Water reuse and desalination at Comunitat-Valenciana region, Spain

Abstract The use of renovated water from a rapid infiltration system for fish and duck farming was evaluated. It was concluded that the flesh of fish and duck was edible. The use of this approach is beneficial to the environment and economy, especially in developing countries. The production of fish and duck can offset the cost of wastewater treatment in many cases.

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Water Recycling: Review and Background

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1982.0173 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 14 (9-11) ◽

pp. 1385-1392

Author(s):

K D Linstedt

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Resource ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Public Acceptance ◽

Institutional Constraints ◽

Water Recycling ◽

Quality Cost ◽

The World ◽

Resource Situation

A review is provided of the world water resource situation. Water reuse is discussed as a means of augmenting conventional supplies, with types of potential reuse applications identified. Considerations of water quality, cost, public acceptance, and institutional constraints are discussed for their impact on decisions regarding implementation of water reuse.

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Public health implications of waste water reuse for fish production

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1995.0425 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 32 (11) ◽

pp. 145-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. El-S. Easa ◽

M. M. Shereif ◽

A. I. Shaaban ◽

K. H. Mancy

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Waste Water ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Monitoring Program ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Fish Farming ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Fresh Water Fish ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Treated Effluent

Public health and safety concerns have traditionally been the main reasons for resisting waste water reuse for fish farming. Potential adverse health effects in such applications could be avoided if the waste is sufficiently treated before reuse. In a full scale demonstration study in Suez, Egypt, about 400 m3/d of raw sewage were treated using a multi-compartment stabilization pond system, for a total residence time from 21-26 days. The treated effluent conformed to WHO guidelines and was used for rearing two types of local fish (tilapia and gray mullet). The produced fish were subjected to an extensive monitoring program. Bacteriological examination revealed that in all samples the fish muscles were free of bacterial contaminants. Nevertheless, low levels of Escherichia coli andAeromonas hydrophila, were isolated from the surface of the fish. Salmonellae, shigellae and staphylococcus aureus were absent from the surface of all the fish sampled. In addition, toxic metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd) were found to be at much lower levels than the international advisory limits for human consumption. It is concluded that fish reared in the treated effluent at Suez Experimental Station is (a) suitable for marketing for human consumption, and (b) it's quality is equal or better than fresh water fish in Egypt.

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Public Evaluation of Municipal Water Reuse Alternatives

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1992.0597 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 26 (7-8) ◽

pp. 1537-1543 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W. H. Bruvold

Keyword(s):

Water Reuse ◽

Environmental Planning ◽

Public Involvement ◽

Intermediate Phase ◽

Population Surveys ◽

Short List ◽

Municipal Water ◽

Public Evaluation ◽

Technical Planning ◽

The One

Models recommended for public involvement in environmental planning call for: 1) early and full involvement with technical planners from the start, 2) involvement at an intermediate phase once technical planners have developed a short list of the most feasible alternatives, and 3) later involvement only by ratification of the one alternative selected and developed by technical planners. The present study reports results assessing public involvement in planning at the intermediate phase using results from three general population surveys of the greater San Diego area done in 1989, 1990, and 1991 which dealt with municipal water reuse alternatives. Feasibility of the intermediate approach was demonstrated by correspondence between survey and technical planning evaluations and by consistency between and within survey findings.

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