sea level rise than any other glacierised region defined by the Randolph Glacier Inventory. However, ice loss in this area is not linear, but in part controlled by glacier hypsometry as valley and outlet glaciers are at risk of becoming detached from their accumulation areas during thinning. Plateau icefields, such as Juneau Icefield in Alaska, are very sensitive to changes in Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) as this can result in rapidly shrinking accumulation areas. Here, we present detailed geomorphological mapping around Juneau Icefield and use this data to reconstruct the icefield during the “Little Ice Age”. We use topographic maps, archival aerial photographs, high-resolution satellite imagery and digital elevation models to map glacier lake and glacier area and volume change from the Little Ice Age to the present day (1770, 1948, 1979, 1990, 2005, 2015 and 2019 AD). Structural glaciological mapping (1979 and 2019) highlights structural and topographic controls on non-linear glacier recession.  Our data shows pronounced glacier thinning and recession in response to widespread detachment of outlet glaciers from their plateau accumulation areas. Glacier detachments became common after 2005, and occurred with increasing frequency since then. Total summed rates of area change increased eightfold from 1770-1948 (-6.14 km<sup>2</sup> a<sup>-1</sup>) to 2015-2019 (-45.23 km<sup>2</sup> a<sup>-1</sup>). Total rates of recession were consistent from 1770 to 1990 AD, and grew increasingly rapid after 2005, in line with regional warming.</p>

‘Little Ice Age’ maxima and glacier retreat in northern Troms and western Finnmark, northern Norway

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Leigh ◽  
Chris Stokes ◽  
David Evans ◽  
Rachel Carr ◽  
Liss Andreassen
Keyword(s):  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Main Study ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Mountain Glacier ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
Glacier Recession ◽  
Proglacial Lakes ◽  
Main Study Area

<p>Glaciers are important indicators of climate change and observations worldwide document increasing rates of mountain glacier recession. Here we present ~200 years of change in mountain glacier extent in northern Troms and western Finnmark. This was achieved through: (1) mapping recent (post-1980s) changes in ice extent from remotely sensed data and (2) lichenometric dating and mapping of major moraine systems within a sub-set of the main study area (the Rotsund Valley). Lichenometric dating reveals that the Little Ice Age (LIA) maximum occurred as early as AD 1814 (±41 years), which is before the early-20th century LIA maximum proposed on the nearby Lyngen Peninsula, but younger than the LIA maximum limits in southern and central Norway (ca. AD 1740-50). Between LIA maximum and AD 1989, the reconstructed glaciers (n = 15) shrank by 3.9 km<sup>2</sup> (39%), with those that shrank by >50% fronted by proglacial lakes. Between AD 1989 and 2018, the total area of glaciers within the study area (n = 219 in AD 1989) shrank by ~35 km<sup>2</sup>. Very small glaciers (<0.5 km<sup>2</sup> in AD 1989) show the highest relative rates of shrinkage, and 90% of mapped glaciers within the study area are <0.5 km<sup>2</sup> as of AD 2018.</p>

Best-Practice Technology, Technical Leadership, and Regional Economic Development

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
R B Le Heron
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Regional Economic Development ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Technical Leadership ◽  
The Status ◽  
General Response

One general response by firms to competitive pressures in technologically dynamic economies is the search within an industry and/or its linked industries for alternative or improved best-practice techniques. The extent of the search for new techniques and subsequent patterns of adoption and adaption are dependent on differential and changing intra- and inter-industry innovative activities. Some plants and firms are more successful at incorporating best-practice technology, achieve higher levels of productivity performance, and attain the status of best-practice enterprises. These enterprises may also assume the role of technical leaders and foster further changes and improvements in the technology of the industry. This article examines first the origins of best-practice technology in an industry, and the nature and evolutionary patterns of technical leadership. This is followed by a consideration of the regional growth impacts and development implications of different evolutionary conditions.

scholarly journals Widespread and accelerating glacier retreat on the Lyngen Peninsula, northern Norway, since their ‘Little Ice Age’ maximum

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (243) ◽  
pp. 100-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRIS R. STOKES ◽  
LISS M. ANDREASSEN ◽  
MATTHEW R. CHAMPION ◽  
GEOFFREY D. CORNER
Keyword(s):  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Surface Hydrology ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Outburst Floods ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods ◽  
Global Sea Level

