Attachment Stability From Infancy to Adulthood: Meta-Analysis and Dynamic Modeling of Developmental Mechanisms

A central tenet of attachment theory is that a person's attachment pattern in adulthood is a reflection of his or her attachment history—-beginning with the person's earliest attachment relationships. However, the precise way in which early representations might shape adult attachment patterns is ambiguous, and different perspectives on this issue have evolved in the literature. According to the prototype perspective, representations of early experiences are retained over time and continue to play an influential role in attachment behavior throughout the life course. In contrast, the revisionist perspective holds that early representations are subject to modification on the basis of new experiences and therefore may or may not reflect patterns of attachment later in life. In this article, I explore and test mathematical models of each of these theoretical processes on the basis of longitudinal data obtained from meta-analysis. Results indicate that attachment security is moderately stable across the first 19 years of life and that patterns of stability are best accounted for by prototype dynamics.

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Toward the next quarter-century: Conceptual and methodological challenges for attachment theory

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579403000348 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 691-718 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

ROSS A. THOMPSON ◽

H. ABIGAIL RAIKES

Keyword(s):

Attachment Theory ◽

Developmental Psychopathology ◽

Attachment Security ◽

Theoretical Understanding ◽

Quarter Century ◽

Contextual Risk ◽

Internal Working ◽

Methodological Challenges ◽

Theoretical Predictions ◽

The Life Course

Attachment theory and research have offered fundamental insights into early sociopersonality development for the past quarter-century. As its scope expands throughout the life course with applications to developmental psychopathology, however, attachment work faces important conceptual and methodological challenges. These include (a) expanding Bowlby's theoretical formulations to address developmental changes in the nature of attachment organization beyond infancy, the converging influence of multiple attachment relationships, and the nature and development of internal working models; (b) systematically validating assessments of attachment security for older ages in the context of enhanced theoretical understanding of how attachment itself changes with age; (c) new methodological approaches to understanding the relations between attachment and later behavior in light of empirical evidence of stability and change in attachment security and the need for explicit theoretical predictions of the sequelae of attachment security; and (d) more complex conceptualizations of the associations among attachment, contextual risk, and later behavior. These are similar to the challenges facing the original pioneers of attachment theory and research, suggesting that familiar problems must now be reconsidered against the landscape of new applications of attachment work and the insights of contemporary developmental science.

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Attachment Theory and Spirituality: Two Threads Converging in Palliative Care?

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/740291 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Cécile Loetz ◽

Jakob Müller ◽

Eckhard Frick ◽

Yvonne Petersen ◽

Niels Christian Hvidt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Palliative Care ◽

Clinical Practice ◽

Attachment Theory ◽

Final Section ◽

Continuing Bonds ◽

Attachment Behavior ◽

Adequate Response ◽

Palliative Situation ◽

Special Quality ◽

Attachment Pattern

The aim of this paper is to discuss and explore the interrelation between two concepts, attachment theory and the concept of spirituality, which are important to palliative care and to founding a multivariate understanding of the patient’s needs and challenges. Both concepts have been treated by research in diverse and multiform ways, but little effort has yet been made to integrate them into one theoretical framework in reference to the palliative context. In this paper, we begin an attempt to close this scientific gap theoretically. Following the lines of thought in this paper, we assume that spirituality can be conceptualized as an adequate response of a person’s attachment pattern to the peculiarity of the palliative situation. Spirituality can be seen both as a recourse to securely based relationships and as an attempt to explore the ultimate unknown, the mystery of one’s own death. Thus, spirituality in the palliative context corresponds to the task of attachment behavior: to transcend symbiosis while continuing bonds and thus to explore the unknown environment independently and without fear. Spiritual activity is interpreted as a human attachment behavior option that receives special quality and importance in the terminal stage of life. Implications for clinical practice and research are discussed in the final section of the paper.

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Supplemental Material for A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Associations Between Substance Use and Interpersonal Attachment Security

Psychological Bulletin ◽

10.1037/bul0000141.supp ◽

2018 ◽

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Attachment Security ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Longitudinal Associations

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Blue heaven: jazz as connector and disrupter in family and community relationships

Couple and Family Psychoanalysis ◽

10.33212/cfp.v10n1.2020.72 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 72-86

Author(s):

Christopher Clulow

Keyword(s):

Attachment Theory ◽

Attachment Security ◽

Well Being ◽

Cultural Factors ◽

Developmental Experiences ◽

Families Of Origin ◽

Human Predicament ◽

Psychoanalytic Understanding ◽

Clinical Illustration ◽

Community Relationships

Psychoanalytic understanding of the human predicament pays more attention to developmental experiences within families of origin, of whatever form, than to the communities in which they grow up. Recent critiques of attachment theory draw attention to cultural factors that question measures of attachment security based on WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic) family assumptions, and emphasise instead the significance of trust for individual and community well-being. Music forms part of the communications web in all societies, and arguably precedes language in connecting and separating people. This exploratory contribution will consider the role music, and jazz in particular, can play in communication, considering both its connective and disruptive potential within families and communities. Using clinical illustration, it will consider jazz as a metaphor for couple psychoanalysis.

