Oxyntomodulin and Glicentin May Predict the Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Food Preferences and Weight Loss

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. e1064-e1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette S Nielsen ◽  
Christian Ritz ◽  
Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen ◽  
Jens Juul Holst ◽  
Carel W le Roux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Surgical Treatments

Abstract Background Alterations in several gastrointestinal hormones are implicated in the postoperative suppression of food intake leading to weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG). The aim was to evaluate changes in responses of gastrointestinal hormones after RYGB and SG and the associations of these changes with weight loss, energy intake, and food preferences. Methods Forty-two subjects with severe obesity were included (32 RYGB; 10 SG). Postprandial responses of glicentin, oxyntomodulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and ghrelin were measured before and 6 months after surgery. Energy intake and energy density were assessed before and 6 months after surgery using a buffet meal test and weight loss was assessed 18 months after surgery. Results Postprandial concentrations of glicentin, oxyntomodulin, GLP-1, and ghrelin differed between RYGB and SG (all P ≤ .02). Enhanced responses of glicentin and oxyntomodulin predicted a greater weight loss (both P < .01) and were associated with a larger decrease in energy density (P ≤ .04). No associations were found for GLP-1, PYY, and ghrelin, and changes were not associated with changes in energy intake. When combing all hormones, 60%, 19%, and 33% of the variations in weight loss, energy intake, and energy density, respectively, could be explained. Conclusion Postprandial responses of gastrointestinal hormones differed between RYGB and SG. Enhanced responses of glicentin and oxyntomodulin predicted a better weight loss and were associated with a decreased preference for energy-dense foods. Replication of these results could imply an opportunity to identify patients in need of additional support after surgical treatments of obesity.

scholarly journals How Satiating Are the ‘Satiety’ Peptides: A Problem of Pharmacology versus Physiology in the Development of Novel Foods for Regulation of Food Intake

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Jiet Lim ◽  
Sally D. Poppitt
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Novel Foods ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Developing novel foods to suppress energy intake and promote negative energy balance and weight loss has been a long-term but commonly unsuccessful challenge. Targeting regulation of appetite is of interest to public health researchers and industry in the quest to develop ‘functional’ foods, but poor understanding of the underpinning mechanisms regulating food intake has hampered progress. The gastrointestinal (GI) or ‘satiety’ peptides including cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) secreted following a meal, have long been purported as predictive biomarkers of appetite response, including food intake. Whilst peptide infusion drives a clear change in hunger/fullness and eating behaviour, inducing GI-peptide secretion through diet may not, possibly due to modest effects of single meals on peptide levels. We conducted a review of 70 dietary preload (DIET) and peptide infusion (INFUSION) studies in lean healthy adults that reported outcomes of CCK, GLP-1 and PYY. DIET studies were acute preload interventions. INFUSION studies showed that minimum increase required to suppress ad libitum energy intake for CCK, GLP-1 and PYY was 3.6-, 4.0- and 3.1-fold, respectively, achieved through DIET in only 29%, 0% and 8% of interventions. Whether circulating ‘thresholds’ of peptide concentration likely required for behavioural change can be achieved through diet is questionable. As yet, no individual or group of peptides can be measured in blood to reliably predict feelings of hunger and food intake. Developing foods that successfully target enhanced secretion of GI-origin ‘satiety’ peptides for weight loss remains a significant challenge.

Weight loss through ileal transposition is accompanied by increased ileal hormone secretion and synthesis in rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (2) ◽  
pp. E447-E453 ◽  
Author(s):  
April D. Strader ◽  
Torsten P. Vahl ◽  
Ronald J. Jandacek ◽  
Stephen C. Woods ◽  
David A. D’Alessio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Gastric Volume ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Intestinal Bypass ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Isolated Segment ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Bariatric surgeries, such as gastric bypass, result in dramatic and sustained weight loss that is usually attributed to a combination of gastric volume restriction and intestinal malabsorption. However, studies parceling out the contribution of enhanced intestinal stimulation in the absence of these two mechanisms have received little attention. Previous studies have demonstrated that patients who received intestinal bypass or Roux-en-Y surgery have increased release of gastrointestinal hormones. One possible mechanism for this increase is the rapid transit of nutrients into the intestine after eating. To determine whether there is increased secretion of anorectic peptides produced in the distal small intestine when this portion of the gut is given greater exposure to nutrients, we preformed ileal transpositions (IT) in rats. In this procedure, an isolated segment of ileum is transposed to the jejunum, resulting in an intestinal tract of normal length but an alteration in the normal distribution of endocrine cells along the gut. Rats with IT lost more weight ( P < 0.05) and consumed less food ( P < 0.05) than control rats with intestinal transections and reanastomosis without transposition. Weight loss in the IT rats was not due to malabsorption of nutrients. However, transposition of distal gut to a proximal location caused increased synthesis and release of the anorectic ileal hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY; P < 0.01). The association of weight loss with increased release of GLP-1 and PYY suggests that procedures that promote gastrointestinal endocrine function can reduce energy intake. These findings support the importance of evaluating the contribution of gastrointestinal hormones to the weight loss seen with bariatric surgery.

