Individually timing high-protein preloads has no effect on daily energy intake, peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1

Abstract Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1ra) and has 97% homology to native GLP-1. Native GLP-1 derives from proglucagon, which is also a prohormone for other peptides including GLP-2, glucagon, oxytomodulin, glicentin, and major proglucagon fragment. Aside from GLP-1 and glucagon, the actions and roles of the other proglucagon-derived peptides remain unclear. In addition, the effect of liraglutide treatment on these peptides are unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of treatment with liraglutide compared with placebo on proglucagon-derived peptides. Adults who were overweight/obese (BMI 27-40 kg/m2) with prediabetes were randomized to liraglutide 1.8mg daily vs placebo for 14 weeks. All participants met regularly with a registered dietitian and were advised to decrease calorie intake by 500 kcal/day. Proglucagon-derived peptides were measured during mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) at baseline and after 14 weeks in a subset of individuals with saved samples (n=16 on liraglutide, n=19 on placebo). The MMTT involved eating breakfast at 08:00 (20% of daily energy intake) and lunch at 12:00 (40% of daily energy intake). Blood was collected before breakfast and hourly from 08:00 to 16:00. The area-under-the curve (AUC) was calculated for all proglucagon-derived peptides using the trapezoidal method. Individuals treated with liraglutide lost twice as much weight as those assigned to placebo injections (mean ± SD, 6.1 ± 1.9 vs 3.2 ± 2.2 kg, p<0.002). Treatment with liraglutide also was associated with a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in all proglucagon-derived peptides. In the placebo group, only glucagon AUC significantly decreased after 14-weeks (P=0.002). Our study demonstrates for the first time that liraglutide treatment is associated with decrease in proglucagon-derived peptides, suggesting downregulation of endogenous proglucagon. The effects of this downregulation are unknown and need further study.

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Oxyntomodulin and Glicentin May Predict the Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Food Preferences and Weight Loss

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/clinem/dgaa061 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 105 (4) ◽

pp. e1064-e1074 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mette S Nielsen ◽

Christian Ritz ◽

Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen ◽

Jens Juul Holst ◽

Carel W le Roux ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Energy Density ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Food Preferences ◽

Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Additional Support ◽

Surgical Treatments

Abstract Background Alterations in several gastrointestinal hormones are implicated in the postoperative suppression of food intake leading to weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG). The aim was to evaluate changes in responses of gastrointestinal hormones after RYGB and SG and the associations of these changes with weight loss, energy intake, and food preferences. Methods Forty-two subjects with severe obesity were included (32 RYGB; 10 SG). Postprandial responses of glicentin, oxyntomodulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and ghrelin were measured before and 6 months after surgery. Energy intake and energy density were assessed before and 6 months after surgery using a buffet meal test and weight loss was assessed 18 months after surgery. Results Postprandial concentrations of glicentin, oxyntomodulin, GLP-1, and ghrelin differed between RYGB and SG (all P ≤ .02). Enhanced responses of glicentin and oxyntomodulin predicted a greater weight loss (both P < .01) and were associated with a larger decrease in energy density (P ≤ .04). No associations were found for GLP-1, PYY, and ghrelin, and changes were not associated with changes in energy intake. When combing all hormones, 60%, 19%, and 33% of the variations in weight loss, energy intake, and energy density, respectively, could be explained. Conclusion Postprandial responses of gastrointestinal hormones differed between RYGB and SG. Enhanced responses of glicentin and oxyntomodulin predicted a better weight loss and were associated with a decreased preference for energy-dense foods. Replication of these results could imply an opportunity to identify patients in need of additional support after surgical treatments of obesity.

