The Thyroid Gland in Mental Deficiency: A Histological Study

1933 ◽  
Vol 79 (326) ◽  
pp. 464-500
Author(s):  
J. L. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
The Mind

The thyroid gland has a profound influence on the mind, both in its emotional and its intellectual aspects. The emotional features of hyperthyroidism are too well recognized to need stressing. So, too, is the association between gross diminution of thyroid function and the mental incapacity of cretinism. It was suspected, therefore, that even in those types of mental deficiency in which diminution of thyroid function was not recognizable clinically, it might be possible to detect some evidence of abnormality in the thyroid gland by histological study. Further justification for presupposing the possibility of thyroid derangement may be found in the fact that in many conditions an association between the thyroid and thymus has been established, and that in mental deficiency the thymus undergoes premature atrophy.

Histological Study of Human Thyroid Gland Relative Proportion of Parenchyma and Stroma in Thyroid Glands of Bangladeshi People

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Md Enayet Ullah ◽  
Hasna Hena ◽  
Rubina Qasim
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Connective Tissue Sheath

Deep cervical fascia forms a connective tissue sheath around the thyroid gland. Delicate trabeculae and septa penetrate the gland indistinctly dividing the gland into lobes and lobules which in turn composed of follicles.1,2,3 These follicles are structural units of thyroid gland which varies greatly in size and shape.4 The number of follicles varies in different age groups. The study was carried out to see the percentage of area occupied by follicles in the stained section of thyroid glands in different age groups. The collected samples were grouped as A (3.5 – 20yrs), B (21- 40yrs) & C (41 – 78yrs). Percentage of area occupied by follicles was (58.55±10.72) in group A, (63.79±12.35) in group B + (63.39±8.29) in group C.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v1i2.13981 Update Dent. Coll. j. 2011: 1(2): 17-20

THE EFFECTS OF MORPHINE AND OTHER NARCOTICS ON THYROID FUNCTION IN MICE

1966 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommie W. Redding ◽  
Cyril Y. Bowers ◽  
Andrew V. Schally
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Daily Administration ◽  
Pituitary Secretion ◽  
Turn Over

ABSTRACT Several drugs from the morphine, pethidine and morphinan series were evaluated with respect to their action on the pituitary secretion of thyrotrophin (TSH). This action was measured by the release and the uptake of 131I by the thyroid gland of mice. Daily administration of 500 μg of morphine, codeine, dihydromorphinone, levorphan, dextrorphan or meperidine significantly depressed the uptake of 131I by the thyroid gland within five days. Single injections of 500 μg of either dihydromorphinone or levorphan increased the thyroidal uptake of 131I The thyroids of hypophysectomized mice, pretreated with 131I and thyroxine, failed to respond to injections of these drugs. Daily administration of these drugs for five days failed to change pituitary content of TSH from the control level, or to effect a change in the turn-over rate of exogenous radiothyroxine. These results suggest that these drugs do not exert direct action on the thyroid but act on thyroid function through their effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.

Compensated 131I-therapy of solitary autonomous thyroid nodules: effect on thyroid size and early hypothyroidism

1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laszlo Hegedüs ◽  
Dagmar Veiergang ◽  
Steen Karstrup ◽  
Jens Mølholm Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
131I Therapy ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Gland Volume ◽  
Thyroid Gland Volume ◽  
One Year ◽  
Hyperthyroid Patients

Abstract. Thyroid function and thyroid gland volume, ultrasonically determined, were investigated in 27 hyperthyroid patients with solitary autonomous thyroid nodules before and during one year after 131I-treatment. Total thyroid volume decreased gradually from 40.9 ± 3.5 ml (mean ± sem) before treatment to 23.9 ± 1.8 ml (P < 0.001) at 3 months after 131I-treatment. No further change was observed. All but two patients received only one dose of 131I, and in spite of a significant decrease also of the non-adenoma side of the gland, none became hypothyroid. We conclude that 131I-therapy has an important place in the treatment of solitary autonomous thyroid nodules since all our patients became euthyroid within 3 months, only 2 of 27 patients needed more than one dose of 131I, no cases of hypothyroidism occurred, and thyroid volume was substantially decreased.

THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: THE STATE OF THE PROBLEM AND THE WAYS OF SOLVING

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Volkova ◽  
O. D. Dygun ◽  
B. G. Lukichev ◽  
S. V. Dora ◽  
O. V. Galkina
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Low T3 ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Disturbance of the thyroid function is often detected in patients with different profiles. A special feature of patients with chronic kidney  disease is the higher incidence of various thyroid function  disturbances, especially hypothyroidism. It is known that in patients  with chronic kidney disease (CKD) iodine excretion from the body is  violated, since normally 90% of iodine is excreted in urine.  Accumulation of high concentrations of inorganic iodine leads to the  formation of the Wolf-Chaikoff effect: suppression of iodine  organization in the thyroid gland and disruption of the thyroid  hormones synthesis. Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones is  also disturbed, namely, deiodinase type I activity is suppressed and  peripheral conversion of T4 into T3 is inhibited (so-called low T3  syndrome). Therefore, patients with CKD are often diagnosed with  hypothyroidism, and the origin of hypothyroidism is not always  associated with the outcome of autoimmune thyroiditis. The article  presents an overview of a large number of population studies of  thyroid gland dysfunction in patients with CKD, as well as  experimental data specifying the pathogenetic mechanisms of  thyroid dysfunction in patients with CKD. Therapeutic tactics are still  not regulated. However, in a number of studies, replacement therapy with thyroid hormones in patients with CKD had some advantages.

THYROID PATHOLOGY IN CHILDREN WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES

Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
С.И. Сабирова ◽  
С.Г. Надырова ◽  
А.Б. Жанзак ◽  
А.Е. Манасбаева ◽  
Ж.Ж. Нургалиева
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Clinical Hospital ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Thyroid Pathology ◽  
Number Of Patients

Целью научной работы является изучение структуры заболеваний щитовидной железы у больных сахарным диабетом 1 типа. В данной статье мы ретроспективно проанализировали 972 историй болезни больных детей с СД 1 типа, находившихся на стационарном лечении в ДГКБ №2 г. Алматы (Казахстан) в период с 2014 по 2019 гг. Были изучены и оценены показатели физического развития, объективные данные (кожные покровы, ЧСС, АД, пальпация ЩЖ), лабораторно - уровней гормонов ТТГ, свТ4, свТ3, а/т к ТПО, а/т к ТГ в сыворотки крови, инструментально - УЗИ ЩЖ. Всего за 2014-2019 гг. через отделение эндокринологии ДГКБ №2 прошли 972 детей с диагнозом СД 1 типа. Большинство детей (382 человек, 79,9%) имели стаж болезни СД до 5 лет. 88 детей (18,5%) со стажем от 5 до 10 лет, 8 человек (1,7%) страдали СД более 10 лет. СД1 в основном был диагностирован в возрасте 7-12 лет (245-51,3%), меньше всего выявили СД 1 типа у детей до 3 лет (21 - 4,4%). Из общего количества пациентов с СД1 (972) было обследовано на функцию ЩЖ 478 детей (49,2%). Среди них было выявлено 319 детей с дисфункцией ЩЖ, что составляет 66,7%. Так, за 2014 год из 92 детей - 7 (7,6%), обследованных на функцию щитовидной железы, в результате чего было выявлено 6 (85,7%) детей с дисфункцией щитовидной железы. С каждым годом росло количество детей, которых направляли на обследование ЩЖ, так в сравнении с 2014 годом, когда из 92 детей - 7 (7,6%) были обследованы на функцию щитовидной железы, в 2019 году были обследованы уже 222 (92,1%) детей из 241. Симптомы как гиперфункции, так и гипофункции ЩЖ, особенно их субклинические варианты протекают под маской других заболевании и не сразу обнаруживаются, исходя из этого следует сразу обследовать на функцию ЩЖ при поступлении и в дальнейшим их наблюдать в динамике. В ходе исследования дисфункция щитовидной железы диагностирована у 319 (67,7%) пациентов, что должно привлечь внимание не только эндокринологов, но и врачей общей практики, педиатров и настроить их на прицельный поиск этой патологии и своевременную коррекцию гипотиреоза или другой патологии ЩЖ при его наличии The purpose of this research is to study the structure of thyroid diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes. In this article, we retrospectively analyzed 972 case histories of sick children with type 1 diabetes who were treated in the children's city clinical hospital No. 2 in Almaty (Kazakhstan) in the period from 2014 to 2019. Physical development indicators, objective data (skin, heart rate, blood pressure, thyroid palpation), laboratory levels of TSH, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, antibodies to thyroperoxidase, antibodies to thyroglobulin in blood serum, instrumental ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland were studied and evaluated. In total, in 2014-2019, 972 children with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus passed through the endocrinology Department of the children's city clinical hospital No. 2.The majority of children (382 people, 79.9%) had a history of diabetes up to 5 years. 88 children (18.5%) with experience from 5 to 10 years, 8 people (1.7%) had diabetes for more than 10 years. Type 1 diabetes was mainly diagnosed at the age of 7-12 years (245-51. 3%), the least detected type 1 diabetes in children under 3 years (21 - 4.4%). Out of the total number of patients with type 1 diabetes (972), 478 children (49.2%) were examined for thyroid function. Among them, 319 children with thyroid dysfunction were identified, which is 66.7%. So, in 2014, out of 92 children, 7 (7.6%) were examined for thyroid function, as a result of which 6 (85.7%) children had thyroid dysfunction. Every year, the number of children referred for thyroid examination increased, so compared to 2014, when out of 92 children - 7 (7.6%) were examined for thyroid function, in 2019, 222 (92.1%) children out of 241 were examined. Symptoms of both hyperfunction and hypofunction of the thyroid gland, especially their subclinical variants, occur under the guise of other diseases and are not immediately detected, so you should immediately investigate the function of the thyroid gland at admission and further observe them in dynamics. During the study, thyroid dysfunction was diagnosed in 319 (67.7%) patients, which should attract the attention of not only endocrinologists, but also General practitioners, pediatricians and set them up for a targeted search for this pathology and timely correction of hypothyroidism or other thyroid pathology if it is present.

