Timing of Voice Breaking in Males Associated with Growth and Weight Gain Across the Life Course

Abstract Background: In contrast to the many studies in females, there are few data in males on the relationships between childhood growth and weight gain and the timing of pubertal maturation and its relevance to adult body mass index (BMI) and body composition. Methods: A total of 2008 males in the 1946 British Birth Cohort Study had assessment of pubertal status including voice-breaking status (no change, starting, or complete) at age 14 yr. These responses were related to growth measurements at birth (weight only) and at 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 14, 20, 26, 36, 43, 53, and 60–64 yr. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at 60–64 yr. Results: Males with more advanced voice-breaking status at age 14 yr had similar birth weights compared with other males; they showed faster weight gain from 0–2 yr and had higher mean weight and BMI at age 2 yr. Subsequently, they continued to accelerate in weight and BMI, and also in height, and maximum differences in body size were seen at age 14 yr. Adult height did not differ between groups, but males with advanced voice breaking had higher adult BMI and greater whole-body lean mass and greater android fat mass at 60–64 yr. Conclusion: Similar to females with earlier menarche, the trajectory to earlier sexual maturation in males is manifested by faster early postnatal growth and weight gain and leads to higher adult BMI. Timing of pubertal maturation has potential relevance to adult disease risks in males. We also describe conditional height difference in sd score as a proxy marker of pubertal timing in males.

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Fish-meal supplementation of grass silage offered to young steers: Effects on growth, body composition and nutrient efficiency

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859601001083 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 137 (1) ◽

pp. 85-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. SANDERSON ◽

M. S. DHANOA ◽

C. THOMAS ◽

A. B. McALLAN

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Live Weight ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Whole Body ◽

Nitrogen Intake

Growth and efficiencies of nitrogen and energy utilization for growth by 72 young British Friesian steers (initial live weight (LW) 110 kg) offered a well preserved, formic acid-treated, perennial ryegrass silage with and without supplements of fish meal were examined. Silage was offered either alone or mixed with 50, 100 or 150 g fish meal/kg silage dry matter (DM) and each diet was offered either ad libitum or intakes were restricted to 16, 19 or 22 g dietary DM/kg LW/day. Treatments were imposed over a period of 132 days. Body component weight gains were determined by comparative slaughter.Increasing the level of either feeding or fish meal increased rates of empty body weight gain linearly (P<0·001) and curvilinearly (P<0·05) respectively. Fish-meal supplementation increased rates of ash and crude protein gain (P<0·001) but, in comparison with the curvilinear response to increasing level of feeding (P<0·001), had small linear effects on fat gain (P>0·01). Consequently, in terms of whole body composition, animals given fish meal were leaner than animals offered silage alone. Fish-meal supplementation had no significant effect on the composition of the carcass but increased the concentration of protein in the liver and gastrointestinal tract.The increase in nitrogen intake associated with feeding fish meal resulted in a reduction in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization as level of fish meal increased. Nitrogen intake required for maintenance was estimated to be 1·054 g/kg LW0·75. In spite of marked differences in the composition of the empty body-weight gain, there was no evidence to support an effect of fish meal on the efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) utilization for growth (kf) which was estimated to be 0·346 on the basis of data scaled by LW0·75. ME intake required for maintenance (MEm) was estimated to be 0·536 and 0·502 MJ/kg LW0·75 for silage alone and the 150 g fish-meal level respectively.

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Monoclonal antibody enhancement of the effects of human growth hormone on growth and body composition in mice

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.1170085 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 117 (1) ◽

pp. 85-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

A. T. Holder ◽

J. A. Blows ◽

R. Aston ◽

P. C. Bates

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Growth Hormone ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Human Growth Hormone ◽