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Indigenous higher education sector: the evolution of recognised Indigenous Leaders within Australian Universities

The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education ◽

10.1017/jie.2019.30 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stacey Kim Coates ◽

Michelle Trudgett ◽

Susan Page

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Indigenous Education ◽

Indigenous Australians ◽

Access To Higher Education ◽

Public Schooling ◽

Indigenous Students ◽

Early Experiences ◽

Commonwealth Government ◽

The 1960S ◽

Over Time

Abstract There is clear evidence that Indigenous education has changed considerably over time. Indigenous Australians' early experiences of ‘colonialised education’ included missionary schools, segregated and mixed public schooling, total exclusion and ‘modified curriculum’ specifically for Indigenous students which focused on teaching manual labour skills (as opposed to literacy and numeracy skills). The historical inequalities left a legacy of educational disparity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Following activist movements in the 1960s, the Commonwealth Government initiated a number of reviews and forged new policy directions with the aim of achieving parity of participation and outcomes in higher education between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Further reviews in the 1980s through to the new millennium produced recommendations specifically calling for Indigenous Australians to be given equality of access to higher education; for Indigenous Australians to be employed in higher education settings; and to be included in decisions regarding higher education. This paper aims to examine the evolution of Indigenous leaders in higher education from the period when we entered the space through to now. In doing so, it will examine the key documents to explore how the landscape has changed over time, eventually leading to a number of formal reviews, culminating in the Universities Australia 2017–2020 Indigenous Strategy (Universities Australia, 2017).

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P34 Characteristics, diagnosis and management of Cushing’s disease - A systematic review and meta-analysis

BJS Open ◽

10.1093/bjsopen/zrab032.033 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Chan Hee Koh ◽

Danyal Z Khan ◽

Ronneil Digpal ◽

Hugo Layard Horsfall ◽

Hani J Marcus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Cushing’S Disease ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

A Priori ◽

Pituitary Surgery ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Cushing's Disease ◽

Diagnosis And Management ◽

Over Time

Abstract Introduction The clinical practice and research in the diagnosis and management of Cushing’s disease remains heterogeneous and challenging to this day. We sought to establish the characteristics of Cushing’s disease, and the trends in diagnosis, management and reporting in this field. Methods Searches of PubMed and Embase were conducted. Study protocol was registered a-priori. Random-effects analyses were conducted to establish numerical estimates. Results Our screening returned 159 papers. The average age of adult patients with Cushing’s disease was 39.3, and 13.6 for children. The male:female ratio was 1:3. 8% of patients had undergone previous transsphenoidal resection. The ratio of macroadenomas: microadenomas:imaging-undetectable adenomas was 18:53:29. The most commonly reported preoperative biochemical investigations were serum cortisol (average 26.4µg/dL) and ACTH (77.5pg/dL). Postoperative cortisol was most frequently used to define remission (74.8%), most commonly with threshold of 5µg/dL (44.8%). Average remission rates were 77.8% with recurrence rate of 13.9%. Median follow-up was 38 months. Majority of papers reported age (81.9%) and sex (79.4%). Only 56.6% reported whether their patients had previous pituitary surgery. 45.3% reported whether their adenomas were macroadenoma, microadenoma or undetectable. Only 24.1% reported preoperative cortisol, and this did not improve over time. 60.4% reported numerical thresholds for cortisol in defining remission, and this improved significantly over time (p = 0.004). Visual inspection of bubbleplots showed increasing preference for threshold of 5µg/dL. 70.4% reported the length of follow up. Conclusion We quantified the characteristics of Cushing’s disease, and analysed the trends in investigation and reporting. This review may help to inform future efforts in forming guidelines for research and clinical practice.

