Anterior Cingulectomy in Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders: Clinical Results

1954 ◽  
Vol 100 (418) ◽  
pp. 46-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Macdonald Tow ◽  
R. W. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Local Anaesthesia ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
Mental Change ◽  
Original Procedure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Constant Observation ◽  
Small Bundle

Recent interest in the surgical alleviation of mental disorders has centred in the trial of new and different operations. Fairly early in the development of the subject Freeman and Watts (1944) themselves reported the fairly constant observation that under local anaesthesia gross mental change did not occur until certain stab incisions had been made deep in the infero-medial quadrants. Marked mental change, with confusion, unresponsiveness and disorientation, seemed to occur on section of a small bundle of fibres located interiorly close to the midline. Most of the modifications of Moniz's original procedure have, however, been made on an essentially empirical basis.

scholarly journals A Pilot Study of Experience of Gender-Based Violence by Girls with Mental Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-174
Author(s):  
S.E. Retsya ◽  
Z.V. Lukovtseva
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ptsd Scale ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Subjective Significance

Being highly subjective and hard to diagnose, the phenomenon of experiencing of gender-based violence remains insufficiently understood. Finding the nature of such experience in victims with mental disorders appears to be of particular relevance and was chosen as the subject of this research work. It was hypothesized that experience of gender-based violence reflects the negative subjective significance of what happened and is more dramatic in girls with mental health problems than in girls who are mentally healthy. 15 girls with non-psychotic disorders (G.Ye. Sukhareva Center of Mental Health) and 8 mentally healthy girls aged 15-17 have been examined. The following methodologies were used: the Line of Life; Identifying Situations of Gender-Related Violence; Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. It has been established that experiencing gender-based violence by girls with mental disorders is distinguished by increased subjective actuality, acuteness, attainability of spontaneous verbalization and other characteristics. The practical relevance of the data obtained is determined by their applicability in the psychological rehabilitation of mentally diseased girls who have faced gender-based violence.

Assessing Mental and Behavioral Disorder Impairment: Overview of Sixth Edition Approaches

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Norma Leclair ◽  
Steve Leclair ◽  
Robert Barth
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Behavioral Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Impairment ◽  
Central Nervous System Damage ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Mental And Behavioral Disorders

Abstract Chapter 14, Mental and Behavioral Disorders, in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Sixth Edition, defines a process for assessing permanent impairment, including providing numeric ratings, for persons with specific mental and behavioral disorders. These mental disorders are limited to mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and psychotic disorders, and this chapter focuses on the evaluation of brain functioning and its effects on behavior in the absence of evident traumatic or disease-related objective central nervous system damage. This article poses and answers questions about the sixth edition. For example, this is the first since the second edition (1984) that provides a numeric impairment rating, and this edition establishes a standard, uniform template to translate human trauma or disease into a percentage of whole person impairment. Persons who conduct independent mental and behavioral evaluation using this chapter should be trained in psychiatry or psychology; other users should be experienced in psychiatric or psychological evaluations and should have expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders. The critical first step in determining a mental or behavioral impairment rating is to document the existence of a definitive diagnosis based on the current edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The article also enumerates the psychiatric disorders that are considered ratable in the sixth edition, addresses use of the sixth edition during independent medical evaluations, and answers additional questions.

Uncomplicated adult inguinal hernia repair under local anaesthesia and spinal anaesthesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 3212-3221
Author(s):  
Naniwadekar R G
Keyword(s):  
Inguinal Hernia ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Spinal Anaesthesia ◽  
Local Anaesthesia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Ambulation ◽  
Inguinal Hernias ◽  
Hernia Inguinal ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Prolonged Hospital

Multiple researchers have given numerous guidelines in the clinical management of this disorder in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, after comprehensive works on the subject. As a result, a very wide variety of surgical procedures are now available to the surgeon to suit the requirement. There have been numerous advances in the management of inguinal hernia. Inguinal hernias can conveniently be repaired under all kinds of anaesthesia, namely general, spinal and local. Whereas the general anaesthesia requires the services of an experienced anaesthetist and new devices and spinal anaesthesia requires postoperative impairment while local anaesthesia is safe to prescribe, easy and efficient and does not cause postoperative complications. This work consisted of a study group of twenty-five adult patients of uncomplicated inguinal hernias, who after repair of hernias, which after repair of hernias were allowed early ambulation and had a short hospital, stay of one day post operatively. The second control group consisted of similar twenty-five patients who are subjected to conventional delayed ambulation and prolonged hospital stay. The results of repair in the two groups were compared; the available literature on the subject was reviewed. The implementation of ”shortstay surgery” not only relieves the waiting list in hospitals but also offers an economic boost and provides the patient with some social advantages.