Human Growth ◽

Whole Body ◽

Body Protein ◽

Dwarf Mice

ABSTRACT Dwarf mice were treated for 10 days with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), human growth hormone (hGH) or hGH with monoclonal antibody EB1 (hGH/MAB-EB1); for each treatment there were three groups which received 50, 75 or 100% of the amount of food eaten when available ad libitum. The PBS control groups lost more or gained less weight than equivalent groups receiving hGH alone, and mice given hGH/MAB-EB1 showed a greater weight gain than those in comparable groups receiving hGH alone. When weight gain or loss was expressed as g/g food eaten, groups treated with hGH gained more or lost less than the PBS groups. Similarly, weight gain/g food was significantly greater in hGH/MAB-EB1 animals than in the comparable groups given hGH alone. A similar pattern of response was observed for increases in tail length and uptake of 35SO42− into costal cartilage in vivo. For mice given hGH alone, fat content was decreased compared with that in the equivalent group given PBS, and mice treated with hGH/MAB-EB1 had less fat than the equivalent group given hGH alone. Administration of hGH alone caused a concomitant increase in protein content and body weight such that, compared with mice given PBS, there was no significant increase in protein as a proportion of body weight. However, hGH/MAB-EB1 caused an increase in whole body protein which was significantly greater than that for the equivalent group given hGH alone, when expressed as per cent body weight. Monoclonal antibody EB1 has been shown to enhance the actions of hGH on growth and body composition in Snell dwarf mice and to increase food conversion efficiency. J. Endocr. (1988) 117,85–90

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Cord blood leptin and gains in body weight and fat mass during infancy

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-16-0431 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 175 (5) ◽

pp. 403-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Carol ní Chaoimh ◽

Deirdre M Murray ◽

Louise C Kenny ◽

Alan D Irvine ◽

Jonathan O’B Hourihane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Cord Blood ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Early Life ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Fat Mass Index ◽

Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽

Design And Methods

Objectives Low early-life leptin concentrations may promote faster weight gain in infancy. We aimed to examine the associations between cord blood leptin concentrations and changes in weight and body composition during infancy. Design and methods Serum leptin was measured at 15 weeks gestation, in umbilical cord blood collected at delivery and at 2 years in 334 children from the Cork Baseline Birth Cohort Study. Body composition was measured at 2 days and 2 months using air displacement plethysmography. Conditional change in weight standard deviation scores over a number of age intervals in the first 2 years and conditional change in fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) (kg/(length)m2) between birth and 2 months were calculated and associations with cord blood leptin were examined using linear regression. Results At birth, cord blood leptin was positively correlated with FMI (r = 0.48, P < 0.001) and showed a weaker correlation with FFMI (r = 0.12, P = 0.05). After adjustment for confounders, higher cord blood leptin (per ng/mL) was associated with slower conditional weight gain between birth and 2 months (β (95% CI): −0.024 (−0.035, −0.013), P < 0.001) but not over subsequent age intervals. Cord blood leptin was also inversely associated with conditional change in FMI (−0.021 (−0.034, −0.007, P = 0.003) but not FFMI between birth and 2 months. Conclusions These are the first data to show that associations between higher cord blood leptin and slower weight gain during infancy are driven by lower increases in adiposity, at least in early infancy.

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Samidorphan mitigates olanzapine-induced weight gain and metabolic dysfunction in rats and non-human primates

Journal of Psychopharmacology ◽

10.1177/0269881119856850 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (10) ◽

pp. 1303-1316 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jacobi I Cunningham ◽

David J Eyerman ◽

Mark S Todtenkopf ◽

Reginald L Dean ◽

Daniel R Deaver ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Female Rats ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Whole Body ◽

