2. American Retrospect

1886 ◽  
Vol 32 (138) ◽  
pp. 265-274
Author(s):  
D. Hack Tuke
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Great Satisfaction ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Personal Liberty ◽  
The Government ◽  
Extension Of State ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Open Wards ◽  
Cost Of Construction ◽  
General Adoption

Among the papers read at this Conference eight are by experts in the Psychological Department of Medicine, and occupy more than 60 pages. Dr. Chapin, the Superintendent of the Penn. Hospital, Philadelphia, presents a report of the Committee on the Provision for the insane, in which it is stated that of the 92,000 insane persons in the United States 43,000 are not in asylums. Of Boards of State Charities it is held that their powers in respect to asylums should be limited to the examination and report of their condition and the investigation of abuses. The policy of committing the responsibility of administration to such Boards is not wise. It is observed that whatever may be the objections to Local Boards entrusted with State Institutions, there are other largely compensating advantages in their favour. It is added that “Boards of State Charities” may exercise a wholesome oversight and supervision, observe the best methods, and urge their general adoption. Great satisfaction is expressed at the wide departures that have been made from former plans of asylum construction, as at Willard; Middletown; the open wards of the Government Asylum, Washington; the asylum at Kankakee; the Bancroft wards at the Concord Asylum; the “Cottage by the Sea,” under the direction of the Friends' Asylum, Philadelphia; and the Mountain House connected with the Vermont Asylum. Such asylums as Kankakee have succeeded in showing that the cost of construction and the maintenance of patients may be considerably reduced, thus removing a great obstacle to the extension of State provision for the insane; while there has been an increase of personal liberty and a greater opportunity for the various occupations in which a community engages. Dr. Chapin makes this honourable acknowledgment:—“Candour compels us to acknowledge some of the results have been aided by fair and wholesome criticism, which has furnished moral support to bring about changes as well as incentment to devise ways for improvement. It is an unfortunate error to cultivate an opinion that any human work is perfect or cannot be improved.” He advocates for the accommodation of bed-ridden patients, feeble dements, and epileptics, large associated dormitories (like our Caterham and Leavesden), with an efficient staff of night attendants, or a total separate building one storey in height, comprising a day-room or ward, and a dormitory with a few adjoining single rooms. Of the patients at Willard, 10 per cent. were of the class suited for this arrangement.

Impact of Government Bailout on Banks’ Cost of Equity: Additional Evidence from the Financial Bailout of 2008–2009

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (01) ◽  
pp. 2150003
Author(s):  
Daphne Wang ◽  
Robert Houmes ◽  
Thanh Ngo ◽  
Omar Esqueda
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Ownership ◽  
The United States ◽  
Matched Sample ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Troubled Asset Relief Program ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Relief Program ◽  
Robust Evidence

The Capital Purchase Program (CPP) was the first and most significant program under the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) during 2008–2009 financial crisis. This study evaluates the effect of the CPP during this period on the cost of equity of 170 publicly listed banks in the United States that received funding. To control for the potential effects of endogeneity on our results, we use a propensity score matched sample of non-CPP banks. Using this approach, we document robust evidence that the liquidity provided by the government bailout reduced the cost of equity for recipient banks, especially for those banks that repaid their bailout funds in full. This decrease in the cost of equity is particularly significant for banks with high market-to-book ratios, low concentrations of institutional ownership, and those banks with at least one large blockholder. Our findings have important implications for the assessment of government bailout programs and the future regulation of financial institutions.

Recognizing barriers to entry of biosimilars in the United States market and highlighting the solutions

2020 ◽  
pp. 174113432097215
Author(s):  
Arpit Bana ◽  
Priti J Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Patent Protection ◽  
Reference Product ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The U.S

Drugs that are procured from living cells and are used to treat acute and chronic diseases are called biologics, whereas biosimilars are the drugs which are highly similar but not identical to the original reference product. The main advantage of these drugs is that they are highly targeted with great therapeutic activity and can be used for multiple indications. Despite all the advantages biologics are still extremely costly. The main purpose of developing and introducing biosimilars was and is to increase market competition leading to a decrease in the cost of the biologics. However, until now the cost of the treatment has not decreased in the US market because there are many barriers to the entry of biosimilar in the US market which are discussed in this article. In this article, we argue that the barrier or hurdle in the US market entry of the biosimilars is not only limited to patent protection or exclusivity but other less discussed barriers are also there which are to be discussed. Due to these barriers till June 10, 2020, only 9 biosimilars are available commercially in the US market out of the 27 biosimilars approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We argue that the introduction of these biosimilars in the US market is essential for increasing market competition and thus decreasing the overall treatment cost for both the government and the payers. In this article, we are also providing perspective on the possible solutions to reduce these barriers and to encourage the entry of biosimilar in the US market.

