Processes That Mediate the Relationship Between a Group Goal and Group Member Performance

Republican or Democrat participants imagined how they would respond upon learning about the political group membership of a potential or established friend. Four vignettes (friend political in-group; friend political out-group; potential friend political in-group; potential friend political out-group) were presented in a random order. After each, participants provided expected reactions. Overall, reactions (e.g., hope of the relationship lasting, intentions to engage in friendship maintenance behaviors, trust) were most positive toward the established in-group friend, followed by potential in-group friend, then the established out-group friend, and lastly the potential out-group friend. That is, participants expected to be more positive toward a person they just met than an established close friend, simply due to knowing these individuals’ political group memberships. Some of these differences were moderated by intergroup attitudes or political identification. Discoveries of political group membership may influence the development or maintenance of friendships.

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Prejudice and Religion

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.655 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jolanda van der Noll

Keyword(s):

Belief System ◽

Religious Communities ◽

Religious Denomination ◽

Cognitive Dimension ◽

Religious People ◽

Religious Worldview ◽

The Social ◽

Emotional Aspects ◽

The Relationship ◽

Group Member

Many studies have established that religious people display higher levels of prejudice. The review of the literature suggests, however, that in order to understand the relationship between religion and prejudice, it is important to consider the target of prejudice as well as the multifaceted nature of religion. Regarding the target of prejudice, some prejudices may be condemned in religious communities, whereas others may be perceived to be promoted by religious communities. Religion as a multifaceted construct encompasses social, moral, cognitive, and emotional aspects. In its relations with prejudice, the social and cognitive dimension are particularly relevant, as these dimensions determine who is considered to be an in-group member and what constitutes a threat to the own religious worldview. Furthermore, it has also been shown that the exposure to religious concepts influences prejudicial reactions. Finally, a review of the studies conducted outside the context of white Christians in North America and Europe shows that, regardless of social context and religious denomination, prejudice can to a large extent be explained by perceptions of threat, for example, to one’s belief system, which may especially be important for religious people.

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ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS KELOMPOK TANI DI DESA PULAU TENGAH KECAMATAN JANGKAT KABUPATEN MERANGIN

JAS (Jurnal Agri Sains) ◽

10.36355/jas.v3i2.291 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Etria Hayanti ◽

Evo Afrianto ◽

Isyaturriyadhah Isyaturriyadhah

Keyword(s):

Research Method ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Agricultural Extension ◽

Group Productivity ◽

High Category ◽

Group Homogeneity ◽

Leadership Group ◽

Farmer Groups ◽

The Relationship ◽

Group Member

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui tingkat efektivitas kelompok tani, tingkat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efektivitas kelompok tani dan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efektivitas kelompok tani dengan tingkat efektivitas kelompok tani di Desa Pulau Tengah Kecamatan Jangkat Kabupaten Merangin. Metode penelitian dalam penelitian ini untuk mengetahui tingkat efektivitas kelompok tani dan tingkat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efektivitas kelompok tani di Desa Pulau Tengah Kecamatan Jangkat Kabupaten Merangin dilakukan dengan analisis deskriptif melalui scoring dengan menggunakan Skala Likert. Sedangkan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efektivitas kelompok tani dengan tingkat efektivitas kelompok tani di Desa Pulau Tengah Kecamatan Jangkat Kabupaten Merangin, dianalisis secara statistik non parametrik dengan megunakan Uji Koefisien Rank Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat efektivitas kelompok tani di Desa Pulau Tengah Kecamatan Jangkat Kabupaten Merangin menunjukkan berada dalam kategori tinggi yaitu produktivitas kelompok, kepuasaan anggota kelompok, semangat kelompok. Dan tingkat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efektivitas kelompok tani menunjukkan dalam kategori tinggi yaitu kepemimpinan kelompok, kehomogenan kelompok, waktu pertemuan kelompok, fungsi tugas kelompok, tingkat penguasaan materi oleh PPL (Penyuluh Pertanian Lapangan). Sedangkan hubungan antara tingkat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efektitas kelompok tani dengan tingkat efektivitas kelompok tani menunjukkan hubungan positif dimana ada hubungan antara tingkat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efektivitas kelompok tani dengan tingkat efektivitas kelompok tani di Desa Pulau Tengah Kecamatan Jangkat Kabupaten Merangin.Kata Kunci : Efektivitas, Kelompok Tani. ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the level of effectiveness of farmer groups, the level of factors that affect the effectiveness of farmer groups and to determine the relationship between the level of factors that affect the effectiveness of farmer groups with the level of effectiveness of farmer groups in Pulau Tengah Village, Jangkat District, Merangin District. The research method in this study was to determine the level of effectiveness of farmer groups and the level of factors that influence the effectiveness of farmer groups in Pulau Tengah Village, Jangkat District, Merangin District, which was carried out by descriptive analysis through scoring using a Likert Scale. Meanwhile, to find out the relationship between the level of factors that influence the effectiveness of farmer groups and the level of effectiveness of farmer groups in Pulau Tengah Village, Jangkat District, Merangin District, statistically non-parametric analysis using Spearman Rank Coefficient Test. The results showed that the level of effectiveness of farmer groups in Pulau Tengah Village, Jangkat District, Merangin District showed that they were in the high category of group productivity, group member satisfaction, group spirit. And the level of factors that influence the effectiveness of farmer groups shows in the high category of group leadership, group homogeneity, group meeting time, group task function, level of mastery of the material by PPL (Field Agricultural Extension). While the relationship between the level of factors that affect the effectiveness of farmer groups with the level of effectiveness of farmer groups shows a positive relationship where there is a relationship between the level of factors that affect the effectiveness of farmer groups with the level of effectiveness of farmer groups in Pulau Tengah Village, Jangkat District, Merangin District.Keywords: Effectiveness, Farmer Group.

