Economic Losses Associated with Chronic Mental Disorder in a Developing Country

1984 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Westermeyer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Psychiatric Services ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Major Mental Disorder ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
The Cost

SummaryThis study was undertaken in a society without psychiatric services to assess the economic losses associated there with major mental disorder. Such data are important in assessing the cost/benefit of services for major mental disorders.A survey was conducted in 27 representative villages of Laos, each containing about 200–300 people; 35 mentally ill subjects were identified. Data were obtained on expenditure for treatment, loss of productivity, and other economic losses (eg., destruction of property); demographic data and clinical rating scales were also obtained, and compared with economic variables.The data show wide variability in expenditures for treatment, but losses of productivity were consistently high; acute losses, while impressive due to their suddeness and obvious wastefulness, were comparatively small relative to others. Demographic data were not associated with loss in productivity. Certain psychopathological parameters, ie., more psychopathology, less productivity, were inversely correlated with productivity. Psychosocial function scales were strongly and directly correlated with productivity.

scholarly journals The Goldilocks effect: female geladas in mid-sized groups have higher fitness

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1952) ◽  
pp. 20210820
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Tinsley Johnson ◽  
Jacob A. Feder ◽  
Thore J. Bergman ◽  
Amy Lu ◽  
Noah Snyder-Mackler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

The cost–benefit ratio of group living is thought to vary with group size: individuals in ‘optimally sized’ groups should have higher fitness than individuals in groups that are either too large or too small. However, the relationship between group size and individual fitness has been difficult to establish for long-lived species where the number of groups studied is typically quite low. Here, we present evidence for optimal group size that maximizes female fitness in a population of geladas ( Theropithecus gelada ). Drawing on 14 years of demographic data, we found that females in small groups experienced the highest death rates, while females in mid-sized groups exhibited the highest reproductive performance. This group size effect on female reproductive performance was largely explained by variation in infant mortality (and, in particular, by infanticide from immigrant males) but not by variation in reproductive rates. Taken together, females in mid-sized groups are projected to attain optimal fitness due to conspecific infanticide and, potentially, predation. Our findings provide insight into how and why group size shapes fitness in long-lived species.

scholarly journals Rituximab Utilization Evaluation with Focused on Available Evidence for Off-Labeled Indications

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Farasatinasab ◽  
Sohrab Aghabeigi ◽  
Soodeh Ramezaninejad ◽  
Atefeh Amouzegar ◽  
Behrooz Ghanbari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Dosage Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Expensive Drug ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Cost

Background: To investigate the on-labeled and off-labeled indications of rituximab according to available evidence and the cost benefit of using this expensive drug. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2016 and August 2017 at a teaching hospital affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Patients’ demographic data and disease, indication for rituximab use, its dosage and treatment regimen and previous and concurrent treatments was assessed. The collected data were compared with the current criteria for the pattern of rituximab use. The last version of Lexicomp® acquired by Wolters Kluwer was used as the reference for on-labeled and off-labeled indications of the prescribed drug and its dosage. Level of evidences for applied indications and cost has also been evaluated. Results: A total of 85 patients received rituximab during the study period. The most frequent reasons for rituximab prescription were: multiple sclerosis (50.58%), systemic sclerosis (10.58%), rheumatoid arthritis (7.05%) and Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (4.70%).Rituximab was used in 8 (9.4%) cases according to on-labeled indications. There was level C evidence for rituximab use in off-labeled indications in 47 (55.29%) cases according to available evidences which accounts for the highest calculated cost. Conclusion:Based on our results, rituximab was frequently administrated for off-labeled indications most of which are not supported by established levels of evidence. The total cost was higher for level C evidence indications of off labeled rituximab than for indications with a higher level of evidence (A and B). So, strong evidence is necessary for decision making regarding its effectiveness and its cost benefit. J Pharm Care 2019; 7(1-2): 14-20.

scholarly journals Rapid Point-of-Care Influenza Testing for Patients in German Emergency Rooms – A Cost-Benefit Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-212
Author(s):  
Roland Diel ◽  
Albert Nienhaus
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Clinical Judgement ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Decision Analytic Model ◽  
Emergency Rooms ◽  
Hospital Employees ◽  
The Cost

