The Water Content of Some Normal and Pathological Brains

1917 ◽  
Vol 63 (260) ◽  
pp. 98-100
Author(s):  
John Cruickshank
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
The Brain ◽  
A Current ◽  
Routine Measure

In the preceding paper it has been shown that the general or local atrophy of the brain occurring in chronic insanity is very largely due to loss of white matter. It seemed to be of interest to determine what chemical changes accompanied this shrinkage in the size of the brain. As a preliminary to an examination of the complex substances of which brain matter is composed, it was necessary to investigate the proportion of water to solids, as the figures obtained in this way are of the highest importance in regard to the interpretation of the results obtained by chemical methods. The examination of the various portions of brain tissue for the amount of water was therefore proceeded with as a routine measure. The whole of the grey or of the white matter, as the case might be, from each of the five portions, obtained as described in the preceding paper, was spread on glass plates in as thin a layer as possible and carefully weighed. The plates were then placed in a Hearson electric drying oven, the temperature of which was maintained at about 90° C. A current of dry hot air was passed into the oven from a fan attached to a small motor. After fifteen to twenty hours' exposure the plates were removed from the oven, and the solid material which remained was carefully and completely scraped off. It was then allowed to cool to room temperature and weighed. The material was returned to the oven for some hours, again removed and allowed to cool. This procedure was continued until the material attained a constant weight at room temperature. The percentage of water in each sample was then calculated.

Differences in Ultracytochemical Localization of Na-K Dependent Atpase in the Rat Choroid Plexus and Ependyma

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 96-97
Author(s):  
Nakamura Saburo ◽  
Davis Donald A. ◽  
Milhorat Thomas H.
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Transport Atpase ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Dependent Transport ◽  
The Brain

The ventricular ependyma shares a common embryological origin with the choroid plexus (1). These epithelia have many structural and ultrastructural similarities, and both have been considered probable sites of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion (2,3). The purpose of the present study is to investigate the localization of Na-K dependent (transport) ATPase in rat ventricular ependyma and to compare these findings with the results of previous studies on the choroid plexus.Adult male Wistar rats were perfused through the heart with 3% depolymerized paraformaldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.3). The brain was rapidly removed and samples of cerebral ependyma with adjacent white matter and choroid plexus were excised and placed in a vial where prefixation continued for 30 minutes at room temperature.

ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalu Baghel ◽  
Charanjeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
Atherogenic Diet ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Antihyperlipidemic Activity ◽  
Defective Clearance

Hyperlipidemia often results from delayed or defective clearance, or overproduction of VLDL by the liver, which is subsequently transformed into LDL. The whole plant of Azadirachta indica was collected from local areas of Jaipur district areas of Rajasthan. The plant is authenticated by university of rajasthan by Drmanju Sharma dept of botany   Selected medicinal plant were cut into small pieces, cleaned and shade dried at room temperature then subjected to physical evaluation with different parameters. Macerated 5 g of air dried drug coarsely powdered with 100 ml of ethanol of the specified strength in a closed flask for twenty four hours, shaking frequently during six hours and allowed to stand for 18 h. About 2-3 g of powder is accurately weighed in a china dish and kept in hot air oven maintained at 110±1oC for four hours. After cooling in a desiccator, the loss in weight was recorded. This procedure was repeated till constant weight was obtained. For insoluble ash value Boiled the ash for 5-10 minutes with 25 ml of diluted hydrochloric acid, collected the insoluble matter in a Gooch crucible washed with hot water, ignited and weighed. Whole plant of Azadirachtaindicawas reduced to fine powder and was subjected to maceration in a 1 liter conical flask for 7 days at room temperature with alcohol (70%) water (30%). In the present study we aimed to screen various extracts of selected plants on Cholesterol induced hyperlipidemic rat model. Thus the results of the present investigation clearly indicated that the selected medicinal plants possess good antihyerlipidemic activity in atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemic rats and led to the development of new Herbal formulation possessing antihyperlipidemic and antiatherosclerotic activities. This is the first study which investigates the hypolipidemic activity. Keywords: Azadirachta indica, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherosclerotic activities, Maceration.