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Coping With Group Members Who Insult the In-Group

Social Psychological and Personality Science ◽

10.1177/1948550617732392 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 234-244

Author(s):

Tina C. DeMarco ◽

Anna-Kaisa Newheiser

Keyword(s):

Political Party ◽

Presidential Election ◽

Presidential Campaign ◽

Party Affiliation ◽

Intragroup Conflict ◽

Group Members ◽

Political Party Affiliation ◽

The Relationship ◽

University Affiliation ◽

Group Member

How do people cope with group members who insult the in-group? The 2016 U.S. Presidential election provided an opportunity to examine this question among group members experiencing unprecedented within-group strife. Participants read an essay written by an in-group or out-group member (Study 1, university affiliation; Study 2, U.S. political party affiliation, conducted at the height of the 2016 Presidential campaign), in which the author insulted his or her in-group. Participants reported the extent to which and reasons why they wanted to confront and avoid the target. Desire to rebuke the target, but not desire to protect oneself and the in-group, mediated the relationship between exposure to in-group (vs. out-group) deviance and confrontation. Desires to rebuke and protect jointly mediated the relationship with avoidance. Whereas people may differ on how they react to in-group deviance, they are primarily motivated by wanting to reprimand deviants, with implications for coping with intragroup conflict.

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“You’re such a pain!”: Investigating how psychological pain influences the ostracism of a burdensome group member

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations ◽

10.1177/1368430219844312 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 519-545 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James H. Wirth ◽

Angie S. LeRoy ◽

Michael J. Bernstein

Keyword(s):

Negative Affect ◽

Social Interactions ◽

Social Relationships ◽

Future Research ◽

Psychological Pain ◽

Group Members ◽

The Subject ◽

Group Success ◽

The Relationship ◽

Group Member

Maintaining social relationships with others is essential for survival, but not all relationships are beneficial. Individuals exclude nonbeneficial burdensome group members, those who encumber group success. We investigated whether feeling psychological pain is a mechanism that prompts assessment of social threats―potentially putting the “brakes” on burdensome (nonbeneficial) relationships. Specifically, we investigated if interacting with burdensome individuals caused others to experience psychological pain, negative affect, and to dislike the burdensome individual. Across 5 studies, using 3 different paradigms, we found those who interacted with a burdensome individual experienced psychological pain, which influenced ostracizing (excluding and ignoring) the burdensome group member. In Studies 4 and 5, we found psychological pain mediated the relationship between burdensomeness and ostracism even when we accounted for negative affect and dislike of the burdensome individual. Our results suggest psychological pain can guide social interactions and should be the subject of future research involving social threat.

