Adipose Tissue and Metabolic Alterations: Regional Differences in Fat Cell Size and Number Matter, But Differently: A Cross-Sectional Study

Context: Adipose tissue in obese individuals is characterized by reduced capillary density and reduced oxygenation. Objective: Our objective was to test whether hypoxia is associated with reduced antilipolytic effect of insulin. Participants, Design, and Setting: Twenty-one lean and obese individuals participated in this cross-sectional study at a university-based clinical research center. Intervention: In all subjects, in situ adipose tissue (AT) oxygenation [AT oxygen partial pressure (ATpO2)] was measured with a Clark electrode, insulin sensitivity as well as basal and insulin-suppressed lipolysis (continuous infusion of (2H5)glycerol) were measured during a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, and abdominal sc AT biopsies were collected to assess fat cell size (Coulter counting of osmium-fixed cells), capillary density (by staining of histological sections), and gene expression (by quantitative RT-PCR). Main Outcome Measure: In situ ATpO2 was evaluated. Results: The ability of insulin to suppress lipolysis (percent) was positively correlated with insulin sensitivity (r = 0.43; P < 0.05), ATpO2 (r = 0.44; P < 0.05), vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA (r = 0.73; P < 0.01), and capillary density (r = 0.75; P < 0.01). Conclusion: These results indicate that low capillary density and ATpO2 in AT are potentially upstream causes of AT dysfunction.

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Dysfunctional Adiposity Index as a Useful Clinical Tool for Early Identification of Adipose Tissue Morpho-Functional Abnormalities and Cardiometabolic Disorders in Apparently Healthy Subjects

10.21203/rs.3.rs-97962/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Juan Reyes-Barrera ◽

Victor H. Sainz-Escárrega ◽

Aida X. Medina-Urritia ◽

Esteban Jorge-Galarza ◽

Horacio Osorio-Alonso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Clinical Practice ◽

Early Identification ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Adiposity Index ◽

Apparently Healthy

Abstract BackgroundCompared to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and adiposity measurements, adipose tissue morpho-functionality evaluations are more consistent predictors of cardiometabolic abnormalities. However, these evaluations require determination of adipokines and other non-routine biochemical parameters, which is not feasible in clinical practice. The present study establishes dysfunctional adiposity index (DAI) as a simple, accessible, and reliable marker of early adipocytes morpho-functional abnormalities and cardiometabolic diseases.MethodsTo establish the DAI constant parameters, 340 subjects (134 males and 206 females) without cardiovascular risk factors were selected from a cross-sectional study. Then, DAI was calculated in 36 healthy subjects who underwent subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsy, for whom adipocytes number and size, body composition, circulating adipokines, glucose, insulin, and lipids were also determined. The correlation of DAI with adipocyte morphology (size/number of adipocytes) and functionality (adiponectin/leptin ratio) was analyzed. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to define the optimal DAI cut-off point to identify metabolic abnormalities. Finally, the independent association of DAI with cardiometabolic abnormalities was determined in 1418 subjects from the cross-sectional study through multivariate analyses.ResultsThe constant parameters to calculate the DAI were [WC/[22.79+[2.68*BMI]]]*[triglycerides (TG, mmol/L)/1.37]*[1.19/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C, mmol/L)] for males, and [WC/[24.02+[2.37*BMI]]]*[TG(mmol/L)/1.32]*[1.43/HDL-C(mmol/L)] for females. In subjects underwent biopsy, DAI correlated with adipocytes mean area (r=0.358; p=0.032), adipocyte number (r=-0.381; p=0.024), adiponectin/leptin ratio (r=-0.483; p=0.003), and systemic inflammation markers. Compared to BMI, WC, and visceral fat, DAI was the only determination associated with insulin resistance (area under the curve: 0.743; p = 0.017). In the cross-sectional study, DAI ≥1.065 was independently associated with diabetes (OR: 1.96; 95%CI: 1.36-2.84), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (OR: 2.57; 95%CI: 1.98-3.33), subclinical atherosclerosis (OR: 1.74; 95%CI: 1.02-2.94), and hypertension (OR: 1.44; 95%CI: 1.10-1.88).ConclusionsThe present study establishes the constant parameters to calculate the DAI and highlights that a DAI ≥ 1.065 is associated with early cardiometabolic abnormalities independently of adiposity and other risk factors. Since DAI is calculated using accessible parameters routinely used in the clinic, this indicator can be easily incorporated in clinical practice for the early identification of adipose tissue abnormalities in apparently healthy subjects.