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Recomposing persons: Scavenging and storytelling in a birth cohort archive

History of the Human Sciences ◽

10.1177/0952695121995398 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095269512199539

Author(s):

Penny Tinkler ◽

Resto Cruz ◽

Laura Fenton

Keyword(s):

Life Course ◽

Cohort Studies ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Quantitative Data ◽

Population Level ◽

Relational Embeddedness ◽

The Life Course ◽

Over Time

Birth cohort studies can be used not only to generate population-level quantitative data, but also to recompose persons. The crux is how we understand data and persons. Recomposition entails scavenging for various (including unrecognised) data. It foregrounds the perspective and subjectivity of survey participants, but without forgetting the partiality and incompleteness of the accounts that it may generate. Although interested in the singularity of individuals, it attends to the historical and relational embeddedness of personhood. It examines the multiple and complex temporalities that suffuse people’s lives, hence departing from linear notions of the life course. It implies involvement, as well as reflexivity, on the part of researchers. It embraces the heterogeneity and transformations over time of scientific archives and the interpretive possibilities, as well as incompleteness, of birth cohort studies data. Interested in the unfolding of lives over time, it also shines light on meaningful biographical moments.

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A246 THE GLOBAL INCIDENCE OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS IS INCREASING OVER TIME: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology ◽

10.1093/jcag/gwab002.244 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 304-306

Author(s):

J Iannuzzi ◽

J H Leong ◽

J Quan ◽

J A King ◽

J W Windsor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Pancreatitis ◽

Data Extraction ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Western World ◽

Common Disease ◽

Biliary Disease ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Annual Percent Change ◽

Over Time

Abstract Background Acute pancreatitis is a common disease with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Historically, acute pancreatitis has been considered a disease with multiple etiologies and risk factors but is driven by alcohol and biliary disease. Multiple studies have shown that the incidence of acute pancreatitis is increasing globally among both adults and children. Aims The purpose of this study was to assess temporal trends in incidence of acute pancreatitis globally. Methods We performed a systematic literature search to identify population-based studies reporting the annual incidence of acute pancreatitis. Abstracts were independently assessed in duplicate to identify applicable papers for full-text review and data extraction. Joinpoint temporal trend analyses were performed to calculate the average annual percent change (AAPC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The AAPCs were pooled in a meta-analysis to capture the overall and regional trends in acute pancreatitis incidence over time. Temporal data were summarized in a static map and an interactive, web-based map to illustrate global differences. Results Forty-five studies reported the temporal incidence of acute pancreatitis (static map provided, online interactive map: https://kaplan-acute-pancreatitis-ucalgary.hub.arcgis.com/). The incidence of acute pancreatitis has increased from 1961 to 2016 (AAPC = 2.89%; 95% CI: 2.26, 3.52; n=41). Increasing incidence was observed in North America (AAPC = 2.71%; 95% CI: 1.93, 3.50; n=10) and Europe (AAPC = 2.79%; 95% CI: 1.95, 3.63; n=24). The incidence of acute pancreatitis was stable in Asia (AAPC = −0.28%; 95% CI: −5.03, 4.47; n=2). Conclusions This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the global incidence of acute pancreatitis over the last five decades and demonstrates a steadily rising incidence over time in most countries of the Western world. More studies are needed to better define the changing incidence of acute pancreatitis in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Funding Agencies None

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Customary physical activity and odds of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 111 prospective cohort studies

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2020-103140 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. bjsports-2020-103140

Author(s):

Rodney K Dishman ◽

Cillian P McDowell ◽

Matthew Payton Herring

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Cohort Studies ◽

Prospective Cohort ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Prospective Cohort Studies ◽

Over Time

ObjectiveTo explore whether physical activity is inversely associated with the onset of depression, we quantified the cumulative association of customary physical activity with incident depression and with an increase in subclinical depressive symptoms over time as reported from prospective observational studies.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesMEDLINE, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and CINAHL Complete databases, supplemented by Google Scholar.Eligibility criteriaProspective cohort studies in adults, published prior to January 2020, reporting associations between physical activity and depression.Study appraisal and synthesisMultilevel random-effects meta-analysis was performed adjusting for study and cohort or region. Mixed-model meta-regression of putative modifiers.ResultsSearches yielded 111 reports including over 3 million adults sampled from 11 nations in five continents. Odds of incident cases of depression or an increase in subclinical depressive symptoms were reduced after exposure to physical activity (OR, 95% CI) in crude (0.69, 0.63 to 0.75; I2=93.7) and adjusted (0.79, 0.75 to 0.82; I2=87.6) analyses. Results were materially the same for incident depression and subclinical symptoms. Odds were lower after moderate or vigorous physical activity that met public health guidelines than after light physical activity. These odds were also lower when exposure to physical activity increased over time during a study period compared with the odds when physical activity was captured as a single baseline measure of exposure.ConclusionCustomary and increasing levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in observational studies are inversely associated with incident depression and the onset of subclinical depressive symptoms among adults regardless of global region, gender, age or follow-up period.

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