Brain Respiration and Glycolysis in Cardiazol Convulsions

1940 ◽  
Vol 86 (361) ◽  
pp. 276-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Dundonald MacLeod ◽  
Max Reiss
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Blood Picture ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Respiratory Centre ◽  
Convulsant Effect

Since Hildebrandt (1926) described the convulsant effect of cardiazol injection, several studies have been carried out on the mechanism of such convulsions. Zung and Tremonti (1931) suggested a direct action on the respiratory centre when cardiazol is used as a stimulant; Kerr and Antaki (1937) found no effect on brain glycogen or phosphocreatine in cardiazol-induced convulsions; Hashimoto (1937) found differences in distribution of calcium and potassium ions in the central nervous system after cardiazol. Goodwin and Lloyd (1938) recorded a direct effect on brain potential changes as shown on oscillographic records. Leibel and Hall (1938) found a large (75 per cent.) diminution of cerebral blood-flow at the onset of cardiazol convulsions. Weigand (1938) found no effect on liver glycogen or vitamin A content, reducing power of suprarenal cortex or blood picture. Denyssen and Watterson (1938) and Watterson and Macdonald (1939) attribute the convulsions to action on the vasomotor centre and note the action of vasodilator drugs in inhibiting convulsions. Wortis (1938) quoted by Quastel (1939) found no effect on brain respiration.

Sodium and Potassium Fluxes in the Abdominal Nerve Cord of the Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana L

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-322
Author(s):  
J. E. TREHERNE
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Nerve Sheath ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

1. The influx of sodium and potassium ions into the central nervous system of Periplaneta americana has been studied by measuring the increase in radioactivity within the abdominal nerve cord following the injection of 24NA and 42K. into the haemolymph. 2. The calculated influx of sodium ions was approximately 320 mM./l. of nerve cord water/hr. and of potassium ions was 312 mM./l. of nerve cord water/hr. These values are very approximately equivalent to an influx per unit area of nerve cord surface of 13.9 x 10-2 M cm. -2 sec.-1 for sodium and 13.5 x 10-12 M cm. -2 sec.-1 for potassium ions. 3. The relatively rapid influxes of these ions are discussed in relation to the postulated function of the nerve sheath as a diffusion barrier. It is suggested that a dynamic steady state rather than a static impermeability must exist across the sheath surrounding the central nervous system in this insect.

Interleukin-8 modulates feeding by direct action in the central nervous system

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (4) ◽  
pp. R877-R882 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Plata-Salaman ◽  
J. P. Borkoski
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Interleukin 8 ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxin ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is released in response to infection, inflammation, and trauma. The most important stimuli for IL-8 release during these pathological processes are IL-1, tumor necrosis factor, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin), factors that have been shown to suppress feeding. In the present study, the participation of IL-8 on the central regulation of feeding was investigated. Intracerebroventricular (icv) microinfusion of recombinant human IL-8 (rhIL-8, 1.0-100 ng/rat) suppressed the short-term (2-h) food intake. The most effective dose of rhIL-8, 20 ng, decreased 2-h food intake by 25% and nighttime food intake by 23%. Intracerebroventricular microinfusion of anti-rhIL-8 antibody (200 and 500 ng) blocked the effect of 20 ng rhIL-8 on 2-h and nighttime food intakes. Computerized analysis of behavioral patterns for the 2-h period demonstrated a specific reduction of meal size (by 33%), whereas meal frequency and meal duration were not affected after the icv microinfusion of 20 ng rhIL-8. This short-term food intake suppression by icv rhIL-8 was accompanied by a small, but significant, increase in cerebrospinal fluid-brain and rectal temperatures. Intraperitoneal administration of rhIL-8 in doses equivalent to those administered centrally had no effect on food intake. The results suggest that IL-8 acts directly in the central nervous system to decrease feeding. This effect of IL-8 may contribute to the food intake suppression frequently accompanying pathological processes.

