The use of Vocabulary in the Measurement of Intellectual Deterioration—A Review

1956 ◽  
Vol 102 (428) ◽  
pp. 409-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aubrey J. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Vocabulary Test ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Direct Estimate ◽  
Previous Level ◽  
Satisfactory Method ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject

The problem of determining whether or not a particular individual has deteriorated intellectually or with respect to other skills is one which has exercised the ingenuity of clinical psychologists for a long time. Clearly the most satisfactory method from the point of view of reliability and validity is by means of the test-retest method over a given period of time, using tests for which adequate statistical information is available. However, since a direct estimate of the individual's previous level of intelligence is usually not available and since the psychologist often cannot wait six months or longer to obtain a direct retest, some method had to be devised which would overcome this difficulty. Babcock (1930) hit on the method of using the Vocabulary test as an estimate of previous level of intellectual ability and contrasting it with performance on other tests supposedly sensitive to deterioration in order to measure the amount of decline which had taken place.Some aspects of the use of vocabulary in clinical psychological testing have been reviewed by a number of writers (Cronbach, 1942; Feifel, 1949; Hunt, 1936; Jastak, 1949; Lewinski, 1948; Raven and Walshaw, 1944; Shakow, 1946), and the immense interest shown in vocabulary as a test may be inferred from the 101-page bibliography of vocabulary studies published by Dale (1949). However, previous reviews suffer from two defects in that (a) they do not attempt to cover the ground thoroughly or systematically, being usually introductory to an experiment, or not specifically concerned with the subject matter of this paper; and (b) they naturally give no information about the important research which has taken place in this field within the last few years. The present review has been undertaken for these reasons, and because of the intrinsic importance of the problem.

scholarly journals НОВЫЙ ПОВЕСТВОВАТЕЛЬНЫЙ МИР В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ АКИ МОРЧИЛАДЗЕ

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (8(38)) ◽  
pp. 28-30
Author(s):  
Ната Бердзули
Keyword(s):  
Historical Novel ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Postmodern Literature ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Narrative Story ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Narrative Function

The narrative dates from a long time ago and the subject of its research was to study fundamental principles of narration.It is so old that the ideas of its structure have been developed in the ancient times. The etymology of the term "narrative", is derived from the Latin and its meaning is narration. This term was emerged in the literary studies as a result of novelist works by Roland Bart, Claude Bremann, Cvetan Todorov and others. In the twentieth century, many theories were created about the narrative, and in the same century, the main analytical components of narrative - story, sound, time, point of view, character, role were established.Narrative can be considered as a feature of postmodernism, because narrative sources take special significance in postmodernism.While researching modern literature a significant function is given to the variety of narrative usages. The aim of the theme is to research the narrative function on the basis of comparative analysis of Aka Morchiladze's creative works.Aka Morchiladze's novels are filled with familiar literary or historical motives, acting people, stories, but itcreates a different reality through narrative or literary plays.The author creates a narrative text based on literary texts and "historical information". Historical information that is used in the text does not correspond to reality, and we, the readers, think that we are about to learn “historical novel” and the narrator is a historian,-not a novelist. Finally, we realize that we deal with the "fake history", allusion of writer's fantasy and literary and historical facts. Therefore, with regards of the presented issues, it is necessary to take into consideration the specificity of postmodern literature and peculiarities of realization of this specificity in Georgian reality. Narrative sources are of particular importance in postmodernism, which is one of the most important elements of the study of the text to be analyzed.

scholarly journals Stratagem Rationality of Traditional China

2018 ◽  
pp. 38-50
Author(s):  
Andrey Krushinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Winning Strategy ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Moral Metaphysics ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Existential Choice ◽  
Classical Image