scholarly journals The effects of intensive home treatment on self-efficacy in patients recovering from a psychiatric crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansam Barakat ◽  
Matthijs Blankers ◽  
Jurgen E Cornelis ◽  
Nick M Lommerse ◽  
Aartjan T F Beekman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Home Treatment ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Psychiatric Crisis

Abstract Background This study evaluated whether providing intensive home treatment (IHT) to patients experiencing a psychiatric crisis has more effect on self-efficacy when compared to care as usual (CAU). Self-efficacy is a psychological concept closely related to one of the aims of IHT. Additionally, differential effects on self-efficacy among patients with different mental disorders and associations between self-efficacy and symptomatic recovery or quality of life were examined. Methods Data stem from a Zelen double consent randomised controlled trial (RCT), which assesses the effects of IHT compared to CAU on patients who experienced a psychiatric crisis. Data were collected at baseline, 6 and 26 weeks follow-up. Self-efficacy was measured using the Mental Health Confidence Scale. The 5-dimensional EuroQol instrument and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) were used to measure quality of life and symptomatic recovery, respectively. We used linear mixed modelling to estimate the associations with self-efficacy. Results Data of 142 participants were used. Overall, no difference between IHT and CAU was found with respect to self-efficacy (B = − 0.08, SE = 0.15, p = 0.57), and self-efficacy did not change over the period of 26 weeks (B = − 0.01, SE = 0.12, t (103.95) = − 0.06, p = 0.95). However, differential effects on self-efficacy over time were found for patients with different mental disorders (F(8, 219.33) = 3.75, p < 0.001). Additionally, self-efficacy was strongly associated with symptomatic recovery (total BPRS B = − 0.10, SE = 0.02, p < 0.00) and quality of life (B = 0.14, SE = 0.01, p < 0.001). Conclusions Although self-efficacy was associated with symptomatic recovery and quality of life, IHT does not have a supplementary effect on self-efficacy when compared to CAU. This result raises the question whether, and how, crisis care could be adapted to enhance self-efficacy, keeping in mind the development of self-efficacy in depressive, bipolar, personality, and schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. The findings should be considered with some caution. This study lacked sufficient power to test small changes in self-efficacy and some mental disorders had a small sample size. Trial registration This trial is registered at Trialregister.nl, number NL6020.

Age of onset of mental disorders and use of mental health services: needs, opportunities and obstacles

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. de Girolamo ◽  
J. Dagani ◽  
R. Purcell ◽  
A. Cocchi ◽  
P. D. McGorry
Keyword(s):  
Early Intervention ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Health Services Needs

Purpose of review.In this review, we provide an update of recent studies on the age of onset (AOO) of the major mental disorders, with a special focus on the availability and use of services providing prevention and early intervention.Recent findings.The studies reviewed here confirm previous reports on the AOO of the major mental disorders. Although the behaviour disorders and specific anxiety disorders emerge during childhood, most of the high-prevalence disorders (mood, anxiety and substance use) emerge during adolescence and early adulthood, as do the psychotic disorders. Early AOO has been shown to be associated with a longer duration of untreated illness, and poorer clinical and functional outcomes.Summary.Although the onset of most mental disorders usually occurs during the first three decades of life, effective treatment is typically not initiated until a number of years later. There is increasing evidence that intervention during the early stages of disorder may help reduce the severity and/or the persistence of the initial or primary disorder, and prevent secondary disorders. However, additional research is needed on effective interventions in early-stage cases, as well as on the long-term effects of early intervention, and for an appropriate service design for those with emerging mental disorders. This will mean not only the strengthening and re-engineering of existing systems, but is also crucial the construction of new streams of care for young people in transition to adulthood.

scholarly journals The role of rumination in illness trajectories in youth: linking trans-diagnostic processes with clinical staging models

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 2467-2484 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Grierson ◽  
I. B. Hickie ◽  
S. L. Naismith ◽  
J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Illness Onset ◽  
Co Morbidity

Research in developmental psychopathology and clinical staging models has increasingly sought to identify trans-diagnostic biomarkers or neurocognitive deficits that may play a role in the onset and trajectory of mental disorders and could represent modifiable treatment targets. Less attention has been directed at the potential role of cognitive-emotional regulation processes such as ruminative response style. Maladaptive rumination (toxic brooding) is a known mediator of the association between gender and internalizing disorders in adolescents and is increased in individuals with a history of early adversity. Furthermore, rumination shows moderate levels of genetic heritability and is linked to abnormalities in neural networks associated with emotional regulation and executive functioning. This review explores the potential role of rumination in exacerbating the symptoms of alcohol and substance misuse, and bipolar and psychotic disorders during the peak age range for illness onset. Evidence shows that rumination not only amplifies levels of distress and suicidal ideation, but also extends physiological responses to stress, which may partly explain the high prevalence of physical and mental co-morbidity in youth presenting to mental health services. In summary, the normative developmental trajectory of rumination and its role in the evolution of mental disorders and physical illness demonstrates that rumination presents a detectable, modifiable trans-diagnostic risk factor in youth.

