scholarly journals Algorithm and Parameters: Solving the Generality Problem for Reliabilism

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack C. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Folk Psychology ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Cognitive Penetration ◽  
Generality Problem ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Affect Processing

The paper offers a solution to the generality problem for a reliabilist epistemology, by developing an “algorithm and parameters” scheme for type-individuating cognitive processes. Algorithms are detailed procedures for mapping inputs to outputs. Parameters are psychological variables that systematically affect processing. The relevant process type for a given token is given by the complete algorithmic characterization of the token, along with the values of all the causally relevant parameters. The typing that results is far removed from the typings of folk psychology, and from much of the epistemology literature. But it is principled and empirically grounded, and shows good prospects for yielding the desired epistemological verdicts. The paper articulates and elaborates the theory, drawing out some of its consequences. Toward the end, the fleshed-out theory is applied to two important case studies: hallucination and cognitive penetration of perception.

Case Studies in Atomic Force Probe Analysis

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randal Mulder ◽  
Sam Subramanian ◽  
Tony Chrastecky
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Logic Circuits ◽  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Measuring Surface ◽  
Analysis Environment

Abstract The use of atomic force probe (AFP) analysis in the analysis of semiconductor devices is expanding from its initial purpose of solely characterizing CMOS transistors at the contact level with a parametric analyzer. Other uses found for the AFP include the full electrical characterization of failing SRAM bit cells, current contrast imaging of SOI transistors, measuring surface roughness, the probing of metallization layers to measure leakages, and use with other tools, such as light emission, to quickly localize and identify defects in logic circuits. This paper presents several case studies in regards to these activities and their results. These case studies demonstrate the versatility of the AFP. The needs and demands of the failure analysis environment have quickly expanded its use. These expanded capabilities make the AFP more valuable for the failure analysis community.

SEM/EDS Characterization of Uncommon Metal Whiskers and Determination of Underlying Growth Mechanisms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Basak ◽  
L. H. Ponce
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Whisker Growth ◽  
Innovation Systems ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Crystal Oscillator ◽  
Analysis Laboratory ◽  
Investigative Techniques

Abstract Two case-studies on uncommon metals whiskers, performed at the Reliability Analysis Laboratory (RAL) of Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, are presented. The components analyzed are an Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator (OCXO) and an Electromechanical Relay. Investigative techniques were used to determine the chemical and physical makeup of the metal whiskers and develop an understanding of the underlying effects and mechanisms that caused the conditions conducive to whisker growth.

Workflow and tools to analyse the PMIP4-CMIP6 ensemble

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anni Zhao ◽  
Chris Brierley
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Past Climate ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Intercomparison Project

<p>Experiment outputs are now available from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project’s 6<sup>th</sup> phase (CMIP6) and the past climate experiments defined in the Model Intercomparison Project’s 4<sup>th</sup> phase (PMIP4). All of this output is freely available from the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF). Yet there are overheads in analysing this resource that may prove complicated or prohibitive. Here we document the steps taken by ourselves to produce ensemble analyses covering past and future simulations. We outline the strategy used to curate, adjust the monthly calendar aggregation and process the information downloaded from the ESGF. The results of these steps were used to perform analysis for several of the initial publications arising from PMIP4. We provide post-processed fields for each simulation, such as climatologies and common measures of variability. Example scripts used to visualise and analyse these fields is provided for several important case studies.</p>

On the Development of VR and AR Learning Contents for Children on the Autism Spectrum

2018 ◽  
pp. 106-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Herrera ◽  
Lucia Vera ◽  
Javier Sevilla ◽  
Cristina Portalés ◽  
Sergio Casas
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Important Case ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Group A ◽  
Visually Based ◽  
Educational Contents

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an umbrella term used to group a range of brain development disorders. The learning profile of most people with ASD is mainly visual, and VR and AR technologies offer important advantages to provide a visually based mean for gaining access to educational contents. The prices of VR and AR glasses and helmets have fallen. Also, a number of tools that facilitate the development and publication of AR and VR contents have recently appeared. Therefore, a scenario of opportunity for new developments has appeared in this field. This chapter offers guidelines for developing AR and VR learning contents for people on the autism spectrum and analyses those guidelines from the perspective of two important case studies developed in previous years.