scholarly journals Post COVID-19 Will Telemedicine replace Traditional Medicine?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Care Plan ◽  
Life Care ◽  
Licensed Practical Nurse ◽  
Care Plans ◽  
Practical Nurse ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Industry ◽  
Trump Administration

Telehealth services have grown exponentially in 2020. Both the government and more than 275 technology companies have made significant investments in this new industry. The Trump Administration has streamlined the process to benefit 13.7 million Medicare Advantage enrollees. Amwell, the leading telemedicine company in the United States received a $100 million investment from Google, plus $100 million towards a pilot program from the FCC. Attorneys will be affected because any life care plan attributes the largest expense to the hiring of a Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN), and their services are being impacted by telehealth technology in the last five years. Thanks to telehealth technology, nurses can work remotely, and this may lower the cost of support care mentioned in the life care plans that attorneys use.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven H. Steinmo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Political Cultures ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Treat All

Why are some people more willing to pay their taxes than others? In some countries the government is able to collect more than 90% of the taxes it is owed, while in other countries more than 30% of tax revenue goes missing due to tax evasion. This book explores this question by examining the fiscal history of five different democratic nations: Sweden, Britain, Italy, the United States, and Romania. This chapter introduces the book and draws out the central themes introduced in the substantive chapters. Drawing on these rich historical chapters, the introduction shows that successful states have developed strong administrative capacities, treat all taxpayers fairly, and deliver value for the monies they collect. This chapter argues that differences in tax compliance across countries is not explained by different political cultures, but is instead explained by differences in the efficacy of state institutions and the ways they have interacted with their citizens.

Outcomes Research in the Treatment of Asthma

2010 ◽  
pp. 78-99
Author(s):  
Ram C. Neupane ◽  
Jason Turner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
National Inpatient Sample ◽  
Therapeutic Goals ◽  
Common Chronic Disease ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Asthma is a common chronic disease in the United States, with increasing prevalence. Many patients do not realize therapeutic goals because of poor disease management. The purpose of this study is to examine the costs of the commonly used drugs used to treat asthma. We examined the contribution of individual, government and private agencies for medication payment. We next compared the prescription cost to the cost of emergency room visits. The data are taken from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. SAS Enterprise Guide was used for preprocessing and data visualization. It was found that prednisone is the cheapest drug and the drug, albuterol, is the most common, even if it is more expensive. The contribution of the government is higher than the amount paid by individuals and other agencies. We examined data from the National Inpatient Sample to investigate trends in asthma as well.

scholarly journals A Unified Welfare Analysis of Government Policies*

2020 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 1209-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Hendren ◽  
Ben Sprung-Keyser
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Welfare Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Marginal Value ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Abstract We conduct a comparative welfare analysis of 133 historical policy changes over the past half-century in the United States, focusing on policies in social insurance, education and job training, taxes and cash transfers, and in-kind transfers. For each policy, we use existing causal estimates to calculate the benefit that each policy provides its recipients (measured as their willingness to pay) and the policy’s net cost, inclusive of long-term effects on the government’s budget. We divide the willingness to pay by the net cost to the government to form each policy’s Marginal Value of Public Funds, or its ``MVPF''. Comparing MVPFs across policies provides a unified method of assessing their effect on social welfare. Our results suggest that direct investments in low-income children’s health and education have historically had the highest MVPFs, on average exceeding 5. Many such policies have paid for themselves as the government recouped the cost of their initial expenditures through additional taxes collected and reduced transfers. We find large MVPFs for education and health policies among children of all ages, rather than observing diminishing marginal returns throughout childhood. We find smaller MVPFs for policies targeting adults, generally between 0.5 and 2. Expenditures on adults have exceeded this MVPF range in particular if they induced large spillovers on children. We relate our estimates to existing theories of optimal government policy, and we discuss how the MVPF provides lessons for the design of future research.

scholarly journals Normal growth of dairy heifers

1914 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
C. Lloyd (Charles Lloyd) Burlingham
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
The Government ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
The Cost

