Cognitive Vulnerability to Auditory Hallucination

SummaryGoldstone and Sarbin proposed that auditory hallucinations occur because imagery in a non-preferred sensory mode is more easily misinterpreted as having an external origin. This led to the hypothesis that auditory hallucinators would show less preference for auditory than for visual imagery. Our results suggest that this is true. We also compared the vividness of internally-generated auditory imagery with that of visual imagery, independently of preference, to see whether vividness was impaired in the non-preferred mode in hallucinators. The evidence suggested that this was not the case, but we did find a significantly deficient capacity for creating vivid images of either kind in process patients (i.e. those with poor premorbid status) compared with reactive (good premorbid) patients, regardless of any history of hallucinations. The withdrawal of external attention which characterizes process patients might also be expected to impair their ability to confirm or disconfirm the external origin of an auditory stimulus. We predicted therefore that process hallucinators would be particularly incompetent in spatial location of sounds: our experimental results confirmed this to be the case.

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“Doctor, I Hear Music”: A Brief Review About Musical Hallucinations.

The Open Neurology Journal ◽

10.2174/1874205x01711010011 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 11-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Purificacion Alvarez Perez ◽

Maria Jose Garcia-Antelo ◽

Eduardo Rubio-Nazabal

Keyword(s):

Psychiatric Disorders ◽

General Hospital ◽

Auditory Stimulus ◽

Clinical Case ◽

Auditory Hallucination ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Social Consequences ◽

Auditory Hallucinations ◽

Complex Type ◽

Hospital Population

Auditory hallucinations are defined as the abnormal perception of sound in the absence of an external auditory stimulus. Musical hallucinations constitute a complex type of auditory hallucination characterized by perception of melodies, music, or songs. Musical hallucinations are infrequent and have been described in 0.16% of a general hospital population. The auditory hallucinations are popularly associated with psychiatric disorders or degenerative neurological diseases but there may be other causes in which the patient evolves favorably with treatment. With this clinical case we want to stress the importance of knowing the causes of musical hallucinations due to the unpredictable social consequences that they can have.

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Bilateral continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) for treatment resistant auditory hallucinations and synesthesia in schizophrenia – A case report

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1451 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. S769-S769 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Jakhar ◽

D.U. Mehta

Keyword(s):

Rating Scale ◽

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Auditory Hallucination ◽

Substantial Improvement ◽

Auditory Hallucinations ◽

Treatment Resistant ◽

Serious Adverse Events ◽

Temporoparietal Junction ◽

History Of ◽

Competing Interest

IntroductionWhile 1–Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been found to be effective in reducing auditory hallucinations (AH), its effects are transient. cTBS, a patterned-rTMS technique induces sustained long-term-depression-like effects. Here, we demonstrate efficacy of twice daily, bilateral-cTBS in a patient with treatment-resistant AH, reflex hallucinations and vision-touch synesthesia.MethodA 25-year-old male with 5 years history of treatment-resistant AH (2nd/3rd person), vision-touch synesthesia and reflex hallucinations. He was on a combination of 200 mg clozapine and 300 mg amisulpride for the last 6 months with no improvement. He received two-weeks of twice daily, bilateral-cTBS [40,1 s-trains (bursts of 3-pulses at 50 Hz every 200 ms) given continuously at 90% motor threshold] over the temporoparietal junctions located using the International 10/20 system. Amisulpride was stopped and clozapine was increased to 300 mg/day. Change in AH and synesthesiae were assessed using auditory hallucination rating scale (AHRS) and clinical interview.ResultAHRS scores reduced from 35/41 to 0/41 at the end of 2 weeks, with substantial improvement being noticed at the end of the fifth day. Synesthesiae and reflex hallucinations also showed similar trends in improvement. No serious adverse events.DiscussionIntegration of auditory, visual and tactile perceptions is an important function of the temporoparietal junction. administering cTBS to this region bilaterally reduced our patient's perceptual abnormalities. Increasing dose of clozapine could be a confounding factor, however, the rapidity of treatment response enables us to attribute part of the improvement to cTBS.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Self-Report Imagery Questionnaire Scores and Subtypes of Social-Desirable Responding

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001.29.4.181 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 181-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

John Allbutt ◽

Jonathan Ling ◽

Thomas M. Heffernan ◽

Mohammed Shafiullah

Keyword(s):

