Families with Identical Twins Discordant for Schizophrenia

1971 ◽  
Vol 118 (542) ◽  
pp. 29-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren R. Mosher ◽  
William Pollin ◽  
James R. Stabenau
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Identical Twins ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Family Roles ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Sample Methodology

Recent clinical studies of families with schizophrenic offspring have reported a variety of abnormalities, some of which—such as abnormalities of individual development, family roles and cognitive processes—appear to relate to the development of schizophrenia in a given child. The precise nature and mechanism of these possible relationships, however, have not yet been definitively established. It is to this end that we have been studying a series of families with identical twins discordant for schizophrenia. Previous reports have described the sample, methodology, and findings with regard to life history differences between the schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic twins (Pollin et al., 1965, 1966), biological variables (Stabenau et al., 1968, 1969; Stabenau and Pollin, 1967b, 1968a), parental illness (Guggenheim et al., 1969), and the interaction of constitutional and psychological variables (Pollin and Stabenau, 1967, 1968, and Stabenau and Pollin, 1967a). This paper describes an attempt to further clarify the relationships among four variables in our sample of families: (a) psychopathology; (b) identification; (c) thinking and ‘cognitive’ style; and (d) dominance-submissiveness.

Individual Differences in Meditation Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Buric ◽  
Inti A. Brazil
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Participant Characteristics ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Health And Well Being

Meditation generally has small to moderate effects on health and well-being, but some people experience greater benefits from meditation than others. What are the characteristics of the study participants or meditation students that lead to beneficial outcomes of meditation? This chapter adopts a multilevel approach to evaluate the evidence on the relationship between participant characteristics and individual differences in meditation outcomes across four sources of variability: personality and other psychological variables, biological variables, illness severity, and demographic factors. Research in the area is sparse and has several methodological shortcomings, thus the authors recommend the use of multilevel models and meta-regression as ways of properly incorporating the study of individual differences with other variables.

Grounded procedures: A proximate mechanism for the psychology of cleansing and other physical actions

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spike W. S. Lee ◽  
Norbert Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Grounded Cognition ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Sympathetic Magic ◽  
Proximate Mechanism ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Abstract Experimental work has revealed causal links between physical cleansing and various psychological variables. Empirically, how robust are they? Theoretically, how do they operate? Major prevailing accounts focus on morality or disgust, capturing a subset of cleansing effects, but cannot easily handle cleansing effects in non-moral, non-disgusting contexts. Building on grounded views on cognitive processes and known properties of mental procedures, we propose grounded procedures of separation as a proximate mechanism underlying cleansing effects. This account differs from prevailing accounts in terms of explanatory kind, interpretive parsimony, and predictive scope. Its unique and falsifiable predictions have received empirical support: Cleansing attenuates or eliminates otherwise observed influences of prior events (1) across domains and (2) across valences. (3) Cleansing manipulations produce stronger effects the more strongly they engage sensorimotor capacities. (4) Reversing the causal arrow, motivation for cleansing is triggered more readily by negative than positive entities. (5) Conceptually similar effects extend to other physical actions of separation. On the flipside, grounded procedures of connection are also observed. Together, separation and connection organize prior findings relevant to multiple perspectives (e.g., conceptual metaphor, sympathetic magic) and open up new questions. Their predictions are more generalizable than the specific mappings in conceptual metaphors, but more fine-grained than the broad assumptions of grounded cognition. This intermediate level of analysis sheds light on the interplay between mental and physical processes.

Machiavellianism, External Control, and Cognitive Style of American and West German CO-EDS

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1315-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Maroldo ◽  
L. C. Flachmeier
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
External Control ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

This study concerned similarities and differences between 59 American and 97 West German co-eds with respect to Machiavellianism, external control, and cognitive style. American and West German co-eds differed in Machiavellian orientation and external control but appeared similar in cognitive style. The discussion revolves around cultural differences, child-rearing practices, socio-economic factors, and cognitive processes as possibly contributing to these results.

scholarly journals Algorithm and Parameters: Solving the Generality Problem for Reliabilism

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack C. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Folk Psychology ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Cognitive Penetration ◽  
Generality Problem ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Affect Processing

The paper offers a solution to the generality problem for a reliabilist epistemology, by developing an “algorithm and parameters” scheme for type-individuating cognitive processes. Algorithms are detailed procedures for mapping inputs to outputs. Parameters are psychological variables that systematically affect processing. The relevant process type for a given token is given by the complete algorithmic characterization of the token, along with the values of all the causally relevant parameters. The typing that results is far removed from the typings of folk psychology, and from much of the epistemology literature. But it is principled and empirically grounded, and shows good prospects for yielding the desired epistemological verdicts. The paper articulates and elaborates the theory, drawing out some of its consequences. Toward the end, the fleshed-out theory is applied to two important case studies: hallucination and cognitive penetration of perception.

