The Neuropsychiatry of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

1988 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. Burges Watson ◽  
L. Hoffman ◽  
G. V. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Psychosocial Issues ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Biological Perspective ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Psychosocial Approaches ◽  
First Time

The publication of DSM-III introduced the diagnosis Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), thus providing, for the first time, a framework for studying the consequences of extremely stressful events. Previously, traumatic neuroses had attracted a wide variety of labels – as wide as the experiences that produced them. Competing explanations in psychological and biological terms have characterised the approach to these disorders, and social and legal issues have added to the confusion. In recent years, psychosocial issues have tended to dominate the literature in relation to PTSD. While acknowledging the importance of such phenomenological and psychosocial approaches, this paper seeks to redress the balance by focusing on a biological perspective.

Exposure to stressful events during a peacekeeping mission may have a price: The impact on trait of negative and positive affect and mental health

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1285-1291
Author(s):  
Roberta Sonia Rodrigues Álvares ◽  
Ana Carolina Ferraz Mendonça-de-Souza ◽  
Antônio Fernando Araujo Duarte ◽  
Thaís Medeiros Gameiro ◽  
Nastassja Lopes Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Impact

We evaluated the participants’ negative affect, positive affect, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression symptoms before and after a peacekeeping mission. Depression symptoms and positive affect after mission were significantly associated with exposure to stressful events during the mission, controlled by the respective characteristics before mission. Negative affect and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after mission had a tendency to be associated with exposure to stressful events during the mission, controlled by the respective characteristics before mission. In conclusion, even in healthy and physically active male peacekeepers, those more exposed to stressful events could be more vulnerable to present negative outcomes.

scholarly journals A prospective study of pre-trauma risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 2571-2582 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wild ◽  
K. V. Smith ◽  
E. Thompson ◽  
F. Béar ◽  
M. J. J. Lommen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Post Traumatic

BackgroundIt is unclear which potentially modifiable risk factors best predict post-trauma psychiatric disorders. We aimed to identify pre-trauma risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or major depression (MD) that could be targeted with resilience interventions.MethodNewly recruited paramedics (n = 453) were assessed for history of mental disorders with structured clinical interviews within the first week of their paramedic training and completed self-report measures to assess hypothesized predictors. Participants were assessed every 4 months for 2 years to identify any episodes of PTSD and MD; 386 paramedics (85.2%) participated in the follow-up interviews.ResultsIn all, 32 participants (8.3%) developed an episode of PTSD and 41 (10.6%) an episode of MD during follow-up. In all but nine cases (2.3%), episodes had remitted by the next assessment 4 months later. At 2 years, those with episodes of PTSD or MD during follow-up reported more days off work, poorer sleep, poorer quality of life, greater burn-out; and greater weight-gain for those with PTSD. In line with theories of PTSD and depression, analyses controlling for psychiatric and trauma history identified several pre-trauma predictors (cognitive styles, coping styles and psychological traits). Logistic regressions showed that rumination about memories of stressful events at the start of training uniquely predicted an episode of PTSD. Perceived resilience uniquely predicted an episode of MD.ConclusionsParticipants at risk of developing episodes of PTSD or depression could be identified within the first week of paramedic training. Cognitive predictors of episodes of PTSD and MD are promising targets for resilience interventions.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Birthmothers

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Wells
Keyword(s):  
International Society ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
World Conference ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
First Time

Adoption was included for the first time at the world conference of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies last Easter in Amsterdam. Sue Wells presents extracts from her presentation to the conference, based upon her own research as a birthmother.

scholarly journals Identification of DNA Methylation Changes That Predict Onset of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Following Physical Trauma

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina A. Martin ◽  
Rany Vorn ◽  
Martin Schrieber ◽  
Chen Lai ◽  
Sijung Yun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Physical Trauma ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
And Control

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are commonly experienced after exposure to highly stressful events, including physical trauma, yet, biological predictors remain elusive. Methylation of DNA may provide key insights, as it likely is reflective of factors that may increase the risk in trauma patients, as DNA methylation is altered by previous stressors. Here, we compared DNA methylation patterns using bisulfite sequencing in patients with a physical trauma that required more than a 24-h hospitalization (n = 33). We then compared DNA methylation in patients who developed and compared the following groups (1) PTSD and MDD; n = 12), (2) MDD (patients with MDD only; n = 12), and (3) control (patients who did not have PTSD or MDD; n = 9), determined by the PTSD Checklist (PCL-5) and Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) at 6-months follow-up. We identified 17 genes with hypermethylated cytosine sites and 2 genes with hypomethylated sites in comparison between PTSD and control group. In comparison between MDD and control group, we identified 12 genes with hypermethylated cytosine sites and 6 genes with hypomethylated sites. Demethylation of these genes altered the CREB signaling pathway in neurons and may represent a promising therapeutic development target for PTSD and MDD. Our findings suggest that epigenetic changes in these gene regions potentially relate to the onset and symptomology of PTSD and MDD and could be used as potential biomarkers in predicting the onset of PTSD or MDD following traumatic events.

scholarly journals Diminished medial prefrontal cortex activation during the recollection of stressful events is an acquired characteristic of PTSD

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 1128-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Dahlgren ◽  
L. M. Laifer ◽  
M. B. VanElzakker ◽  
R. Offringa ◽  
K. C. Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic

AbstractBackgroundPrevious research has shown relatively diminished medial prefrontal cortex activation and heightened psychophysiological responses during the recollection of personal events in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the origin of these abnormalities is unknown. Twin studies provide the opportunity to determine whether such abnormalities reflect familial vulnerabilities, result from trauma exposure, or are acquired characteristics of PTSD.MethodsIn this case–control twin study, 26 male identical twin pairs (12 PTSD; 14 non-PTSD) discordant for PTSD and combat exposure recalled and imagined trauma-unrelated stressful and neutral life events using a standard script-driven imagery paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging and concurrent skin conductance measurement.ResultsDiminished activation in the medial prefrontal cortex during Stressful v. Neutral script-driven imagery was observed in the individuals with PTSD, relative to other groups.ConclusionsDiminished medial prefrontal cortex activation during Stressful v. Neutral script-driven imagery may be an acquired characteristic of PTSD. If replicated, this finding could be used prospectively to inform diagnosis and the assessment of treatment response.