Pharmacological Induction of Plasticization in the Abdominal Cuticle of Rhodnius

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-718
Author(s):  
STUART E. REYNOLDS
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hormone Receptor ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Diuretic Hormone ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Relationship

Injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) are found to cause plasticization of the abdominal cuticle of Rhodnius larvae. This plasticization is a direct action of 5-HT on some element in the body wall; the central nervous system is not required. It is probable that 5-HT acts directly at a receptor on the epidermal cells. The relationship between structure and plasticizing activity for a number of 5-HT analogues has been investigated. The receptor resembles other ‘classical’ 5-HT receptors in its requirements, but is unlike the 5-HT/diuretic hormone receptor of Rhodnius Malpighian tubules.

scholarly journals Evidence of Direct Toxicological Effects of Scorpion Venom on Central Nervous System in Tunisian Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mabrouk Bahloul ◽  
Basma Souissi ◽  
Olfa Turki ◽  
Mariem Dlela ◽  
Khaireddine Ben Mahfoudh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Scorpion Venom ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Scorpion Sting ◽  
Scorpion Envenomation ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Cerebral Mri ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Background. Severe scorpion envenomation can lead to severe neurological manifestations, which are an indicator of the severity of the scorpion sting. The direct action of scorpion venom on the central nervous system can explain partly these neurological disorders. Methods and Findings. We report a case of severe scorpion envenomation in 16-month-old boy with no pathological history admitted in ICU for severe scorpion envenomation. The result of cerebral MRI agrees with the hypothesis of direct action of scorpion venom on the central nervous system. Patient had improved; however, he has kept as neurological sequelae language disorders and blindness. The boy was discharged 21 days after ICU admission. Conclusion. Our observation confirms that severe scorpion envenomation can be complicated by severe neurological manifestations. Although one case report is not enough to conclude such important hypothesis regarding the direct effect of scorpion venom on central nervous system (especially that the age of patient is more than one year), our case agrees with this hypothesis.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms in Erythrocytes and in the Central Nervous System

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Franco ◽  
Gemma Navarro ◽  
Eva Martínez-Pinilla
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Level

Differential antioxidant action is found upon comparison of organ/tissue systems in the human body. In erythrocytes (red blood cells), which transport oxygen and carbon dioxide through the circulatory system, the most important issue is to keep hemoglobin in a functional state that requires maintaining the haem group in ferrous (Fe2+) state. Conversion of oxidized Fe3+ back into Fe2+ in hemoglobin needs a special mechanism involving a tripeptide glutathione, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glucose and NADPH as suppliers of reducing power. Fava beans are probably a good resource to make the detox innate system more robust as the pro-oxidant molecules in this food likely induce the upregulation of members of such mechanisms. The central nervous system consumes more oxygen than the majority of human tissues, i.e., 20% of the body’s total oxygen consumption and, therefore, it is exposed to a high level of oxidative stress. This fact, together with the progressive age-related decline in the efficiency of the antioxidant defense system, leads to neuronal death and disease. The innate mechanism operating in the central nervous system is not well known and seems different to that of the erythrocytes. The strategies of antioxidant intervention in brain will be reviewed here.

Adrenal sympathetic efferent nerve and catecholamine secretion excitation caused by capsaicin in rats

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (1) ◽  
pp. E23-E27 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Watanabe ◽  
T. Kawada ◽  
M. Kurosawa ◽  
A. Sato ◽  
K. Iwai
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Atropine Sulfate ◽  
Catecholamine Secretion ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Efferent Nerve ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Alpha Chloralose

Capsaicin enhances adrenal medullary catecholamine secretion. The participation of the central nervous system on this enhancement by capsaicin was investigated in alpha-chloralose-urethan- or halothane-anesthetized rats. Intravenous administration of capsaicin caused a rapid and marked increase in adrenal sympathetic nerve activity. The nerve activity began to show an increase with the administration of capsaicin at a dosage of 20 micrograms/kg and significantly increased with a dosage of 200 micrograms/kg, i.e., capsaicin was found to cause a dose-dependent increase in adrenal nerve activity. Cholinergic blocking with hexamethonium bromide and atropine sulfate (1 and 5 mg/kg iv, respectively) attenuated the adrenal epinephrine secretion caused by capsaicin. The direct action of capsaicin on adrenal catecholamine secretion was examined using a retrograde perfusion system of left adrenal gland. Up to 8.2 X 10(-5) M capsaicin did not enhance catecholamine secretion from the adrenal gland. These results suggest that the enhancement of physiological catecholamine secretion by capsaicin is mainly through activation of the central nervous system.

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