scholarly journals Muscular Movements in Man, and their Evolution in the Infant: a Study of Movement in Man, and its Evolution, together with Inferences as to the Properties of Nerve-Centres and their Modes of Action in expressing Thought

1889 ◽  
Vol 35 (149) ◽  
pp. 23-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Warner
Keyword(s):  
Brain Area ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Compound Series ◽  
Stimulation Of

(1) Movement in mau has long been a subject of profitable study. Visible movement in the body is produced by muscular contraction following upon stimulation of the muscles by efferent currents passing from the central nerve-system. Modern physiological experiments have demonstrated that when a special brain-area discharges nerve-currents, these are followed by certain visible movements or contraction of certain muscles corresponding. So exact are such reactions, as obtained by experiment upon the brain-areas, that movements similar to those produced by experimental excitation of a certain brain-area may be taken as evidence of action in that area, or as commencing in discharge from that area (see Reinforcement of Movements, 35; Compound Series of Movements, 34).

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

scholarly journals Limbic Expression of mRNA Coding for Chemoreceptors in Human Brain—Lessons from Brain Atlases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6858
Author(s):  
Fanny Gaudel ◽  
Gaëlle Guiraudie-Capraz ◽  
François Féron
Keyword(s):  
G Proteins ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trace Amines ◽  
Chemical Senses ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Human Brains ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Atlases

Animals strongly rely on chemical senses to uncover the outside world and adjust their behaviour. Chemical signals are perceived by facial sensitive chemosensors that can be clustered into three families, namely the gustatory (TASR), olfactory (OR, TAAR) and pheromonal (VNR, FPR) receptors. Over recent decades, chemoreceptors were identified in non-facial parts of the body, including the brain. In order to map chemoreceptors within the encephalon, we performed a study based on four brain atlases. The transcript expression of selected members of the three chemoreceptor families and their canonical partners was analysed in major areas of healthy and demented human brains. Genes encoding all studied chemoreceptors are transcribed in the central nervous system, particularly in the limbic system. RNA of their canonical transduction partners (G proteins, ion channels) are also observed in all studied brain areas, reinforcing the suggestion that cerebral chemoreceptors are functional. In addition, we noticed that: (i) bitterness-associated receptors display an enriched expression, (ii) the brain is equipped to sense trace amines and pheromonal cues and (iii) chemoreceptor RNA expression varies with age, but not dementia or brain trauma. Extensive studies are now required to further understand how the brain makes sense of endogenous chemicals.

scholarly journals ВПЛИВ ПОЛІХРОМАТИЧНОГО ПОЛЯРИЗОВАНОГО СВІТЛА В ПОЄДНАННІ З БЛИЖНІМ ІНФРАЧЕРВОНИМ ВИПРОМІНЮВАННЯМ НА НЕЙРОГУМОРАЛЬНІ, ІМУННІ ТА ТКАНИННІ ЗМІНИ ПРИ ОПІКОВІЙ ТРАВМІ

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Gulyar ◽  
Yu. I. Strelchenko ◽  
V. M. Jelskii
Keyword(s):  
Functional State ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Wound Surface ◽  
Secondary Alteration ◽  
Open Flame ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
Stimulation Of

<p>We performed experimental studies on rats who received dosed influence by open flame on the skin. We observed polarized light positive influence on central nerve system functional state at burns. There activated anti-stress and adaptive stimulating mechanisms. We singled out, that under the influence of polarized light, there occurs accelerated restriction of derma depth alteration restriction and skin tissues secondary alteration and sub muscles. We singled out activation of mechanisms that restrict inflammation, fibroblasts proliferation increase. We observed it on the background of stimulation of granulations formation and neoangiogenesis, stimulation of keratocytes migration and wound surface epithelialization.</p>

William Croone’s theory of muscular contraction

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-178 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
Muscular Movement ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain