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Effect of high-protein breakfast meal on within-day appetite hormones: Peptide YY, glucagon like peptide-1 in adults

Clinical Nutrition Experimental ◽

10.1016/j.yclnex.2019.09.002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 111-122

Author(s):

Hadeel Ali Ghazzawi ◽

Samar Mustafa

Keyword(s):

Peptide Yy ◽

High Protein ◽

Breakfast Meal ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1

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Effect of Macronutrient Composition on Appetite Hormone Responses in Adolescents with Obesity

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11020340 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 340 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kay Nguo ◽

Maxine Bonham ◽

Helen Truby ◽

Elizabeth Barber ◽

Justin Brown ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Insulin Response ◽

Random Order ◽

Healthy Weight ◽

Macronutrient Composition ◽

Meal Effect ◽

Hormone Responses ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Gut appetite hormone responses may be influenced by meal macronutrients and obesity. The primary aim of this study was to examine in adolescents with obesity and of healthy weight the effect of a high-protein and a high-carbohydrate meal on postprandial gut appetite hormones. A postprandial cross-over study with adolescents 11–19 years old was undertaken. Participants consumed, in random order, a high 79% carbohydrate (HCHO) and a high 55% protein (HP) meal. Ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and self-reported appetite were assessed for four hours postprandial. Total energy intake from an ad libitum lunch and remaining 24 h was assessed. Eight adolescents with obesity (OB) and 12 with healthy weight (HW) participated. Compared with HW, OB adolescents displayed a smaller ghrelin iAUC (−25,896.5 ± 7943 pg/mL/4 h vs. −60,863.5 ± 13104 pg/mL/4 h) (p = 0.008) with no effect of meal (p > 0.05). The suppression of ghrelin relative to baseline was similar between OB and HW. Ghrelin suppression was greater following the HP vs. HCHO meal (effect of meal, p = 0.018). Glucose and insulin response were greater following HCHO vs. HP, with responses more marked in OB (time × weight × meal interaction, p = 0.003 and p = 0.018, respectively). There were no effects of weight or macronutrient on GLP-1 or PYY, appetite or subsequent energy intake. The present study demonstrates that dietary protein can modulate postprandial ghrelin responses; however, this did not translate to subsequent changes in subjective appetite or energy intake.

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Comparative effects of intraduodenal protein and lipid on ghrelin, peptide YY, and leptin release in healthy men

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00504.2014 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 308 (4) ◽

pp. R300-R304 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sina S. Ullrich ◽

Bärbel Otto ◽

Amy T. Hutchison ◽

Natalie D. Luscombe-Marsh ◽

Michael Horowitz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Saline Control ◽

Short Term ◽

Intraduodenal Infusion ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Plasma Leptin

Intraduodenal infusion of lipid or protein potently reduces subsequent energy intake. There is evidence that the underlying mechanisms differ significantly between the two nutrients. While intraduodenal lipid stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 and CCK much more than protein, the release of insulin and glucagon is substantially greater in response to protein. Ghrelin and PYY are both involved in short-term regulation, while leptin is a long-term regulator, of energy balance; the acute effects of nutrients on leptin release are unclear. We investigated the comparative effects of intraduodenal lipid and protein on plasma ghrelin, PYY, and leptin concentrations. Thirteen lean, young men received 90-min intraduodenal infusions of protein (whey hydrolysate) or lipid (long-chain triglyceride emulsion) at a rate of 3 kcal/min, or saline control, on three separate days. Blood samples were collected at baseline and regularly during infusions. Both lipid and protein potently suppressed plasma ghrelin compared with control (both P < 0.001), with no difference between them. While both lipid and protein stimulated plasma PYY ( P < 0.001), the effect of lipid was substantially greater than that of protein ( P < 0.001). Neither intraduodenal lipid nor protein affected plasma leptin. In conclusion, intraduodenal lipid and protein have discrepant effects on the release of PYY, but not ghrelin. When considered with our previous findings, it appears that, with the exception of ghrelin, the energy intake-suppressant effects of lipid and protein are mediated by different mechanisms.

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Is the Time of Food Consumption Associated with BMI and/or Total Daily Energy Intake?