Mental Disorders Associated with Marriage Engagements

1888 ◽  
Vol 34 (147) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geo. H. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Medical Association ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
British Medical Association ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Subject

The frequency with which I am consulted about both men and women in whom an engagement of marriage has been associated with marked mental disorder, has induced me to bring the subject before this meeting of the Psychological Branch of the British Medical Association, especially as the subject naturally falls into a place in the larger subject suggested by Dr. A. Campbell Clark's papers on the perversions of the sexual and reproductive functions.

Mental Disorders and the Use of Psychotropic Drugs in an 85-Year-Old Urban Population

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingmar Skoog ◽  
Lars Nilsson ◽  
Sten Landahl ◽  
Bertil Steen
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Psychotropic Drug ◽  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Antidepressant Drug

The prevalence of mental disorders was studied in a representative sample of 85-year-old living in Gothenburg, Sweden, (n=494). All subjects were examined by a psychiatrist, whose diagnoses were defined according to the DSM-III-R criteria. In the sample, the prevalence of dementia was 29.8%, and of any other mental disorder was 24.3%. Psychotic disorders were present in 4.7%, depressive disorders in 12.6%, and anxiety disorders in 10.5%. Anxiety disorders were more common in women than in men. Of all subjects, 42.5% used a psychotropic drug (men 30.1%, women 47.6%, p<0.001), 34.2% used anxiolytic-sedatives, 14.0% used antidepressants, and 5.7% used neuroleptics. Women used significantly more anxiolytic-sedatives and antidepressants than did men. Of those with no mental disorders, 29.1% used a psychotropic drug. Although the prescription of psychotropic drugs was high, only one fifth of those with depressive disorders received antidepressant drug therapy and one tenth of those with psychotic disorders received neuroleptics.

Ultra-high-risk paradigm: lessons learnt and new directions

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick D McGorry ◽  
Cristina Mei
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Ultra High Risk ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Staging Model ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Generation

Within the embryonic early psychosis field in the early 1990s, the conceptualisation and definition of an at-risk or ultra-high-risk (UHR) mental state for psychosis was a breakthrough which transformed the clinical and research landscape in psychiatry. Twenty-five years later, we have a new evidence base that has illuminated the neurobiology of the onset phase of psychotic disorder, delivered Cochrane level 1 evidence showing that the onset of full-threshold sustained psychotic disorder can be at least delayed, and is paving the way to a new generation of transdiagnostic research. Here, we document the contribution of the UHR approach to understanding the underlying mechanisms of psychosis onset as well as the long-term outcomes. Particularly, we highlight that psychosis onset can be delayed in those meeting UHR criteria and that these criteria have a higher valence for subsequent psychotic disorders and some valence for persistent non-psychotic syndromes. Critiques have helped to identify some of the limitations of this paradigm, which are acknowledged. These include evidence that psychotic disorders can emerge more acutely and from other, as yet undefined, precursor states. Rather than defending, or alternatively questioning the value of, the UHR approach, we propose a broader, transdiagnostic staging model that is consistent with the pluripotent and variably comorbid trajectories for mental disorders. This approach moves beyond psychosis to capture a wider range of subthreshold symptoms and full-threshold disorders, thus enhancing prediction for the emergence and progression of a range of mental disorders, as well as providing new avenues for early intervention and prevention.

scholarly journals Personality Disoder and Their Judicial- Psychiatric-estimation of the Russian Federation

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
S. Vasyukov ◽  
A. Baeva
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Diminished Responsibility

In modern Russian criminal law means diminished responsibility, that the subject is not capable to regulate meaningly legally significant behaviour at the moment of socially dangerous act. Such disability comes at presence if the subject has the chronic or time mental disorder, an aphrenia or other disease state of mentality. The specified clinical phenomena define medical criterion of diminished responsibility. Special interest represents disorders which in ICD- 10 concern to «Personality Disorders» (F60-F68). Here mental disorders which have no so-called remedial basis are meant, or in their structure it is impossible to note signs of weakening process. At the same time they not only qualitatively differ from the accepted norm, but also under known conditions possess that depth or expression that can be regarded as medical criterion of the formula of diminished responsibility. The research which has been spent in the Department of psychogenias and personality disorders of Institute of Serbsky included 80 men at the age from 20 till 45 years by which the diagnosis «Personality disorder» was established. It has shown that there can be 3 variants of influence on responsibility: they can cause full loss of liability; can essentially reduce the criminal liability; their presence can be neutral and not render influences on liability. The analysis of expert judgements shows, that in expert judgements about disability of the subject to regulate the behaviour meaningly it is necessary to estimate components both medical, and psychological criteria of diminished responsibility.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document