Wholist–analytic cognitive styles modulate object-based attentional selection

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 1596-1604
Author(s):  
Saisai Hu ◽  
Meiyu Liu ◽  
Yonghui Wang ◽  
Jingjing Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Attentional Selection ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Analytic Cognitive Style ◽  
Individual Strategies

Previous studies have shown that individual difference plays an important role in the object-based cueing effect observed in experiments on attentional selection. A wide range of studies have also used the theory of cognitive style to explain individual strategies in most cognitive processes. However, the characteristics of individuals that modulate object-based attentional selection are still unclear. To investigate the modulation of object-based attention by cognitive style, this study used a classic two-rectangle paradigm and compared space-based effects and object-based effects for individuals who had been preselected as wholists or analysts in terms of cognitive style. The results revealed that a space-based effect was obtained for both wholist and analytic individuals. However, an object-based effect was obtained only for analysts and not wholists, regardless of object orientation. The results further indicated that a wholist versus analytic cognitive style can modulate object-based attention by way of perceptual grouping. Our study provides the first evidence that object-based attention can indeed be influenced by individual characteristics and extends traditional model of cognitive style by indicating that wholist individuals tend to group two or more objects in a scene into one larger gestalt.

Dream Recall and Short-Term Memory

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 867-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Dream Recall ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Strong Relationships

In comparison to psychophysiological variables such as stage of sleep and auditory arousal thresholds, psychological variables such as anxiety, “repression,” and cognitive style have demonstrated little or no relationship to frequency and amount of dream recall. Two studies yielded no support for an hypothesized correlation between amount of dream recall and short-term memory for verbally or visually encoded material. These and related findings are consonant with the infrequency of empirically demonstrated strong relationships between personality variables and amount of dream recall.

scholarly journals Mammalian bone palaeohistology: new data and a survey

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kolb ◽  
Torsten M. Scheyer ◽  
Kristof Veitschegger ◽  
Analia M. Forasiepi ◽  
Eli Amson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Microstructure ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Bone Cortex ◽  
Primary Bone ◽  
Mammalian Bone

The interest in mammalian palaeohistology has increased dramatically in the last two decades. Starting in 1849 via descriptive approaches, it has been demonstrated that bone tissue and vascularisation types correlate with several biological variables such as ontogenetic stage, growth rate, and ecology. Mammalian bone displays a large variety of bone tissues and vascularisation patterns reaching from lamellar or parallel-fibred to fibrolamellar or woven-fibred bone, depending on taxon and individual age. Here we systematically review the knowledge and methods on mammalian bone and palaeohistology and discuss potential future research fields and techniques. We present new data on the bone microstructure of two extant marsupial species and of several extinct continental and island placental mammals. Three juvenile specimens of the dwarf island hippopotamid Hippopotamus minor from the Late Pleistocene of Cyprus show reticular to plexiform fibrolamellar bone. The island murid Mikrotia magna from the Late Miocene of Gargano, Italy displays parallel-fibred primary bone with reticular vascularisation being pervaded by irregular secondary osteons in the central part of the cortex. Leithia sp., the dormouse from the Pleistocene of Sicily, is characterised by a primary bone cortex consisting of lamellar bone and low vascularisation. The bone cortex of the fossil continental lagomorph Prolagus oeningensis and three fossil species of insular Prolagus displays parallel-fibred primary bone and reticular, radial as well as longitudinal vascularisation. Typical for large mammals, secondary bone in the giant rhinocerotoid Paraceratherium sp. from the Miocene of Turkey is represented by dense Haversian bone. The skeletochronological features of Sinomegaceros yabei, a large-sized deer from the Pleistocene of Japan closely related to Megaloceros, indicate a high growth rate. These examples and the critical summary of existing data show how bone microstructure can reveal essential information on life history evolution. The bone tissue and the skeletochronological data of the sampled island species show that there is no universal modification of bone tissue and life history specific to insular species.

Cognitive Processes in the Reflective-Impulsive Cognitive Style

2005 ◽  
Vol 166 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulette Rozencwajg ◽  
Denis Corroyer
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Cognitive Processes
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