Peptide YY and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 in Morbidly Obese Patients Before and After Surgically Induced Weight Loss

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1571-1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Reinehr ◽  
Christian L. Roth ◽  
Gerit-Holger Schernthaner ◽  
Hans-Peter Kopp ◽  
Stefan Kriwanek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Surgically Induced

scholarly journals Dietary galacto-oligosaccharides and calcium: effects on energy intake, fat-pad weight and satiety-related, gastrointestinal hormones in rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1338-1348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joost Overduin ◽  
Margriet H. C. Schoterman ◽  
Wim Calame ◽  
Arjan J. Schonewille ◽  
Sandra J. M. Ten Bruggencate
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Or Gene

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are carbohydrates that are fermented by colonic microbiota. The present study examined effects of a 3-week dietary enrichment with 6 % (w/w) GOS on parameters of energy balance in forty-three male Wistar rats. GOS was tested with two doses of calcium phosphate (30 and 100 mmol/kg), known to differently affect colonic fermentation. After 17 d, isoenergetic test meals were presented and plasma responses of ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) were measured. On day 21 (study termination) epididymal fat pads and caecum were weighed. Additionally, gastrointestinal mucosal samples and proximal colonic contents were analysed for gene expression (ghrelin, proglucagon and PYY) and fermentation metabolites (SCFA and lactate), respectively. GOS reduced energy intake most prominently during the first week, without provoking compensatory overeating later on (average intake reduction: 14 %). The GOS-fed rats showed increased caecal and reduced fat-pad weight and increased gene expression of the satiety-related peptides, PYY (1·7-fold) and proglucagon (3·5-fold). Pre-meal baseline and post-meal plasma levels of PYY, but not of ghrelin or GLP-1, were higher in GOS-fed rats than in control rats. Ca enrichment resulted in higher energy intake (average 4·5 %). GOS diets increased lactic acid levels and slightly reduced butyric acid in proximal colonic contents. Ca abolished the GOS-related elevation of lactic acid, while increasing propionic acid levels, but did not inhibit GOS-related effects on energy intake, fat-pad weight or gene expression. These results indicate that dietary GOS stimulate a number of physiological mechanisms that can reduce energy intake, regardless of the calcium phosphate content of the diet.

scholarly journals Effect of Macronutrient Composition on Appetite Hormone Responses in Adolescents with Obesity

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay Nguo ◽  
Maxine Bonham ◽  
Helen Truby ◽  
Elizabeth Barber ◽  
Justin Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Meal Effect ◽  
Hormone Responses ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Gut appetite hormone responses may be influenced by meal macronutrients and obesity. The primary aim of this study was to examine in adolescents with obesity and of healthy weight the effect of a high-protein and a high-carbohydrate meal on postprandial gut appetite hormones. A postprandial cross-over study with adolescents 11–19 years old was undertaken. Participants consumed, in random order, a high 79% carbohydrate (HCHO) and a high 55% protein (HP) meal. Ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and self-reported appetite were assessed for four hours postprandial. Total energy intake from an ad libitum lunch and remaining 24 h was assessed. Eight adolescents with obesity (OB) and 12 with healthy weight (HW) participated. Compared with HW, OB adolescents displayed a smaller ghrelin iAUC (−25,896.5 ± 7943 pg/mL/4 h vs. −60,863.5 ± 13104 pg/mL/4 h) (p = 0.008) with no effect of meal (p > 0.05). The suppression of ghrelin relative to baseline was similar between OB and HW. Ghrelin suppression was greater following the HP vs. HCHO meal (effect of meal, p = 0.018). Glucose and insulin response were greater following HCHO vs. HP, with responses more marked in OB (time × weight × meal interaction, p = 0.003 and p = 0.018, respectively). There were no effects of weight or macronutrient on GLP-1 or PYY, appetite or subsequent energy intake. The present study demonstrates that dietary protein can modulate postprandial ghrelin responses; however, this did not translate to subsequent changes in subjective appetite or energy intake.

scholarly journals Effects of L-Phenylalanine on Energy Intake and Glycaemia—Impacts on Appetite Perceptions, Gastrointestinal Hormones and Gastric Emptying in Healthy Males

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope C. E. Fitzgerald ◽  
Benoit Manoliu ◽  
Benjamin Herbillon ◽  
Robert E. Steinert ◽  
Michael Horowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Stimulation Of