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Pericoronary adipose tissue computed tomography attenuation distinguishes different stages of coronary artery disease: a cross-sectional study

European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging ◽

10.1093/ehjci/jeaa224 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew Lin ◽

Nitesh Nerlekar ◽

Jeremy Yuvaraj ◽

Katrina Fernandes ◽

Cathy Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Imaging Biomarker ◽

Plaque Burden ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Ct Attenuation ◽

Artery Disease ◽

Stable Cad

Abstract Aims Vascular inflammation inhibits local adipogenesis in pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) and this can be detected on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) as an increase in CT attenuation of PCAT surrounding the proximal right coronary artery (RCA). In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the utility of PCAT CT attenuation as an imaging biomarker of coronary inflammation in distinguishing different stages of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods and results Sixty patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) were prospectively recruited to undergo CCTA within 48 h of admission, prior to invasive angiography. These participants were matched to patients with stable CAD (n = 60) and controls with no CAD (n = 60) by age, gender, BMI, risk factors, medications, and CT tube voltage. PCAT attenuation around the proximal RCA was quantified per-patient using semi-automated software. Patients with MI had a higher PCAT attenuation (−82.3 ± 5.5 HU) compared with patients with stable CAD (−90.6 ± 5.7 HU, P < 0.001) and controls (−95.8 ± 6.2 HU, P < 0.001). PCAT attenuation was significantly increased in stable CAD patients over controls (P = 0.01). The association of PCAT attenuation with stage of CAD was independent of age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors, epicardial adipose tissue volume, and CCTA-derived quantitative plaque burden. No interaction was observed for clinical presentation (MI vs. stable CAD) and plaque burden on PCAT attenuation. Conclusion PCAT CT attenuation as a quantitative measure of global coronary inflammation independently distinguishes patients with MI vs. stable CAD vs. no CAD. Future studies should assess whether this imaging biomarker can track patient responses to therapies in different stages of CAD.

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Regional differences in diabetes prevalence and awareness between coastal and interior provinces in China: a population-based cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/1471-2458-13-299 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Shaoyong Xu ◽

Jie Ming ◽

Ying Xing ◽

Bin Gao ◽

Chunbao Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regional Differences ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Diabetes Prevalence ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

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Regional Differences in Nonadherence to Dialysis Among Southern Dialysis Patients: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study to the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences ◽

10.1097/maj.0b013e3181d94f7a ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 339 (6) ◽

pp. 516-518 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Mihály Tapolyai ◽

Tibor Fülöp ◽

Aşkin Uysal ◽

Zsolt Lengvárszky ◽

Tibor Szarvas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regional Differences ◽

Practice Patterns ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Dialysis Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dialysis Outcomes

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Methionine requirement of kittens given amino acid diets containing adequate cystine

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19830050 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 411-417 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Katherine A. Smalley ◽