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e509012013-199 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Barbara Roebothan ◽

Joanne Sullivan

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Daily Energy Intake ◽

Daily Energy

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Effects of a Protein-Rich, Low-Glycaemic Meal Replacement on Changes in Dietary Intake and Body Weight Following a Weight-Management Intervention—The ACOORH Trial

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13020376 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 376

Author(s):

Martin Röhling ◽

Andrea Stensitzky ◽

Camila L. P. Oliveira ◽

Andrea Beck ◽

Klaus Michael Braumann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Lifestyle Intervention ◽

Weight Change ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Daily Energy Intake ◽

Meal Replacement ◽

Daily Energy ◽

Protein Rich

Although meal replacement can lead to weight reduction, there is uncertainty whether this dietary approach implemented into a lifestyle programme can improve long-term dietary intake. In this subanalysis of the Almased Concept against Overweight and Obesity and Related Health Risk (ACOORH) study (n = 463), participants with metabolic risk factors were randomly assigned to either a meal replacement-based lifestyle intervention group (INT) or a lifestyle intervention control group (CON). This subanalysis relies only on data of participants (n = 119) who returned correctly completed dietary records at baseline, and after 12 and 52 weeks. Both groups were not matched for nutrient composition at baseline. These data were further stratified by sex and also associated with weight change. INT showed a higher increase in protein intake related to the daily energy intake after 12 weeks (+6.37% [4.69; 8.04] vs. +2.48% [0.73; 4.23], p < 0.001) of intervention compared to CON. Fat and carbohydrate intake related to the daily energy intake were more strongly reduced in the INT compared to CON (both p < 0.01). After sex stratification, particularly INT-women increased their total protein intake after 12 (INT: +12.7 g vs. CON: −5.1 g, p = 0.021) and 52 weeks (INT: +5.7 g vs. CON: −16.4 g, p = 0.002) compared to CON. Protein intake was negatively associated with weight change (r = −0.421; p < 0.001) after 12 weeks. The results indicate that a protein-rich dietary strategy with a meal replacement can improve long-term nutritional intake, and was associated with weight loss.

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Bile acids drive colonic secretion of glucagon-like-peptide 1 and peptide-YY in rodents

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00010.2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 316 (5) ◽

pp. G574-G584 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Charlotte Bayer Christiansen ◽

Samuel Addison Jack Trammell ◽

Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen ◽

Kristina Schoonjans ◽

Reidar Albrechtsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bile Acids ◽

G Protein ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Whole Body ◽

Rat Colon ◽

G Protein Coupled Receptor ◽

L Cells ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

G Protein Coupled

A large number of glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1)- and peptide-YY (PYY)-producing L cells are located in the colon, but little is known about their contribution to whole body metabolism. Since bile acids (BAs) increase GLP-1 and PYY release, and since BAs spill over from the ileum to the colon, we decided to investigate the ability of BAs to stimulate colonic GLP-1 and PYY secretion. Using isolated perfused rat/mouse colon as well as stimulation of the rat colon in vivo, we demonstrate that BAs significantly enhance secretion of GLP-1 and PYY from the colon with average increases of 3.5- and 2.9-fold, respectively. Furthermore, we find that responses depend on BA absorption followed by basolateral activation of the BA-receptor Takeda-G protein-coupled-receptor 5. Surprisingly, the apical sodium-dependent BA transporter, which serves to absorb conjugated BAs, was not required for colonic conjugated BA absorption or conjugated BA-induced peptide secretion. In conclusion, we demonstrate that BAs represent a major physiological stimulus for colonic L-cell secretion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY By the use of isolated perfused rodent colon preparations we show that bile acids are potent and direct promoters of colonic glucagon-like-peptide 1 and peptide-YY secretion. The study provides convincing evidence that basolateral Takeda-G protein-coupled-receptor 5 activation is mediating the effects of bile acids in the colon and thus add to the existing literature described for L cells in the ileum.

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