The Federal Office of Farm Management reports (March, 1914) that there are 21,749,651 dairy cows in the United States. Considering the average productive life to be six of seven years, it is evident that 3,000,000 to 3,500,000 heifers must be grown each year to maintain the present number of dairy cows. The Government estimate of the cost of raising each to a productive age is $61.41. It therefore is important, not only that they be economically grown, but that they make such growth as will result in greatest production at maturity. A review of literature shows that little has been done experimentally on the growth of dairy cattle. While the scientific facts of growth have been worked out with man and with laboratory animals, almost no application of these facts has been made to the development of farm animals. The basis of this thesis is a study of growth of dairy heifers from birth to first parturition. The development of animals kept under different planes of nutrition is considered and compared with that made by those fed rations which are thought to be suitable for normal growth. From this data a standard of growth is calculated showing the size a heifer should attain at any particular age.

scholarly journals Look, the World is Watching how We Treat Migrants! The Making of the Anti-Trafficking Legislation during the Ma Administration

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Cheng ◽  
Lara Momesso
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Advocacy Groups ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
State Surveillance ◽  
The Government ◽  
Spiral Model ◽  
The Cost

Employing the spiral model, this research analyses how anti-human trafficking legislation was promulgated during the Ma Ying-jeou (Ma Yingjiu) presidency. This research found that the government of Taiwan was just as accountable for the violation of migrants’ human rights as the exploitive placement agencies and abusive employers. This research argues that, given its reliance on the United States for political and security support, Taiwan has made great efforts to improve its human rights records and meet US standards for protecting human rights. The reform was a result of multilevel inputs, including US pressure and collaboration between transnational and domestic advocacy groups. A major contribution of this research is to challenge the belief that human rights protection is intrinsic to democracy. In the same light, this research also cautions against Taiwan's subscription to US norms since the reform was achieved at the cost of stereotyping trafficking victimhood, legitimising state surveillance, and further marginalising sex workers.

scholarly journals German Economy: Angela Merkel’s Heritage

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
B. Zaritskii
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
German Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Business Community ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
Angela Merkel ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

The article analyses the main stages of development of the German economy during the 16-year reign of Chancellor Angela Merkel (2005–2021). During this period, Germany was reasonably successful in dealing with the impacts of the world financial and economic crisis it faced in 2008–2009. The 10 subsequent years witnessed economic growth, however, today the country is once again trying to find a way out of a crisis this time caused by the COVID 19 pandemic. In 2020, the GDP fell by almost 5%, while the industrial production declined by 10.4%. The return to the growth trajectory is being linked to improving the epidemiological situation and increasing foreign orders, primarily from China and the United States. The German economy is expected to reach pre-crisis levels in late 2022. Projections for further development assume that, due to a number of internal constraints and external risks, the GDP growth will not exceed 1% in 2023–2025. Angela Merkel is not leaving the country in the best of shapes. It is not her fault. Germany’s economy has more than once demonstrated its resilience to external shocks. Even today, Germany’s position looks preferable to that of most European countries. Its main advantage is a diversified and competitive industry, but the sentiments in the German business community vary greatly. Much depends on the sector and region. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), especially in the service sector, have been particularly hard hit. Many of them have run out of reserves, and their capacity to pay now depends largely on the financial support of the State. How long can the government “pump up” the economy with budget money without fear of a surge in inflation? Nor will the European Central Bank (ECB) indefinitely maintain interest rates at historically low levels. For many SMEs, the increase in the cost of credit, combined with the inevitable reduction in government support, will be a blow that not all will be able to withstand. People are tired of everything related to the pandemic and the years of familiar politicians. Everyone is waiting for the end of the epidemic and for new faces in politics. Whether the new politicians will be better than the old ones is a big question. Under all circumstances, in Germany’s recent history, Angela Merkel will remain a major political figure whose scale is yet to be truly appreciated.

How Can the U.S. Government Control Physicians' Fees under National Health Insurance? A Lesson from the French System

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence C. Thorsen
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
National Health Insurance ◽  
National Health ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Government Control ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

The French national health insurance program covers most of the cost of medical and dental care, hospital care, and prescription drugs. The portion of health care costs borne by the patient varied widely prior to 1960 because of the failure of the government to control physicians' and dentists' fees adequately. In 1960, using expanded regulatory powers, the French government under DeGaulle applied controls on fees by imposing penalties on physicians and dentists who refused to be bound by annual contracts between their local associations and the social security system. The result is uniform fees and less rapid increases in the cost of health care. Control of costs is achieved at the expense of traditional professional independence, but it has made the system workable and is thus instructive for the United States as we consider moving toward national health insurance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document