For a long time, leading European thinkers have denied systematic, theoretical and rational nature of Chinese traditional thinking, unpretentiously reading it as banal moralizing (“moral philosophy,” at best – “moral metaphysics,” etc.), not supported by any proper philosophical discourse. However, the habitual socioethical label conceals a much deeper problematic of strategic thinking. At its center, there is the question of choosing all sorts of strategies: from everyday life to special technical ones, from personal existential choice to fateful state decisions. The concept of a winning strategy is emblematized by the dramatic plot of a deadly risk (“stepping on a tiger’s tail”) but under certain conditions with guaranteed happy end. The strategy of harmony (he 和), which is miraculous in its effectiveness, is proposed as a exemplary strategy. It allows you to “step on the tiger’s tail” with impunity (lü hu wei履 虎尾). From the point of view of strategic thinking, the criterion of cognitive value of reasoning is its effectiveness (in the context of a particular game), and the most effective is unmistakable prediction, i.e. the ability to predict the outcome of future developments with the help of reasoning. In the ideal case (under certain conditions), prognostic reasoning becomes not just plausible but 100% reliable that is an apodictic true inference. Therefore, the highest cognitive status in the Chinese intellectual tradition is endowed with guaranteed error-free prognostic reasoning. This type of reasoning, where the reliability of foresight is guaranteed by the implementation of a certain winning strategy, can be called the prognostic form of deduction. As a result, the dynamism of Chinese logic, which relies on a deliberate staging of the future (sometimes with the help of stratagems of varying degrees of cunning), is strikingly different from the static nature of the classical image of logic (both traditional and modern), where logic is no more than a static guardian of correctness of reasoning. On the contrary, the Chinese concept of logic focuses on deriving consequences from strategic considerations regarding the future, actively and purposefully shaped by the subject who at the same time constructing both himself and the world around him.

Does a Large New Business benefit the Policyholders of a Life Company?

1874 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 335-343
Author(s):  
James R. Macfadyen
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
New Business ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject

The question with which I have headed this paper is one that may seem startling enough. It has been so widely taken for granted that a large new business must be an unmixed good to all concerned in a life company, that to debate whether it be so or no, will seem in the eyes of many to be a very idle thing. And yet, though I have been considering the subject for a long time, I cannot answer the question unhesitatingly in the affirmative. In saying this, it ought to be pointed out, that the matter is regarded from a purely practical point of view. The problem is not ought a large new business to benefit policyholders? but, as a matter of fact, does it? Even if the question were answered in the negative, it would not follow that no new business, or an insufficient quantity of it, would better suit the interests of the policyholders. Waste must be supplied, and a certain degree of magnitude maintained in life companies.

scholarly journals Obstacles to using the method of dialogue in the teaching of Islamic education materials from the point of view of teachers and supervisors in the city of Sarra Obaidah: معوقات استخدام طريقة الحوار في تدريس مواد التربية الإسلامية من وجهة نظر المعلمين والمشرفين في مدينة سراة عبيدة

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Nasser Al Safran
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Teacher Training Programs ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Creative Teacher ◽  
The City

The present study aimed at identifying obstacles to using the method of dialogue in teaching Islamic education materials from the point of view of teachers and supervisors in Sarra Obaida and the solutions necessary to overcome these obstacles. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher designed a questionnaire to collect information using the descriptive approach. The study was applied to a random sample of (3) supervisors and (43) teachers in the Islamic education specialization from the original community (13 supervisors) and (267) For data processing percentages and arithmetic averages. The most important results of the study were: the existence of obstacles related to the teacher as a large amount of teaching and educational burdens required of it, as well as the lack of incentives and rewards for the creative teacher, and the focus of the teacher on the subject without attention to scientific applications. As well as the existence of obstacles related to teaching methods such as lack of interest in teacher training programs during service dialogue and discussion, as well as avoid the teacher to use the method of dialogue and discussion because it takes a long time. And the existence of obstacles related to the curriculum such as not to open the way for teachers to participate in the planning of the curriculum. As well as the existence of obstacles related to the student. Such as relying on the teacher to rely heavily on teaching. In the light of these results, the researcher made a number of recommendations, including: training teachers to use and encourage the dialogue method, and motivating the creative and distinguished teachers in using the method of dialogue in teaching and taking the views of teachers in planning the curricula of Islamic education.