scholarly journals THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF RABBITS TO INJECTIONS OF EMULSIONS AND EXTRACTS OF HOMOLOGOUS BRAIN

1934 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 559-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis F. Schwentker ◽  
Thomas M. Rivers
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
The Brain

Rabbits injected with fresh emulsions of homologous brain developed few or no antibodies capable of fixing complement in the presence of aqueous emulsions or alcoholic extracts of rabbit brain. Complement-fixing antibodies, however, were produced in rabbits by means of injections (1) of sterile emulsions of homologous brain which had been allowed to stand at room temperature for 5 to 30 days and (2) of emulsions of homologous brain experimentally infected with vaccine virus. The antisera that were produced following injections of emulsions of autolyzed homologous brain were shown by absorption tests to contain both specific and non-specific antibodies. The specific brain antigen was found to be approximately six times as abundant in the white matter as in the grey. It was almost absent from the brain of fetal and newly born rabbits, but increased in amount with the age of the animal to reach a maximum concentration at maturity. The specific antigen seemed to parallel the myelin content of brain tissue.

Characterization of Ischemic Stroke in CT Images using Image Processing

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Amal Alzain ◽  
Suhaib Alameen ◽  
Rani Elmaki ◽  
Mohamed E. M. Gar-Elnabi
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Gray Level ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Interactive Data ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Tissues

This study concern to characterize the brain tissues to ischemic stroke, gray matter, white matter and CSF using texture analysisto extract classification features from CT images. The First Order Statistic techniques included sevenfeatures. To find the gray level variation in CT images it complements the FOS features extracted from CT images withgray level in pixels and estimate the variation of thesubpatterns. analyzing the image with Interactive Data Language IDL software to measure the grey level of images. The results show that the Gray Level variation and   features give classification accuracy of ischemic stroke 97.6%, gray matter95.2%, white matter 97.3% and the CSF classification accuracy 98.0%. The overall classification accuracy of brain tissues 97.0%.These relationships are stored in a Texture Dictionary that can be later used to automatically annotate new CT images with the appropriate brain tissues names.

What Has Direct Cortical and Subcortical Electrostimulation Taught Us about Neurolinguistics?

2019 ◽  
pp. 185-211
Author(s):  
Hugues Duffau
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Cerebral Lesions ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Postoperative Mri ◽  
The Brain

Investigating the neural and physiological basis of language is one of the most important challenges in neurosciences. Direct electrical stimulation (DES), usually performed in awake patients during surgery for cerebral lesions, is a reliable tool for detecting both cortical and subcortical (white matter and deep grey nuclei) regions crucial for cognitive functions, especially language. DES transiently interacts locally with a small cortical or axonal site, but also nonlocally, as the focal perturbation will disrupt the entire subnetwork sustaining a given function. Thus, in contrast to functional neuroimaging, DES represents a unique opportunity to identify with great accuracy and reproducibility, in vivo in humans, the structures that are actually indispensable to the function, by inducing a transient virtual lesion based on the inhibition of a subcircuit lasting a few seconds. Currently, this is the sole technique that is able to directly investigate the functional role of white matter tracts in humans. Thus, combining transient disturbances elicited by DES with the anatomical data provided by pre- and postoperative MRI enables to achieve reliable anatomo-functional correlations, supporting a network organization of the brain, and leading to the reappraisal of models of language representation. Finally, combining serial peri-operative functional neuroimaging and online intraoperative DES allows the study of mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity. This chapter critically reviews the basic principles of DES, its advantages and limitations, and what DES can reveal about the neural foundations of language, that is, the large-scale distribution of language areas in the brain, their connectivity, and their ability to reorganize.

scholarly journals Enhanced Oil Removal by a Non-Toxic Biosurfactant Formulation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 467
Author(s):  
Emília Mendes da Silva Santos ◽  
Isabela Regina Alvares da Silva Lira ◽  
Hugo Moraes Meira ◽  
Jaciana dos Santos Aguiar ◽  
Raquel Diniz Rufino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Aeration Rate ◽  
Oil Removal ◽  
Central Composite Rotatable Design ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Spectroscopic Analyses ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
Central Composite