THYROID CYTOLOGY AND IT'S INTERPRETATION WITH THYROID FUNCTION TEST

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-82
Author(s):  
Dipti Debbarma ◽  
Shipra Singh ◽  
Debarshi Jana ◽  
Chittaranjan Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Nodular Goiter ◽  
Thyroid Function Test ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Endocrine Glands ◽  
Nodular Goitre ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Euthyroid State ◽  
Function Test

INTRODUCTION: The Thyroid gland is unique among the endocrine glands. It is the largest of all the endocrine glands and it is supercial in location. It is the only gland which is easily approachable to direct physical, cytological and histopathological examination. The thyroid gland is affected by a variety of pathological lesions that are manifested by various morphologies including developmental, inammatory, hyperplastic and neoplastic pathology which are quiet common in the clinical practice. AIM OFTHE STUDY:In this study, we aimed to assess the cytological ndings of palpable thyroid nodules in conjunction with thyroid hormonal prole of the patient. To study the incidence in relevance to age, sex in various categories of thyroid lesions. MATERIALS & METHODS: Study Design: Institutional based Cross-sectional Study. Duration of study: January 2019 to August 2020. Source of data: Patients presenting to the OPD and admitted in the In-patient ward at Darbhanga Medical College, Bihar. Place of study: Department of Pathology, Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Laheriasarai, Bihar. Sample Size: 60 patients of enlarged thyroid gland. RESULTS & OBSERVATIONS: We found that the 53.3% Patients are in euthyroid state. Nodular goitre is the most common nding. In the present study among 60 patients, Nodular goiter accounts for 83.3 % of all cases; 41.7% of them were in euthyroid state, 21.7 % in hypothyroid state , 8.3 % in subclinical hypothyroid and remaining 11.7 % in hyperthyroid state . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: FNAC together with thyroid function test (TFT) analysis leads to early and accurate diagnosis of various thyroid diseases and reduces surgical intervention. The study showed that FNAcytologic diagnosis cannot be used to predict thyroid function using total serum T4, T3 and TSH concentrations. Measurement of TSH, free T4, and free T3 would be preferable

scholarly journals AMIODARON SEBAGAI OBAT ANTI ARITMIA DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP FUNGSI TIROID

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Starry H. Rampengan
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Type I ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Serum T4 ◽  
Life Threatening

Abstract: Amiodarone is a highly effective anti-arrhythmic agent used in certain arrhythmias from supraventricular tachycardia to life-threatening ventricular tachycardia. Its use is associated with numerous side-effects that could deteriorate a patient’s condition. Consequently, a clinician should consider the risks and benefits of amiodarone before initiating the treatment.The thyroid gland is one of the organs affected by amiodarone. Amiodarone and its metabolite desethyl amiodaron induce alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism in the thyroid gland, peripheral tissues, and probably also in the pituitary gland. These actions result in elevations of serum T4 and rT3 concentrations, transient increases in TSH concentrations, and decreases in T3 concentrations. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are prone to occur in patients receiving amiodarone. Amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism (AIH) results from the inability of the thyroid to escape from the Wolff-Chaikoff effect and is readily managed by either discontinuation of amiodarone or thyroid hormone replacement. Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) may arise from either iodine-induced excessive thyroid hormone synthesis (type I, usually with underlying thyroid abnormality), or destructive thyroiditis with release of preformed hormones (type II, commonly with apparently normal thyroid glands). Therefore, monitoring of thyroid function should be performed in all amiodarone-treated patients to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction. Key words: Amiodarone, thyroid function, side effect, management, monitoring.     Abstrak: Amiodaron adalah obat antiaritmia yang cukup efektif dalam menangani beberapa keadaaan aritmia mulai dari supraventrikuler takikardia sampai takikardia ventrikuler yang mengancam kehidupan. Namun penggunaan obat ini ternyata menimbulkan efek samping pada organ lain yang dapat menimbulkan perburukan keadaan pasien. Sehingga, dalam penggunaan amiodaron, klinisi juga harus menimbang keuntungan dan kerugian yang ditimbulkan oleh obat ini. Salah satu organ yang dipengaruhi oleh amiodaron adalah kelenjar tiroid. Amiodaron dan metabolitnya desetil amiodaron memengaruhi hormon tiroid pada kelenjar tiroid, jaringan perifer, dan mungkin pada pituitari. Aksi amiodaron ini menyebabkan peningkatan T4, rT3 dan TSH, namun menurunkan kadar T3. Hipotiroidisme dan tirotoksikosis dapat terjadi pada pasien yang diberi amiodaron. Amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism (AIH) terjadi karena ketidakmampuan tiroid melepaskan diri dari efek Wolff Chaikof, dan dapat ditangani dengan pemberian  hormon substitusi T4 atau penghentian amiodaron. Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) terjadi karena sintesis hormon tiroid yang berlebihan yang diinduksi oleh iodium (tipe I, biasanya sudah mempunyai kelainan tiroid sebelumnya) atau karena tiroiditis destruktif yang disertai pelepasan hormon tiroid yang telah terbentuk (tipe II, biasanya dengan kelenjar yang normal). Pemantauan fungsi tiroid seharusnya dilakukan pada semua pasien yang diberi amiodaron untuk memfasilitasi diagnosis dan terapi yang dini terjadinya  disfungsi tiroid yang diinduksi amiodaron. Kata Kunci: Amiodaron, fungsi tiroid, efek samping, penanganan, pemantauan.