In humans, phenylalanine stimulates plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) and pyloric pressures, both of which are important in the regulation of energy intake and gastric emptying. Gastric emptying is a key determinant of postprandial blood glucose. We evaluated the effects of intragastric phenylalanine on appetite perceptions and subsequent energy intake, and the glycaemic response to, and gastric emptying of, a mixed-nutrient drink. The study consisted of two parts, each including 16 healthy, lean males (age: 23 ± 1 years). In each part, participants received on three separate occasions, in randomised, double-blind fashion, 5 g (Phe-5 g) or 10g (‘Phe-10 g) L-phenylalanine, or control, intragastrically, 30 min before a standardised buffet-meal (part A), or a standardised mixed-nutrient drink (part B). In part A, plasma CCK and peptide-YY (PYY), and appetite perceptions, were measured at baseline, after phenylalanine alone, and following the buffet-meal, from which energy intake was assessed. In part B, plasma glucose, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin and glucagon were measured at baseline, after phenylalanine alone, and for 2 h following the drink. Gastric emptying of the drink was also measured by 13C-acetate breath-test. Phe-10 g, but not Phe-5 g, stimulated plasma CCK (p = 0.01) and suppressed energy intake (p = 0.012); energy intake was correlated with stimulation of CCK (r = −0.4, p = 0.027), and tended to be associated with stimulation of PYY (r = −0.31, p = 0.082). Both Phe-10 g and Phe-5 g stimulated insulin and glucagon (all p < 0.05), but not GLP-1. Phe-10 g, but not Phe-5 g, reduced overall plasma glucose (p = 0.043) and peak plasma glucose (p = 0.017) in response to the mixed-nutrient drink. Phenylalanine had no effect on gastric emptying of the drink. In conclusion, our observations indicate that the energy intake-suppressant effect of phenylalanine is related to the stimulation of CCK and PYY, while the glucoregulatory effect may be independent of stimulation of plasma GLP-1 or slowing of gastric emptying.

Comparative effects of intraduodenal protein and lipid on ghrelin, peptide YY, and leptin release in healthy men

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (4) ◽  
pp. R300-R304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina S. Ullrich ◽  
Bärbel Otto ◽  
Amy T. Hutchison ◽  
Natalie D. Luscombe-Marsh ◽  
Michael Horowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Intraduodenal Infusion ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Plasma Leptin

Intraduodenal infusion of lipid or protein potently reduces subsequent energy intake. There is evidence that the underlying mechanisms differ significantly between the two nutrients. While intraduodenal lipid stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 and CCK much more than protein, the release of insulin and glucagon is substantially greater in response to protein. Ghrelin and PYY are both involved in short-term regulation, while leptin is a long-term regulator, of energy balance; the acute effects of nutrients on leptin release are unclear. We investigated the comparative effects of intraduodenal lipid and protein on plasma ghrelin, PYY, and leptin concentrations. Thirteen lean, young men received 90-min intraduodenal infusions of protein (whey hydrolysate) or lipid (long-chain triglyceride emulsion) at a rate of 3 kcal/min, or saline control, on three separate days. Blood samples were collected at baseline and regularly during infusions. Both lipid and protein potently suppressed plasma ghrelin compared with control (both P < 0.001), with no difference between them. While both lipid and protein stimulated plasma PYY ( P < 0.001), the effect of lipid was substantially greater than that of protein ( P < 0.001). Neither intraduodenal lipid nor protein affected plasma leptin. In conclusion, intraduodenal lipid and protein have discrepant effects on the release of PYY, but not ghrelin. When considered with our previous findings, it appears that, with the exception of ghrelin, the energy intake-suppressant effects of lipid and protein are mediated by different mechanisms.

scholarly journals Changes in the Homeostatic Appetite System After Weight Loss Reflect a Normalization Toward a Lower Body Weight

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (7) ◽  
pp. e2538-e2546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Nicole DeBenedictis ◽  
Siren Nymo ◽  
Karoline Haagensli Ollestad ◽  
Guro Akersveen Boyesen ◽  
Jens Frederik Rehfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Lower Body Weight ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Peptide Secretion

Abstract Objective To compare appetite markers in reduced-obese individuals with a nonobese control group. Methods A total of 34 adults with obesity who lost 17% body weight at week 13 and maintained this weight loss (WL) at 1 year were compared with 33 nonobese controls matched for body composition. Basal and postprandial subjective appetite ratings and appetite-related hormone concentrations (ghrelin, total peptide YY, peptide YY3-36, total and active glucagon-like peptide 1, and cholecystokinin) were measured in all participants and repeated at week 13 and 1 year in the weight-reduced group. Results WL led to a reduction in prospective food consumption and an increase in feelings of hunger, fullness, and ghrelin secretion (basal and postprandial), but these new ratings were no different from those seen in controls. Postprandial concentrations of active glucagon-like peptide 1, total peptide YY, and cholecystokinin were lower in individuals with obesity at all time points compared with controls. Conclusion The increased drive to eat (both subjective feelings of hunger and ghrelin concentrations) seen in reduced-obese individuals, both after acute and sustained WL, reflects a normalization toward a lower body weight. Overall, WL does not have a sustained negative impact on satiety peptide secretion, despite a blunted secretion in individuals with obesity compared with nonobese controls.

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