In this study, a new formulation of low-cost, biodegradable, and non-toxic biosurfactant by Candida sphaerica UCP 0995 was investigated. The study was conducted in a bioreactor on an industrial waste-based medium, and a central composite rotatable design was used for optimization. The best results, namely a 25.22 mN/m reduction in surface tension, a biosurfactant yield of 10.0 g/L, and a critical micelle concentration of 0.2 g/L, were achieved in 132 h at an agitation speed of 175 rpm and an aeration rate of 1.5 vvm. Compositional and spectroscopic analyses of the purified biosurfactant by chemical methods, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance suggested that it is a glycolipid-type biosurfactant, and it showed no cytotoxicity in the MTT assay. The biosurfactant, submitted to different formulation methods as a commercial additive, remained stable for 120 days at room temperature. Tensioactive properties and stability were evaluated at different pH values, temperatures, and salt concentrations. The biosurfactant obtained with all formulation methods demonstrated good stability, with tolerance to wide ranges of pH, temperature and salinity, enabling application under extreme environmental conditions. Bioremediation tests were performed to check the efficacy of the isolated biosurfactant and the selected microbial species in removing oil from soil. The results demonstrated that the biosurfactant produced has promising properties as an agent for the bioremediation of contaminated soil.

THE METABOLISM OF NORMAL BRAIN AND HUMAN GLIOMAS IN RELATION TO CELL TYPE AND DENSITY

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving H. Heller ◽  
K. A. C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
The Brain

Per unit weight, cerebral and cerebellar cortex respire much more actively than corpus callosum. The rate per cell nucleus is highest in cerebral cortex, lower in corpus callosum, and still lower in cerebellar cortex. The oxygen uptake rates of the brain tumors studied, with the exception of an oligodendroglioma, were about the same as that of white matter on the weight basis but lower than that of cerebral cortex or white matter on the cell basis. In agreement with previous work, an oligodendroglioma respired much more actively than the other tumors. The rates of glycolysis of the brain tumors per unit weight were low but, relative to their respiration rate, glycolysis was higher than in normal gray or white matter. Consideration of the figures obtained leads to the following tentative conclusions: Glial cells of corpus callosum respire more actively than the neurons of the cerebellar cortex. Neurons of the cerebral cortex respire on the average much more actively than neurons of the cerebellar cortex or glial cells. Considerably more than 70% of the oxygen uptake by cerebral cortex is due to neurons. The oxygen uptake rates of normal oligodendroglia and astrocytes are probably about the same as the rates found per nucleus in an oligodendroglioma and in astrocytomas; oligodendroglia respire much more actively than astrocytes.

Room Temperature Band-Edge Luminescence from Silicon Grains Prepared by the Recrystallization of Mesoporous Silicon

1996 ◽  
Vol 452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Moore ◽  
Leonid Tsybeskov ◽  
Philippe M. Fauchet ◽  
Dennis G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Crystalline Silicon ◽  
Band Edge ◽  
Applied Bias ◽  
Mesoporous Silicon ◽  
Room Temperature Photoluminescence ◽  
Band Edge Luminescence ◽  
A Current ◽  
Better Than

AbstractRoom-temperature photoluminescence (PL) peaking at 1.1 eV has been found in electrochemically etched mesoporous silicon annealed at 950°C. Low-temperature PL spectra clearly show a fine structure related to phonon-assisted transitions in pure crystalline silicon (c-Si) and the absence of defect-related (e.g.P-line) and impurity-related (e.g.oxygen, boron) transitions. The maximum PL external quantum efficiency (EQE) is found to be better than 0.1% with a weak temperature dependence in the region from 12K to 400K. The PL intensity is a linear function of excitation intensity up to 100 W/cm2. The PL can be suppressed by an external electric field ≥ 105 V/cm. Room temperature electroluminescence (EL) related to the c-Si band-edge is also demonstrated under an applied bias ≤ 1.2 V and with a current density ≈ 20 mA/cm2. A model is proposed in which the radiative recombination originates from recrystallized Si grains within a non-stoichiometric Si-rich silicon oxide (SRSO) matrix.

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