Metabolic Dysfunction ◽

Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Male And Female Rats ◽

Bolus Insulin

Background: Olanzapine, regarded as one of the most efficacious antipsychotic medications for the treatment of schizophrenia, is associated with a high risk of weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. ALKS 3831, a clinical candidate for treatment of schizophrenia, is a combination of olanzapine and samidorphan, an opioid receptor antagonist. The addition of samidorphan is intended to mitigate weight gain and the metabolic dysregulation associated with the use of olanzapine. Methods: Non-clinical studies were conducted to assess the metabolic effects of olanzapine and samidorphan alone and in combination at clinically relevant exposure levels. Results: Chronic olanzapine administration in male and female rats shifted body composition by increasing adipose mass, which was accompanied by an increase in the rate of weight gain in female rats. Co-administration of samidorphan normalized body composition in both sexes and attenuated weight gain in female rats. In hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp experiments conducted prior to measurable changes in weight and/or body composition, olanzapine decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in muscle while increasing uptake in adipose tissue. Samidorphan appeared to normalize glucose utilization in both tissues, but did not restore hepatic insulin sensitivity. In subsequent studies, samidorphan normalized olanzapine-induced decreases in whole-body glucose clearance following bolus insulin administration. Results from experiments in female monkeys paralleled the effects in rats. Conclusions: Olanzapine administration increased weight gain and adiposity, both of which were attenuated by samidorphan. Furthermore, the combination of olanzapine and samidorphan prevented olanzapine-induced insulin insensitivity. Collectively, these data indicate that samidorphan mitigates several metabolic abnormalities associated with olanzapine in both the presence and the absence of weight gain.

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Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, feed utilization and body composition in juvenile goldfish, Carassius auratu

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.v0iof.7816 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. S. Belsare ◽

Hukam Singh Dhaker ◽

A. S. Pawase ◽

V. R> Joshi ◽

S. A. Mohite ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Level ◽

Lipid Level ◽

Feed Utilization ◽

Dietary Lipid ◽

Whole Body ◽

Lipid Levels ◽

Body Protein

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum dietary protein and lipid levels for growth, feed utilization and body composition of goldfish, Carassius auratus juveniles (1.66 ± 0.018 g). Six diets containing two protein levels (300 and 400 g/kg) and three lipid levels (40, 80 and 120 g/kg) were formulated. Fifteen fish were randomly allotted to 18 aquaria (0.6 × 0.3 × 0.45 m) and fed to apparent satiation. The results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) increased in response to higher dietary proteins with highest weight gain and SGR recorded in diet containing 400 g/kg protein with 80 g/kg lipid. Both feed intake (FI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were dependent on dietary protein and lipid level (P less than 0.05). Lipid retention (LR) was negatively correlated while hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerosomatic index (VSI) was positively correlated with dietary lipid levels. Whole body protein content decreased (P less than 0.05) while, lipid content increased with increasing dietary lipid at each protein level. Second-order polynomial regression also revealed diet containing 400 g/kg protein level and 80 g/kg lipid level optimal for the growth and feed utilization of juvenile goldfish, C. auratus.

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Whole Body Computed Tomography with Advanced Imaging Techniques: A Research Tool for Measuring Body Composition in Dogs

Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/610654 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Dharma Purushothaman ◽

Barbara A. Vanselow ◽

Shu-Biao Wu ◽

Sarah Butler ◽

Wendy Yvonne Brown

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Image Analysis ◽

Body Composition ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Whole Body ◽

Obesity Research ◽

Short Period ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Software Programs

The use of computed tomography (CT) to evaluate obesity in canines is limited. Traditional CT image analysis is cumbersome and uses prediction equations that require manual calculations. In order to overcome this, our study investigated the use of advanced image analysis software programs to determine body composition in dogs with an application to canine obesity research. Beagles and greyhounds were chosen for their differences in morphology and propensity to obesity. Whole body CT scans with regular intervals were performed on six beagles and six greyhounds that were subjected to a 28-day weight-gain protocol. The CT images obtained at days 0 and 28 were analyzed using software programs OsiriX, ImageJ, and AutoCAT. The CT scanning technique was able to differentiate bone, lean, and fat tissue in dogs and proved sensitive enough to detect increases in both lean and fat during weight gain over a short period. A significant difference in lean : fat ratio was observed between the two breeds on both days 0 and 28 (P<0.01). Therefore, CT and advanced image analysis proved useful in the current study for the estimation of body composition in dogs and has the potential to be used in canine obesity research.