scholarly journals COMPOUND VERBS IN THE OSSETIAN AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
А.Ф. КУДЗОЕВА
Keyword(s):  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Current State ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Language Area ◽  
Complex Verbs

Предметом настоящего исследования являются сложные глаголы осетинского и персидского языков в сравнительно-сопоставительном плане. Актуальность работы обусловлена несколькими факторами. Во-первых, это все возрастающий интерес отечественных и иранских лингвистов к современному состоянию двух языков разных ветвей иранской группы (осетинский язык является одним из двух живых представителей северо-восточной ветви, а персидский – относится к юго-западной подгруппе), один из которых в течение весьма длительного времени оторван от иранского мира, другой же в современном виде сложился в иранском языковом ареале; во-вторых, результаты сопоставления позволят по-новому подойти к некоторым нерешенным вопросам глагольных систем осетинского и персидского языков; в-третьих, выявление универсальных и уникальных характеристик осетинского и персидского глаголов актуально как для лингвистики данных языков, так и для методики их преподавания. В работе рассматриваются критерии выделения сложных глаголов в осетинском и персидском языках, их общие и уникальные структурно-семантические признаки. Детальному анализу подлежат именные компоненты сложных глаголов осетинского и персидского языков с точки зрения их морфологии, делается попытка уточнить границы осетинских сложных глаголов. В результате проведенного анализа автор пришел к выводу о том, что в осетинском языке именная компонента сложного глагола представлена большим числом частей речи, чем в персидском, хотя в большинстве случаев аналогичные значения выражены одинаковыми по составу конструкциями. В заключении намечаются вопросы, требующие дальнейшего и более тщательного рассмотрения. The subject of this research is complex verbs of the Ossetian and Persian languages in the comparative aspect. The relevance of the work is due to several factors. Firstly, it is the growing interest of domestic and Iranian linguists in the current state of the two languages of different branches of the Iranian group (Ossetian is one of the two living representatives of the northeastern branch, while Persian belongs to the southwestern subgroup), one of which has been for a long time divorced from the Iranian world, while another in its modern form has developed in the Iranian language area; secondly, the results of the comparison will allow to approach some unresolved issues of the verb systems of the Ossetian and Persian languages in a new way; thirdly, the identification of the universal and unique characteristics of the Ossetian and Persian verbs is relevant both for the linguistics of these languages and for the methods of teaching them. The work examines the criteria for identifying complex verbs in the Ossetian and Persian languages, their common and unique structural and semantic features; the nominal components of complex verbs of the Ossetian and Persian languages are the subject of a detailed analysis from the point of view of their morphology, an attempt to clarify the boundaries of the Ossetian complex verbs is also made. As a result of the analysis, it is concluded that in the Ossetian language the nominal component of a complex verb is represented by a larger number of parts of speech than in Persian, although in most cases similar meanings are expressed by structures of the same composition. In the conclusion, issues that require further and more careful consideration are outlined.

Influence of General and Crystallized Intelligence on Vocabulary Test Performance

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Ullstadius ◽  
Jan-Eric Gustafsson ◽  
Berit Carlstedt
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Vocabulary Test ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
General Ability

Summary: Vocabulary tests, part of most test batteries of general intellectual ability, measure both verbal and general ability. Newly developed techniques for confirmatory factor analysis of dichotomous variables make it possible to analyze the influence of different abilities on the performance on each item. In the testing procedure of the Computerized Swedish Enlistment test battery, eight different subtests of a new vocabulary test were given randomly to subsamples of a representative sample of 18-year-old male conscripts (N = 9001). Three central dimensions of a hierarchical model of intellectual abilities, general (G), verbal (Gc'), and spatial ability (Gv') were estimated under different assumptions of the nature of the data. In addition to an ordinary analysis of covariance matrices, assuming linearity of relations, the item variables were treated as categorical variables in the Mplus program. All eight subtests fit the hierarchical model, and the items were found to load about equally on G and Gc'. The results also indicate that if nonlinearity is not taken into account, the G loadings for the easy items are underestimated. These items, moreover, appear to be better measures of G than the difficult ones. The practical utility of the outcome for item selection and the theoretical implications for the question of the origin of verbal ability are discussed.