Isolation and characterization of tandem repeats in nematode genomes.

2021 ◽  
pp. 240-249
Author(s):  
Philippe Castagnone-Sereno
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Satellite Dna ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Genomic Resources ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Nematode Genomes ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the practical methodologies that can be used to identify and characterize the tandem repeats that are most frequently used as genetic markers in nematodes (including plant-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes), namely satellite DNA and microsatellites. The objective is not to provide turnkey protocols, but rather to return to the main principles that govern these protocols. Case studies on nematodes will serve to illustrate the point. In that respect, two well-defined situations are to be considered, depending on whether genomic resources for the species under investigation are available or not.

The Curse of Realism

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-24
Author(s):  
Karin Kukkonen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Counter Model ◽  
Cognitive Approaches To Literature ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

This chapter challenges the assumption that throughout history the novel gets progressively better at realism and at matching its language in cognitive processes. It characterises this assumption as “the curse of realism,” which retroactively imposes standards from the nineteenth-century novel onto texts from earlier periods and evaluates them as lacking stylistic and narrative achievements that they never aimed for. A counter-model, based on embodied cognition and predictive, probabilistic cognition, is proposed. This allows cognitive approaches to literature to move away from a teleological perspective (where the novel improves its match with cognition) and towards a dialectic perspective (where literary texts can relate to cognition in ways that are not inherently more accurate than others). This chapter lays the overall theoretical foundations for the case studies in the following chapters.

Hypervideo and Cognition

2011 ◽  
pp. 26-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Chambel ◽  
Carmen Zahn ◽  
Matthias Finke
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Knowledge Building ◽  
Meaningful Learning ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Information Structures ◽  
Video Information ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Spatio Temporal

This chapter discusses how advanced digital video technologies, such as hypervideo, can be used to broaden the spectrum of meaningful learning activities. Hypervideo is conceptualized as the true integration of video into nonlinear information structures by means of spatio-temporal links. Based on cognitive-psychological perspectives, the discussion focuses on the way cognitive and socio-cognitive processes relate to the specific characteristics of hyperlinked videos, and how they inform their design. Then, with regard to technology, two approaches are introduced, providing tools for knowledge building and interaction with nonlinear information structures based on dynamic video information. Case studies and research findings are presented and prospects for future research are outlined.

Families with Identical Twins Discordant for Schizophrenia

1971 ◽  
Vol 118 (542) ◽  
pp. 29-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren R. Mosher ◽  
William Pollin ◽  
James R. Stabenau
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Identical Twins ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Family Roles ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Sample Methodology

Recent clinical studies of families with schizophrenic offspring have reported a variety of abnormalities, some of which—such as abnormalities of individual development, family roles and cognitive processes—appear to relate to the development of schizophrenia in a given child. The precise nature and mechanism of these possible relationships, however, have not yet been definitively established. It is to this end that we have been studying a series of families with identical twins discordant for schizophrenia. Previous reports have described the sample, methodology, and findings with regard to life history differences between the schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic twins (Pollin et al., 1965, 1966), biological variables (Stabenau et al., 1968, 1969; Stabenau and Pollin, 1967b, 1968a), parental illness (Guggenheim et al., 1969), and the interaction of constitutional and psychological variables (Pollin and Stabenau, 1967, 1968, and Stabenau and Pollin, 1967a). This paper describes an attempt to further clarify the relationships among four variables in our sample of families: (a) psychopathology; (b) identification; (c) thinking and ‘cognitive’ style; and (d) dominance-submissiveness.

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