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The Relationship of Group Process and Group Task Accomplishment To Group Member Satisfaction

Small Group Behavior ◽

10.1177/104649648501600206 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 211-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Beverly J. Hartung Hagen ◽

Genevieve Burch

Keyword(s):

Group Process ◽

Member Satisfaction ◽

Task Accomplishment ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Group Member

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Perceptual harmony in judgments of group prototypicality and intragroup respect

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0243821 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. e0243821

Author(s):

Joshua D. Wright ◽

L. James Climenhage ◽

Michael T. Schmitt ◽

Nyla R. Branscombe

Keyword(s):

Common Sense ◽

Interaction Effect ◽

Group Cohesion ◽

Group Members ◽

The Relationship ◽

Group Member ◽

Common Sense Psychology

We test common sense psychology of intragroup relations whereby people assume that intragroup respect and ingroup prototypicality are positively related. In Study 1a, participants rated a group member as more prototypical if they learned that group member was highly respected rather than disrespected. In Study 1b, participants rated a group member as more respected by other group members if they learned that group member was prototypical rather than unprototypical. As a commonsense psychology of groups, we reasoned that the perceived relationship between prototypicality and intragroup respect would be stronger for cohesive groups compared to incohesive groups. The effect of intragroup respect on perceptions of prototypicality (Study 2a & 2c) and the effect of prototypicality on perceptions of intragroup respect (Study 2b) were generally stronger for participants considering cohesive groups relative to incohesive groups. However, the interaction effect of prototypicality and group cohesion on intragroup respect did fail to replicate in Study 2d. In Studies 3, 4a, and 4b we manipulated the relationship between prototypicality and intragroup respect and found that when these variables were in perceptual harmony participants perceived groups as more cohesive. The results of eight out of nine studies conducted are consistent with the prediction that people make inferences about intragroup respect, prototypicality, and group cohesion in a manner that maintains perceptual harmony.

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Toot Your Own Horn? Leader Narcissism and the Effectiveness of Employee Self-Promotion

Journal of Management ◽

10.1177/0149206318785240 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 261-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Deanne N. Den Hartog ◽

Annebel H. B. De Hoogh ◽

Frank D. Belschak

Keyword(s):

Impression Management ◽

Employee Performance ◽

Positive Behavior ◽

Leader Member Exchange ◽

Positive Image ◽

Perceived Importance ◽

Member Exchange ◽

Similarity Attraction ◽

The Relationship ◽

Group Member

Self-promotion is a form of impression management aiming to present to others a positive image of oneself by emphasizing one’s strengths, contributions, or accomplishments. In the workplace, self-promotion is often targeted at leaders, with employees trying to show a positive image and impress their leader. Self-promotion does not always impress observers though, and we propose that leaders high on narcissism are more likely to be impressed by employee self-promotion than those low on narcissism for two reasons. First, narcissists endorse and engage in self-promotion themselves, and the similarity-attraction principle suggests that people more easily develop affective regard for and show more positive behavior towards those who are more like them, resulting in having a better relationship with them. Second, because narcissists are instrumental and exploitative, they are particularly sensitive to self-promotors’ message that they are an important and influential group member who potentially forms a useful asset to the leader. In turn, we expect high leader-member exchange (LMX) and perceived importance to be positively related to leader evaluations of employee performance. We tested this model twice, once using two scenario experiments and once in a multisource field study among 311 leader-follower dyads. Overall, the results suggest that, as expected, the relationship between self-promotion and both perceived LMX and perceived importance of the employee depends on leader narcissism.

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Perceptual Harmony in Judgments of Group Prototypicality and Intragroup Respect

10.31234/osf.io/un5kh ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Joshua D. Wright ◽

L. James Climenhage ◽

Michael T. Schmitt ◽

Nyla Branscombe

Keyword(s):

Common Sense ◽

Interaction Effect ◽

Group Cohesion ◽

Group Members ◽

The Relationship ◽

Group Member ◽

Common Sense Psychology

We test common sense psychology (Heider, 1958) of intragroup relations whereby people assume that intragroup respect and ingroup prototypicality are positively related. In Study 1a, participants rated a group member as more prototypical if they learned that group member was highly respected rather than disrespected. In Study 1b, participants rated a group member as more respected by other group members if they learned that group member was prototypical rather than unprototypical. As a commonsense psychology of groups, we reasoned that the perceived relationship between prototypicality and intragroup respect would be stronger for cohesive groups compared to incohesive groups. The effect of intragroup respect on perceptions of prototypicality (Study 2a & 2c) and the effect of prototypicality on perceptions of intragroup respect (Study 2b) were generally stronger for participants considering cohesive groups relative to incohesive groups. However, the interaction effect of prototypicality and group cohesion on intragroup respect did fail to replicate in Study 2d. In Studies 3, 4a, and 4b we manipulated the relationship between prototypicality and intragroup respect and found that when these variables were in perceptual harmony participants perceived groups as more cohesive. The results of eight out of nine studies conducted are consistent with the prediction that people make inferences about intragroup respect, prototypicality, and group cohesion in a manner that maintains perceptual harmony.

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