scholarly journals An unusual case of struma ovarii

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoria F Koehler ◽  
Patrick Keller ◽  
Elisa Waldmann ◽  
Nathalie Schwenk ◽  
Carolin Kitzberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Adnexal Mass ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Struma Ovarii ◽  
Radioiodine Uptake ◽  
Diagnostic Pitfalls ◽  
Biochemical Features

Introduction Struma ovarii is a teratoma of the ovaries predominantly composed of thyroid tissue. Hyperthyroidism associated with struma ovarii is rare, occurring in approximately 8% of cases. Due to the rarity of struma ovarii, available data are limited to case reports and small case series. Methods and results We report on a 61-year-old female patient with known Hashimoto’s thyroiditis on levothyroxine replacement therapy for years with transition to clinical and biochemical hyperthyroidism despite antithyroid medication with carbimazole (10 mg/day), new diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma and an adnexal mass suspicious of ovarian cancer. The patient underwent resection of the adnexal mass and histopathology revealed a mature teratoma predominantly composed of thyroid tissue showing high levels of sodium iodide symporter protein expression. Following struma ovarii resection and disappearance of autonomous production of thyroid hormones, the patient developed hypothyroidism with severely decreased thyroid hormone levels fT4 and fT3 (fT4 0.4 ng/dL, reference interval 0.9–1.7 and fT3 < 1.0 pg/mL, reference interval 2.0–4.4). This has previously been masked by continued thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression due to long-term hyperthyroidism pre-surgery indicating secondary hypothyroidism, in addition to primary hypothyroidism based on the known co-existing chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis of the orthotopic thyroid gland. Levothyroxine administration was started immediately restoring euthyroidism. Conclusion This case illustrates possible diagnostic pitfalls in a patient with two concurrent causes of abnormal thyroid function. Learning points Struma ovarii is an ovarian tumor containing either entirely or predominantly thyroid tissue and accounts for approximately 5% of all ovarian teratomas. In rare cases, both benign and malignant struma ovarii can secrete thyroid hormones, causing clinical and biochemical features of hyperthyroidism. Biochemical features of patients with struma ovarii and hyperthyroidism are similar to those of patients with primary hyperthyroidism. In such cases, thyroid scintigraphy should reveal low or absent radioiodine uptake in the thyroid gland, but the presence of radioiodine uptake in the pelvis in a whole body radioiodine scintigraphy. We give advice on possible diagnostic pitfalls in a case with two simultaneous causes of abnormal thyroid function due to the co-existence of struma ovarii.

Iodide Metabolism and Effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-33
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Serum Tsh ◽  
Tsh Stimulation ◽  
Sensitive Marker

Iodine (I2) is essential in the synthesis of thyroid hormones T4 and T3 and functioning of the thyroid gland. Both T3 and T4 are metabolically active, but T3 is four times more potent than T4. Our body contains 20-30 mg of I2, which is mainly stored in the thyroid gland. Iodine is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level is a sensitive marker of thyroid function. Serum TSH is increased in hypothyroidism as in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In addition to regulation of thyroid function, TSH promotes thyroid growth. If thyroid hormone synthesis is chronically impaired, TSH stimulation eventually may lead to the development of a goiter. This chapter explores the iodide metabolism and effects of Hashimoto's disease.

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