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EFFECTS OF PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION OF FISHMEAL BY SEA CLAM (SENILIA SENILIS)MEAT MEAL ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, FEED EFFICIENCY, SURVIVAL, AND WHOLE-BODY COMPOSITION OF THE NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS, L.1758)

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/12747 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 656-663

Author(s):

Sokhna Khady Lo Fall ◽

◽

Jean Fall ◽

Abdoulaye Loum ◽

Mariama Sagne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Oreochromis Niloticus ◽

Nile Tilapia ◽

Whole Body ◽

Partial Substitution ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Meat Meal ◽

Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus

The present study assessed the effects of incorporating sea clam (Senilia senilis)meat mealas a partial replacement for fishmeal on the growth performance, survival and whole-body composition of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fry(0.2 g).Three iso-proteins (26%) and iso-caloric (11%) diets where fishmeal was substituted withclam meat meal at 0% diet A,10% diet B, and 15% diet C were prepared.The experiment was conductedfor 12 weeks. The stocking density was 15 fish per tank in an isolated system consisting of 9 plastic tanks of 80L each. Each treatment was administered in triplicates, and fish were fed three times per day (09 :00h, 13 :00h, and 17 :00h). The daily ration corresponded to 10% of the fishs live weight during the first month and was reduced to 8% and then 6% for the second and last month of the trial period.The results of this study showed that the incorporation of clam meat meal in the diet of Nile Tilapia fry has benefited growth in fish fed the tested diets. The best growth performance was obtained in the fish fed with diet B containing 10% clam meat meal: 10.57g for absolute mean weight gain 4.75% /d for SGR 0.82 for FCR 2.14 for PER, followed by diet A.Diet C has the lowest growth performance: 8.37g for weight gain,4.44%/d for SGR,0.99 for FCR, and 1.75 for PER. The best survival rate was obtained by diet C (93.33%), followed by diet B (80%), and the lowest by diet A (71.11%). The protein contents of the tested fish were moderately higher than that of the initial fish. No big difference was observed among the tested diets. The ash content is reduced sharply after two months feeding. The lipid content of the tested fish decreasedslightly in comparison to the initial fish. At the end of the study, fish fed with diet B showed the best growth performance among other diets. These results indicatethat clam meat meal can be included up to 15% in the tilapia diet without affecting the nutritional quality of the feed.

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Birth weight, infant growth and insulin resistance

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.0.151u131 ◽

2004 ◽

pp. U131-U139 ◽

Cited By ~ 137

Author(s):

KK Ong ◽

DB Dunger

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Variable Number ◽

Postnatal Life ◽

Gene Effects ◽

Adult Disease ◽

Ins Vntr

Size at birth and early postnatal growth rates are important determinants of human perinatal survival; they also predict the tempo of growth, adult height and long-term risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.Results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC) show that fetal growth is influenced by both fetal genes and maternal-uterine-placental factors. Important maternal-placental factors include parity, smoking and weight gain, but also maternal genetic factors in the mother or fetal placenta, including the mitochondrial DNA 16189 variant and H19. These maternal genetic factors particularly influence smaller, growth-restrained infants, as in first pregnancies. Fetal genes include the insulin gene (INS) VNTR (variable number of tandem repeat), which we recently confirmed to be associated with birth size and cord blood IGF-II levels; these fetal gene effects are more evident in the absence of maternal-uterine growth restraint.During postnatal life, the INS VNTR III/III genotype remains associated with body size, including body mass index and waist circumference, and also lower insulin sensitivity among girls. However, as at birth, significant gene-environment interactions are seen. Rapid 'catch-up' early postnatal weight gain follows maternal-uterine restraint, and strongly predicts later childhood obesity and insulin resistance; among these children, those with INS VNTR class I alleles are more obese.Genetic factors that influence early growth may have conferred some early survival advantage in human history during times of undernutrition. With abundant nutrition and rising obesity rates, these genetic factors and their interactions with maternal and childhood environmental factors that influence childhood growth may now contribute to the early development of adult disease risk. Their recognition may help the development of targeted early interventions to prevent the progression towards adult disease.

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