Visual Imagery ◽

Correlational Analysis ◽

Self Report ◽

Auditory Imagery ◽

Auditory Modality ◽

Visual Thinking ◽

Thinking Style ◽

Social Desirable Responding

Allbutt, Ling, and Shafiullah (2006) and Allbutt, Shafiullah, and Ling (2006) found that scores on self-report measures of visual imagery experience correlate primarily with the egoistic form of social-desirable responding. Here, three studies are reported which investigated whether this pattern of findings generalized to the ratings of imagery vividness in the auditory modality, a new version of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire ( Marks, 1995 ), and reports of visual thinking style. The measure of social-desirable responding used was the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR; Paulhus, 2002 ). Correlational analysis replicated the pattern seen in our earlier work and of the correlations with the egoistic bias, the correlation with vividness of visual imagery was largest and significant, the correlation with visual thinking style next largest and approached significance, and the correlation with vividness of auditory imagery was the smallest and not significant. The size of these correlations mirrored the extent to which the three aspects of imagery were valued by participants.

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Comparing Primary Voice-Hearers with and without Hallucinations in Other Sensory Modalities

Psychopathology ◽

10.1159/000517455 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 214-220

Author(s):

Wei Lin Toh ◽

Neil Thomas ◽

Susan L. Rossell

Keyword(s):

Functional Impairment ◽

Auditory Hallucination ◽

Sensory Modality ◽

Clinical Information ◽

Auditory Hallucinations ◽

Auditory Modality ◽

Positive Symptoms ◽

Psychotic Experiences ◽

Sensory Modalities ◽

Preliminary Study

There has been burgeoning interest in studying hallucinations in psychosis occurring across multiple sensory modalities. The current study aimed to characterize the auditory hallucination and delusion profiles in patients with auditory hallucinations only versus those with multisensory hallucinations. Participants with psychosis were partitioned into groups with voices only (AVH; <i>n</i> = 50) versus voices plus hallucinations in at least one other sensory modality (AVH+; <i>n</i> = 50), based on their responses on the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Basic demographic and clinical information was collected, and the Questionnaire for Psychotic Experiences (QPE) was used to assess psychosis phenomenology. Relative to the AVH group, greater compliance to perceived commands, auditory illusions, and sensed presences was significantly elevated in the AVH+ group. The latter group also had greater levels of delusion-related distress and functional impairment and was more likely to endorse delusions of reference and misidentification. This preliminary study uncovered important phenomenological differences in those with multisensory hallucinations. Future hallucination research extending beyond the auditory modality is needed.

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A Case of Homicidal Mania, with Auditory Hallucinations

Journal of Mental Science ◽

10.1192/bjp.7.37.120 ◽

1861 ◽

Vol 7 (37) ◽

pp. 120-127

Author(s):

C. Lockhart Robertson

Keyword(s):

Coming Out ◽

Auditory Hallucinations ◽

History Of

History of the case.—G. C—, No. —, æt. 41, single, a Scotchman, was admitted into the Hayward's Heath Asylum on the 31st October, 1860.In 1856, this patient was committed for seven days to Maidstone Gaol for some breach of the peace while under the influence of drink, and he then stabbed a fellow-prisoner (who subsequently died of the wound), whom he had never seen before, and who had in no way provoked or offended him. His own account of the transaction is that, on the second or third day after his committal, he was coming out of the chaplain's room, and being left alone in the corridor, a sudden idea took possession of his mind that he was in a place where men were cut up for preserved meat for the navy, and that seeing a carpenter's chisel lying on the ground (some repairs were in progress), he took it up, and blindly attacked the first prisoner he met.

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A kézátültetés története: fejlődés a műtéti technikában, a gyógyszeres kezelésben és az átültetett kezek túlélésében. Irodalmi áttekintés

Orvosi Hetilap ◽

10.1556/650.2017.30848 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 158 (38) ◽

pp. 1483-1487

Author(s):

Vilmos Bíró

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Final Outcome ◽

Team Work ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Hand Transplantation ◽

Significant Development ◽

Technical Challenge ◽

Medicinal Treatment ◽

History Of

Abstract: The author summarizes briefly the history of hand allograft transplantation, the basics of the operative technics, and the medicinal treatment of the immunosuppression. He establishes that this operation requires complicated team-work: many specialists must be united in the interest of the successful final outcome. The biggest problem is not the technical challenge of the complicated operation, but the ineffectiveness of immunosuppression, its complications; even though significant development has happened in this field and experimental results are also encouraging. The author discusses these questions in this publication in the mirror of literature data. He states, that a successful hand transplantation, with its sensory and motoric functions can increase quality of life, in contrast with the ortheses. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(38): 1483–1487.