Physical fatigue and the morfofunctional state of myocardium in experimental chronic stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 485 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-250
Author(s):  
M. V. Kondashevskaya ◽  
V. E. Tseylikman ◽  
M. V. Komelkova ◽  
M. S. Lapshin ◽  
A. P. Sarapultsev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between skeletal muscle fatigue and morpho-functional alterations in the myocardium was analyzed for the first time in Wistar male rats exposed to chronic stress. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was associated with signs of increased oxidative stress, which apparently induced the changes in cardiomyocyte structural components and the acceleration of skeletal and muscular fatigue.

scholarly journals Up-Regulation of αCaMKII Impairs Cued Fear Extinction and NMDAR-Dependent LTD in the Lateral Amygdala

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuming An ◽  
Jiayue Wang ◽  
Xuliang Zhang ◽  
Yanhong Duan ◽  
Junyan Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Level ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Fear Extinction ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Lateral Amygdala ◽  
Molecular Determinant ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACTImpaired fear extinction is one of the hallmark symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The roles of αCaMKII have been not extensively studied in fear extinction and LTD. Here, we found PTSD susceptible mice exhibited significant up-regulation of αCaMKII in the lateral amygdala (LA). Consistently, increasing αCaMKII in LA profoundly not only caused PTSD-like symptoms such as impaired fear extinction and anxiety-like behaviors, but also attenuated NMDAR-dependent LTD at thalamo-LA synapses, reduced GluA1-Ser845/Ser831 dephosphorylation and AMPAR internalization. Suppressing the elevated αCaMKII to normal level could completely reverse both PTSD-like symptoms and the impairments in LTD, GluA1-Ser845/Ser831 dephosphorylation and AMPAR internalization. Intriguingly, deficits in AMPAR internalization and GluA1-Ser845/Ser831 dephosphorylation were detected not only after impaired fear extinction, but also after attenuated LTD Our results demonstrate for the first time GluA1-Ser845/Ser831 dephosphorylation and AMPAR internalization are molecular links between LTD and fear extinction, and suggest αCaMKII may be a potential molecular determinant of PTSD.

scholarly journals Music Alleviates Learning and Memory Impairments in an Animal Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7775-7784
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Post Traumatic

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most prevalent disorder that occurs after experiencing life-threatening traumatic or stressful events. The most prevalent problems among PTSD patients are cognitive dysfunctions, including learning and memory impairments. Listening to music has constructive effects on brain functions, neurogenesis, and neuroplasticity, so the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of music on learning and memory in a rat model of PTSD. Fifty-six adult male Wistar rats (200–250 gr) divided into four main groups (control, music, PTSD, and PTSD+ music) were used. A single prolonged stress (SPS) method was used for inducing PTSD in rats. Anxiety-like behaviors and Cognitive functions were evaluated using the Open field, Morris water maze (MWM), and passive avoidance test. Findings demonstrated that SPS induced marked impairment in learning and memory, and anxiolytic behaviors in rats and exposure to music significantly ameliorated these impairments. It seems that music can modulate the destructive effects of SPS on learning and memory at a behavioral level.

scholarly journals Causes and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Importance of Right Diagnosis and Treatment

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil J. Wimalawansa
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Adjustment Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Post Traumatic

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious debilitating syndrome with significant personal, social, and economic consequences. People with PTSD experience one or more major symptoms that include flashbacks and paranoia, difficulty in interpersonal relationships, and problems engaging in work and activities of daily living. In severe cases they can harm themselves or the others; but these events are preventable by appropriate therapies. PTSD is a well-characterized serious psychological and behavioural abnormality that occurs after exposure to one or more acute severe stressful events. It often occurs among soldiers returning from battlefields and the civilian victims of war. However, it also occurs in non-war situations, such as terrorist attacks or serious accidents; sexual abuse, rape, or other violent acts; and school or workplace bullying, harassment, or retaliation. Nevertheless, the diagnosis of PTSD is made too infrequently, particularly in the post-conflict periods in developing countries. This is in part because of inadequate awareness but also due to limited resources and expertise. Consequently, the resources for clinical care and research are diverted to other forms of behavioral issues, such as adjustment disorders. The treatment of PTSD needs to be well coordinated so that all stakeholders work synergistically using the resources necessary for the prolonged treatment and follow-ups. PTSD is underdiagnosed, and even misdiagnosed or mislabeled as depression or adjustment disorders. The failure to make a timely diagnosis or mislabeling of PTSD likely will harm victims and their families and may lead to negative outcomes, including suicide. The provision of appropriate, well organized, individualized, cost-effective treatment plans should alleviate PTSD symptoms and enable those with the disorder to return to their normal productive lives. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8537 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2014): 1-13

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