A Modified Chair Geometry for Whole Body Counting

1976 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 246-247
Author(s):  
S. C. Jain ◽  
G. C. Bhola ◽  
A. Nagaratnam ◽  
M. M. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Spatial Response ◽  
Body Counting ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Whole Body Counting ◽  
The Buddha

SummaryIn the Marinelli chair, a geometry widely used in whole body counting, the lower part of the leg is seen quite inefficiently by the detector. The present paper describes an attempt to modify the standard chair geometry to minimise this limitation. The subject sits crossed-legged in the “Buddha Posture” in the standard chair. Studies with humanoid phantoms and a volunteer sitting in the Buddha posture show that this modification brings marked improvement over the Marinelli chair both from the point of view of sensitivity and uniformity of spatial response.

An Adaptive and Learning System for Feedback-Controlled Evoked Response Studies

1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
J. Wagner ◽  
G. Pfurtscheixer
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Evoked Response ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Electrical Brain Activity ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Eeg Power ◽  
Stimulation System ◽  
Background Eeg

The shape, latency and amplitude of changes in electrical brain activity related to a stimulus (Evoked Potential) depend both on the stimulus parameters and on the background EEG at the time of stimulation. An adaptive, learnable stimulation system is introduced, whereby the subject is stimulated (e.g. with light), whenever the EEG power is subthreshold and minimal. Additionally, the system is conceived in such a way that a certain number of stimuli could be given within a particular time interval. Related to this time criterion, the threshold specific for each subject is calculated at the beginning of the experiment (preprocessing) and adapted to the EEG power during the processing mode because of long-time fluctuations and trends in the EEG. The process of adaptation is directed by a table which contains the necessary correction numbers for the threshold. Experiences of the stimulation system are reflected in an automatic correction of this table. Because the corrected and improved table is stored after each experiment and is used as the starting table for the next experiment, the system >learns<. The system introduced here can be used both for evoked response studies and for alpha-feedback experiments.

IMPROVING GRADE V STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY ACHIEVEMENT THROUGH FLASH CARDS

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabatini Sitorus And Masitowarni Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Vocabulary Test ◽  
Flash Cards ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Classroom Action Research ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Vocabulary Achievement

This study attempts to increase students’ vocabulary achievement by using flash cards. The objective of the study is to investigate whether the using of flash card can improve students’ vocabulary achievement. This study conduct by applying Classroom Action Research which was carried out in two cycles in six meetings. The subject of this study of SD Negeri 174559 Siraituruk, Porsea which consisted of 34 students. For collecting data, the instruments used were quantitative (vocabulary test) and qualitative data (interview sheet, observation sheet, and diary notes. Based on the data, it was found that the mean of the second cycle (80, 44) is higher than the mean of first cycle (64, 85) and pre-test (44, 41).  Based on interview sheet, observation sheet and diary notes, it was found thee students were more active and more enthusiastic during the teaching learning process in the second cycle than the first one. It was concluded that teaching vocabulary by using  flash cards can improve the students’ vocabulary achievement.

Sophie Laws, with Caroline Harper and Rachel Marcus. Research for Development: A Practical Guide. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications. 2003. xiii+475 pages. Paperback. Indian Rupees 450.00.

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-172
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Policy Research ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Is Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Development Workers

To implement any successful policy, research about the subject-matter is essential. Lack of knowledge would result in failure and, from an economic point of view, it would lead to a waste of scarce resources. The book under review is essentially a manual which highlights the use of research for development. The book is divided into two parts. Part One informs the reader about concepts and some theory, and Part Two deals with the issue of undertaking research for development. Both parts have 11 chapters each. Chapter 1 asks the basic question: Is research important in development work? The answer is that it is. Research has many dimensions: from the basic asking of questions to the more sophisticated broad-based analysis of policy issues. The chapter, in short, stresses the usefulness of research which development workers ignore at their own peril.

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