In the mid-seventeenth century William Croone had been the earliest among his contemporaries to concern himself with muscular motion. Thus, much of the discussion on muscular movement in the period after 1664 is either a commentary upon Croone’s views or is derived from them, and his influence was thus widespread, especially on the Continent. The background to Croone’s own views is largely that of Greek physiology as represented in the works of Galen. The first person who had a theory of muscle contraction seems to have been Erasistratus. Galen says that Erasistratus of Chios (fl. 290 b.c.) considered that when a muscle is filled with pneuma its breadth increases while its length diminishes and for this reason it is contracted. (1) Galen himself was impressed by the contractility of muscle and by the fact that this contractility depends on the nerve arising from the spinal cord and entering the muscle, where it branches repeatedly and sends its branches into all parts of the muscle. If the nerve, entering the muscle, be cut or injured or merely compressed the muscle loses all movement and sensitivity. (2) Galen considered that a muscle is made up of fibres and flesh. (3) The fibres of the muscle are continuous with those of its tendons at either end. In the body of the muscle itself the fibres are spread apart by the flesh contained in the interspaces between them. Each of these continuous fibres extending through both the tendon and the muscle Galen considers to be made up of finer fibres—on the one hand of inert and insensitive fibres of the same kind as occur in ligaments and, on the other hand, of sensitive fibres which are simply fine extensions of the branches of the nerves. (4) Galen does not, however, seem to offer, as does Erasistratus any mechanism to account for muscle contraction. To Galen the muscle is simply moved by the motor faculty which comes from the brain.

scholarly journals A critical and experimental inquiry into the relations subsisting between nerve and muscle

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 64-65
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Muscular Fibre ◽  
Contractile Property ◽  
Direct Solution ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

It has long been a subject of controversy among physiologists whether muscular contraction is the immediate consequence of the action of a stimulus on the muscular fibre, or whether it is necessarily dependent on a change taking place in the nerve distributed to the muscle, and excited by the stimulus. This question, the author observes, is one which, from its very nature, is incapable of a direct solution, because the intimate connection of nervous fibres with every part of the muscles renders it impossible to distinguish on which of these classes of textures the impression of the stimulus is primarily made. The continuance of the motions of the heart after the destruction of the brain and spinal cord, and even after the entire removal of the heart from the body, has been adduced as an argument of the independence of the contractile property of the muscular fibre: but this argument the author considers as inconclusive, because the nervous fibres remaining in the heart, and expanded on the interior of its cavities, may still be capable of performing their usual functions, and act as the medium of excitation to the muscular fibres: an hypothesis strongly supported by the analogy of the voluntary muscles, which, though usually excited to action by changes taking place in the central portions of the nervous system, may yet, when removed from this influence, be made to contract by irritations applied to the trunks of the nerves that supply them. As narcotic poisons act exclusively upon the nervous system, the author conceived that they might afford the means of eliminating the action of the nerves, and thus enable us to discover what share they contribute towards muscular contraction. On applying the empyreumatic oil of tobacco, or the hydrocyanic acid, to the sciatic nerves of a rabbit, he found that the functions of that part of the nerve which was in contact with the poison was destroyed, and that irritations applied to that part no longer excited contractions in the muscles. But when the portion which had been so affected was cut off, and the galvanic wire applied to that extremity of the nerves which remained attached to the muscle, contractions were produced. Similar results were obtained when the poison was applied directly to the brain. When, on the other hand, the poison was applied to mucous surfaces so as rapidly to extinguish life, the muscles throughout the whole body were paralysed and lost all capability of being excited to contraction.

scholarly journals Penatalaksanaan Okupasi Terapi Dalam Aktivitas Menggunakan Beha Dengan Konsep Bobath Pada Pasien Stroke Hemiparesis Sinistra Di Klinik Sasana Husada

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evi Hidayati ◽  
Arum Pratiwi ◽  
Rita Aliya
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Therapy ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Vascular Injury ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
Activity Therapy ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

Management Of Activity Therapy In Activities Using Bra With Bobath Concept In Stroke Patients Hemiparesis Synthesis In Clinical Sasana Husada. Stroke is brain attack due to vascular injury that can damage the brain permanently because of neurologist disorder. The purpose of this intervention is to improve patient's ability to wear bras according to Occupation Therapy's view. The method that will be used to improve the patient ability who suffer from function disorder, movement, and control due to the lesion in the central nerve system is Bobath Concept. By giving eight times intervention, it can be seen that there is improvement postural control and less pain in the shoulder area when it moved. The result of this shows that there is no improvement yet in patient ability wearing bra because of fracture experienced by the patient.Keywords: Occupational Therapy, Stroke, Bras, Shoulder, Bobath Concept 