ABSTRACTThe recession of mountain glaciers worldwide is increasing global sea level and, in many regions, human activities will have to adapt to changes in surface hydrology. Thus, it is important to provide up-to-date analyses of glacier change and the factors modulating their response to climate warming. Here we report changes in the extent of >120 glaciers on the Lyngen Peninsula, northern Norway, where glacier runoff is utilised for hydropower and where glacial lake outburst floods have occurred. Glaciers covered at least 114 km2 in 1953 and we compare this inventory with those from 1988, 2001 and a new one from 2014, and previously-dated Little Ice Age (LIA) limits. Results show a steady reduction in area (~0.3% a−1) between their LIA maximum (~1915) and 1988, consistent with increasing summer air temperatures, but recession paused between 1988 and 2001, coinciding with increased winter precipitation. Air temperatures increased 0.5°C per decade from the 1990s and the rate of recession accelerated to ~1% a−1 between 2001 and 2014 when glacier area totalled ~95.7 km2. Small glaciers (<0.05 km2) with low maximum elevations (<1400 m) experienced the largest percentage losses and, if warming continues, several glaciers may disappear within the next two decades.

scholarly journals Internal control of transactions operation in the sustainable management system of organizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 12009
Author(s):  
Alsou Zakirova ◽  
Guzaliya Klychova ◽  
Angelina Dyatlova ◽  
Gamlet Ostaev ◽  
Elena Konina
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Audit Planning ◽  
The Status ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Indicators

In modern conditions one of the main problems of economic entities is the increase in accounts receivable and payable, which is influenced by objective and subjective factors. In this connection the role of internal control of settlement operations is increasing. The aim of the article is to improve methodological support of internal control of settlement operations for increasing the quality of audit, providing information about the state of settlements with contractors to the management of enterprise for making operational and strategic management decisions. The proposed methodological support is based on stage-by-stage audit of settlement operations including the following main stages: audit planning; implementation of control procedures; execution of audit results. the peculiarity of internal control of settlement operations is determined by a variety of normative and information support of the audit. For the purpose of improvement of control procedures in the course of the study working documents of internal control have been developed. The working document «Verification of the availability of the agreement with a separate counterparty» can be used by the controller to identify errors arising in the preparation of the contract, as well as to determine the completeness and timeliness of the parties to fulfill their obligations, With the proposed in the study working document «Confirmation of the status of settlements with counterparties» can identify cases of fraud and misstatement of data contained in the financial statements. In the course of the study it was proposed to perform a point-rating assessment of debtor reliability based on a system of key indicators in the internal control process. The suggested rating estimation of counterparties will make it possible to carry out their comparative analysis and grouping as well as to identify those counterparties that have a high probability of non-payment of existing debts. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the developed approaches to determine the information base, to set the purpose and definition of control tasks, to the rational choice of control procedures, to the use of working papers in the process of internal control of settlement operations.

scholarly journals The historical global sea-level budget

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (59) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Moore ◽  
S. Jevrejeva ◽  
A. Grinsted
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Decadal Scale ◽  
Global Sea Level

AbstractWe analyze the global sea-level budget since 1850. Good estimates of sea-level contributions from glaciers and small ice caps, the Greenland ice sheet and thermosteric sea level are available over this period, though considerable scope for controversy remains in all. Attempting to close the sea-level budget by adding the components results in a residual displaying a likely significant trend of ~0.37mma–1 from 1955 to 2005, which can, however, be reasonably closed using estimated melting from unsurveyed high-latitude small glaciers and ice caps. The sea-level budget from 1850 is estimated using modeled thermosteric sea level and inferences from a small number of mountain glaciers. This longer-term budget has a residual component that displays a rising trend likely associated with the end of the Little Ice Age, with much decadal-scale variability that is probably associated with variability in the global water cycle, ENSO and long-term volcanic impacts.

The Discovery of Sex

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lincoln Taiz ◽  
Lee Taiz
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Ethnographic Studies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Sexual Symbolism ◽  
Status Of Women

“The Discovery of Sex,” discusses the discovery of the role of the male in reproduction and the association of women with plants in the Ice Age. In the Upper Paleolithic many barriers could have combined to obscure the connection between sexual intercourse and childbirth. Examples include pre-puberty sexual activity, prolonged breast-feeding, and the alignment of cycles in the birthrate with periods of relative leisure and abundance. Numeracy is also relevant, as explored in relation to the Gravettian sculpture, the “Lady of Laussel.” The early association of plants and women is suggested by the discovery that clothing worn by some of the Paleolithic “Venus” figurines was composed of plant-based textiles. This association is consistent with roles of women as described in ethnographic studies of modern hunter-gatherer societies, and has implications for the status of women in Paleolithic society. Sexual symbolism in parietal art is examined, including the Magdalenian transition in iconography.

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