Background: Each year, influenza causes significant morbidity and death worldwide and produces significant economic losses at the expense of the healthcare system. Objective: To assess the cost-benefit relationship of implementing a rapid point-of-care (POC) influenza test in emergency rooms (ERs) of German hospitals. Methods: A deterministic decision-analytic model simulated the incremental costs of using the Sofia® Influenza A+B test compared to those of using clinical judgement alone to confirm or exclude influenza in adult ILI (influenza-like illness) patients in German ERs prior to hospitalization. Direct costs, with and without subsequent oseltamivir treatment, were evaluated from the hospital perspective as well as indirect costs incurred by nosocomial influenza transmission to hospital employees. Results: In base-case analysis, taking the influenza prevalence of 25.9% in the season 2018/2019 and assuming a hospitalization rate among influenza suspects of 21.9%, rapid testing with the Sofia® followed by administering oseltamivir to patients testing positive reduced average costs of hospitalized ILI patients by €52.16 per tested patient. If oseltamivir was not offered, testing with the Sofia® reduced costs by €42.28 in favor of the hospital. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, under all reasonable assumptions, implementing the Sofia® saved on average €119.89 as compared to applying the clinical-judgement-only strategy. The major part of the cost savings, €113.17 or 94.4%, was due to the POC test´s high specificity, which led to 91% reduction in needless bed-blocking on the first day of hospitalization. However, as the sensitivity of 75.3% was only slightly higher than that of conventional clinical judgement, improved classification of patients with true influenza and a correspondingly lower rate of illness in hospital employees could not be achieved. Conclusions: Using highly specific rapid POC influenza tests in ILI patients at German ER, despite their sub-optimal sensitivity, may significantly reduce hospital expenditures.

Hostile Takeovers and Anti-takeover Defenses in the Russian Corporate Market

2007 ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Demidova
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Hostile Takeovers ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Takeover Defenses ◽  
The Cost ◽  
European Markets

This article analyzes definitions and the role of hostile takeovers at the Russian and European markets for corporate control. It develops the methodology of assessing the efficiency of anti-takeover defenses adapted to the conditions of the Russian market. The paper uses the cost-benefit analysis, where the costs and benefits of the pre-bid and post-bid defenses are compared.

The Evolutionary Psychology of Scientific Publishing: Cost-Benefit Optimization of Players in the Game

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milind Watve
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Current System ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Scientific Publishing ◽  
Collective Goal ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Collective Goals ◽  
Innate Tendency

Peer reviewed scientific publishing is critical for communicating important findings, interpretations and theories in any branch of science. While the value of peer review is rarely doubted, much concern is being raised about the possible biases in the process. I argue here that most of the biases originate in the evolved innate tendency of every player to optimize one’s own cost benefits. Different players in the scientific publishing game have different cost-benefit optima. There are multiple conflicts between individual optima and collective goals. An analysis of the cost-benefit optima of every player in the scientific publishing game shows how and why biases originate. In the current system of publishing, by optimization considerations, the probability of publishing a ‘bad’ manuscript is relatively small but the probability of rejecting a ‘good’ manuscript is very high. By continuing with the current publishing structure, the global distribution of the scientific community would be increasingly clustered. Publication biases by gender, ethnicity, reputation, conformation and conformity will be increasingly common and revolutionary concepts increasingly difficult to publish. Ultimately, I explore the possibility of designing a peer review publishing system in which the conflicts between individual optimization and collective goal can be minimized. In such a system, if everyone behaves with maximum selfishness, biases would be minimized and the progress towards the collective goal would be faster and smoother. Changing towards such a system might prove difficult unless a critical mass of authors take an active role to revolutionize scientific publishing.

Socio Demographic and Clinical Profile of Indoor Female Patients of RINPAS

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Rajni Suri ◽  
Anshu Suri ◽  
Neelam Kumari ◽  
Amool R. Singh ◽  
Manisha Kiran
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Cross Sectional

The role of women is very crucial in our society. She cares for her parents, partner, children and other relatives. She performs all types of duties in family and also in the society without any expectations. Because of playing many roles, women often face many challenges in their life including both physical and mental. Mental health problems affect women and men equally, but some problems are more common among women including both physical and mental health problems. Aim of the study - The present study is aimed to describe and compare the clinical and socio-demographic correlates of female mentally ill patients. Methods and Materials: The study includes 180 female mentally ill patients based on cross sectional design and the sample for the study was drawn purposively. A semi structured socio-demographic data sheet was prepared to collect relevant information as per the need of the study. Result: The present study reveals that the socio-demographic factors contribute a vital role in mental illness. Findings also showed that majority of patients had mental problems in the age range of 20-30 have high rate. Illiterate and primary level of education and daily wage working women as well as low and middle socio-economic status women are more prone to have mental illness. Other factors like marital status, type of family and religion etc also important factors for mental illness. Keywords: Socio demographic profile, female, psychiatric patient

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