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IX. ECOLOGICAL OVERGENERALIZATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

Perception and the Representative Design of Psychological Experiments ◽

10.1525/9780520350519-012 ◽

1956 ◽

pp. 52-54

Keyword(s):

History Of Psychology ◽

Experimental Results ◽

History Of

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Impaired verbal self-monitoring in psychosis: effects of state, trait and diagnosis

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291705006628 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 465-474 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

LOUISE C. JOHNS ◽

LYNSEY GREGG ◽

PAUL ALLEN ◽

PHILIP K. McGUIRE

Keyword(s):

Source Monitoring ◽

Reading Aloud ◽

Auditory Hallucinations ◽

Affective Psychosis ◽

Self Monitoring ◽

Auditory Verbal Hallucinations ◽

Psychotic State ◽

External Attribution ◽

History Of ◽

On Line

Background. Cognitive models propose that auditory verbal hallucinations arise through defective self-monitoring and external attribution of inner speech. We used a paradigm that engages verbal self-monitoring to examine how deficits in this process are related to symptoms and diagnosis in patients with psychosis.Method. We tested 45 patients with schizophrenia. Fifteen had current auditory hallucinations, 15 had a history of (but no current) auditory hallucinations, and 15 had delusions but neither current nor previous hallucinations. We also tested 10 patients with affective psychosis and current auditory hallucinations, and 20 healthy volunteers. Participants read single adjectives aloud while the source and the pitch of the on-line auditory verbal feedback was manipulated, then immediately identified the source of the speech they heard (‘self’/‘other’/‘unsure’).Results. When reading aloud with distorted feedback of their own voice, patients with schizophrenia who had auditory hallucinations were more likely than controls to misidentify its source as ‘other’. Patients with delusions but no current hallucinations displayed a similar deficit, although there was a trend for this to be less marked. Patients with a history of hallucinations did not differ from controls. Patients with hallucinations in the context of an affective disorder made more unsure responses rather than misattributions.Conclusions. Difficulty with source monitoring was related to the acute psychotic state rather than a predisposition to hallucinations, and was evident in patients with affective psychosis as well as schizophrenia. External misattribution of source may reflect an impairment in verbal self-monitoring and/or the appraisal of ambiguous sensory material.

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Musical Imagery

Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal ◽

10.2307/40285346 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 411-426 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Robert J. Weber ◽

Suellen Brown

Keyword(s):

Image Coding ◽

Visual Imagery ◽

Visual Image ◽

Auditory Imagery ◽

Shared Resources ◽

Written Responses ◽

Musical Imagery ◽

Modes Of Representation ◽

Tonal Contour ◽

Better Than

An objective indicator of musical imagery is developed that involves tracking the up and down movements of the tonal contour of an imagined musical phrase or tune. In two experiments, college students' imagery of music was examined. In both experiments, subjects learned musical phrases with words (songs) and without words (melodies). They then indicated as rapidly as possibly the tonal contour. In Experiment 1, the primary issue was whether musical imagery (as distinct from kinesthetic or visual imagery) drew on the same representation as overt song. Subjects processed the phrases by using either an imaginal or overtly sung representation. No difference in processing time was found between the imaginal and overt modes of representation, consistent with a common representation. A second issue was "tonal primacy," the priority of tonal coding over verbal or word coding in musical phrases; in fact, songs (with words) were processed as well or better than melodies (without words). No evidence favoring tonal primacy was found. In Experiment 2, the issues examined were possible kinesthetic or visual image coding of pitch representation and possible sharing of tonal and verbal generation processes for musical imagery and auditory imagery. Spoken responses for classifying tonal relations took longer than written responses, indicating that kinesthetic and visual image coding was unlikely and that the pitch generation of musical imagery shared resources with a more general auditory imagery.

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