scholarly journals Variance in cortical depth across the brain surface

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Grey Matter ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Cortical Surface ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Anatomical Mri ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe distance between the surface of the scalp and the surface of the grey matter of the brain is a key factor in determining the effective dose of non-invasive brain stimulation for an individual person. The highly folded nature of the cortical surface means that the depth of a particular brain area is likely to vary between individuals. The question addressed here is: what is the variability of this measure of cortical depth? 94 anatomical MRI images were taken from the OASIS database. For each image, the minimum distance from each point in the grey matter to the scalp surface was determined. Transforming these estimates into standard space meant that the coefficient of variation could be determined across the sample. The results indicated that depth variability is high across the cortical surface, even when taking sulcal depth into account. This was true even for the primary visual and motor areas, which are often used in setting TMS dosage. The correlation of the depth of these areas and the depth of other brain areas was low. The results suggest that dose-setting of TMS based on visual or evoked potentials may offer poor reliability, and that individual brain images should be used when targeting non-primary brain areas.

Vertical banding evoked by electrical stimulation of the brain in anaesthetized green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus, and bluegills, Lepomis macrochirus

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
D. H. Bauer ◽  
L. S. Demski
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Transition Zone ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Green Sunfish ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

A pattern of dark vertical bands is a characteristic agonistic display in the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus and the bluegill, L. macrochirus. The rapidity with which the display can appear and disappear indicates that it is neurally controlled. Electrical stimulation of the brain was carried out in anaesthetized green sunfish and bluegills to map those regions from which this colour change can be elicited. Banding was evoked by stimulation of sites near the midline in the preoptic area, ventral thalamic-dorsal hypothalmic transition zone, the midbrain tegmentum (just dorsal to the nucleus prerotundus pars medialis), in and near the torus semicricularis, in the basal midbrain (region of the crossing tectobulbar tracts), and in the rostral basomedial medulla. A ‘transition’ zone was located basally in the middle medulla, caudal to which only paling was evoked. Areas found to be negative for evoked banding included the telencephalic lobe, the inferior lobe of the hypothalamus, the optic tract, the optic tectum, the body and valvula of the cerebellum and the caudal medulla. It is postulated that the vertical banding pattern is made up of a separate, selectively controlled system of dermal melanophores. The possible neural mechanisms controlling banding are discussed.

scholarly journals THE FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN IN LOCOMOTION OF THE POLYCLAD WORM, YUNGIA AURANTIACA

1923 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anterior Region ◽  
Spontaneous Movement ◽  
Peripheral Stimulation ◽  
Motor Nerves ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Coordinated swimming movements in Yungia are not dependent upon the presence of the brain. The neuromuscular mechanism necessary for spontaneous movement and swimming is complete in the body of the animal apart from the brain. Normally this mechanism is set in motion by sensory stimulation arriving by way of the brain. The latter is a region of low threshold and acts as an amplifier by sending the impulses into a great number of channels. When the head is cut off these connections with the sensorium are broken, consequently peripheral stimulation does not have its usual effect. If, however, the motor nerves are stimulated directly as by mechanical stimulation of the median anterior region, then swimming movements result. Also if the threshold of the entire nervous mechanism is lowered by phenol or by an increase in the ion ratios See PDF for Equation and See PDF for Equation then again peripheral stimulation throws the neuromuscular mechanism into activity and swimming movements result.

scholarly journals Cerebral blood flow monitoring

2015 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 204-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manikandan Sethuraman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Functional Activities ◽  
Local Factors ◽  
Flow Monitoring ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Selective Increase ◽  
The Brain

AbstractBrain is a unique organ of the body that receives highest amount of cardiac output and totally depend on the blood supply for its survival and no reserve of blood flow making it vulnerable for ischaemia. Other important properties of cerebral circulation include autoregulation of blood flow, high oxygen extraction, and selective increase in blood flow to specific brain areas during various functional activities. It is important to understand that systemic and local factors affect the cerebral blood flow and the brain functions. Moreover the alterations in cerebral blood flow (acute or chronic) can be responsible for various symptoms as well as diseases pertaining to the brain. Hence it is important to measure the cerebral blood flow for the diagnostic as well as therapeutic purpose. This review focusses on the various techniques available for monitoring the cerebral blood flow.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document