Quinton R. Rogers ◽

James G. Morris

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Cell Size ◽

Muscle Tissue ◽

Dna Content ◽

Shoulder Joint ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Fat Cells ◽

Fat Cell ◽

Fat Cell Size ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

1. The effects of feeding either high-protein (HP) or low-protein (LP) diets between 1.8 and 15 kg live weight (LW) and a low-energy (LE) or high-energy (HE) intake subsequently on the cellularity of muscle and adipose tissue in pigs growing to 75 kg LW were investigated.2. The effects of the nutritional treatments on muscle tissue were assessed from the weight and DNA content of the m. adductor. For adipose tissue the total DNA content and fat cell size of the subcutaneous adipose tissue contained in the left shoulder joint were determined.3. Feeding the LP diets in early life reduced the weight and DNA content of the m. adductor (P < 0.01) and increased fat cell size (P < 0.01) at 15 kg LW.4. Subsequent to 15 kg there was an almost linear increase in muscle DNA with increasing LW, and the difference between pigs from the initial protein treatments progressively diminished and was no longer apparent at 60 kg LW.5. At 30 kg LW, pigs given the LP diets before 15 kg LW contained less DNA in the subcutaneous adipose tissue from the shoulder joint (P < 0.01) and had larger fat cells (P < 0.05) than pigs given the HP diets initially. However, adipose DNA and fat cell size increased with increasing LW and the differences resulting from the initial protein treatments progressively diminished. On the LE and HE treatments subsequent to 15 kg these differences were no longer evident at 45 and 60 kg respectively.6. Pigs given the HE intake subsequent to 15 kg, contained less DNA in muscle tissue (P < 0·05) at 60 and 75 kg LW and had larger fat cells (P < 0·05) at 45, 60 and 75 kg LW, than pigs on the LE treatment.

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Higher malnutrition risk is related to increased intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps in older inpatients: A cross-sectional study

Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1016/j.clnu.2019.11.028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (8) ◽

pp. 2586-2592 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Naoki Akazawa ◽

Naomi Okawa ◽

Toshikazu Hino ◽

Ryota Tsuji ◽

Kimiyuki Tamura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Intramuscular Adipose Tissue ◽

Older Inpatients

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Influence of feeding level and of protein level in early life on the cellularity of adipose tissue and body fat content of growing pigs

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19830016 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 109-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. G. Campbell ◽

A. C. Dunkin

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Cell Size ◽

Body Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Fat Content ◽

Fat Cell ◽

Fat Cell Size ◽

Body Fat Content ◽

Dry Diet ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

1. The effects of level of feeding and level of protein in the early postnatal period on the cellularity of subcutaneous adipose tissue and body fat content of pigs were investigated in two experiments.2. In Expt 1, piglets were given a common liquid diet at energy intakes equivalent to 2·8 or 5·2 times energy for maintenance (M) between 1·8 and 6·5 kg live weight (LW), and a common dry diet at 2·8 or 4·5 M between 6·5 and 20 kg LW. Between 20 and 75 kg LW all pigs were given a second dry diet at 4·0 M.3. In both experiments the effects of nutritional treatments on fat cell number at 20 and 75 kg LW (Expt 1) and at 45 kg LW (Expt 2) were assessed by measuring the DNA content of the subcutaneous adipose tissue contained in the left shoulder joint. Fat cell size was assessed in the same tissue by measuring the diameter of collagenase-released adipocytes.4. In Expt 1, raising the level of feeding between 1·8 and 6·5 kg LW increased body fat content and average fat cell diameter at both 6·5 (P < 0·01) and 20 kg LW (P < 0·05) but had no effect on either measurement at 75 kg LW. Similarly, raising the level of feeding between 6·5 and 20 kg LW increased body fat content and fat cell size at both 20 (P < 0·01) and 75 kg LW (P < 0·05). There was an almost twofold increase in the DNA content of subcutaneous adipose tisuue between 20 and 75 kg LW. However, it was not significantly affected at either weight by level of feeding before or subsequent to 6·5 kg LW.5. In Expt 2, reducing the level of dietary protein between 1·8 and 6·5 kg LW increased body fat content (P < 0·01) and fat cell size (P < 0·01) at the latter weight. Although level of dietary protein to 6·5 kg LW had no effect on body fat content or the weight of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the shoulder joint at 45 kg LW, pigs given the lowest-protein diet contained less DNA (P < 0·05) in the subcutaneous adipose tissue and had larger (P < 0·05) fat cells than those given the highest-protein diet to 6·5 kg LW. Reducing the protein content of the diet fed subsequent to 6·5 kg LW increased the body fat content (P < 0·01) and fat cell size (P < 0·01) at 45 kg LW.

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Relationships among changes of serum leptin concentration, leptin mRNA expression in white adipose tissue (WAT), and WAT fat-cell size in female Japanese black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z08-080 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 86 (9) ◽

pp. 1042-1049 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. Nakamura ◽

T. Okano ◽

H. Shibata ◽

M. Saito ◽

T. Komatsu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Reproductive Success ◽

Cell Size ◽

White Adipose Tissue ◽

Black Bears ◽

Fat Cell ◽

Serum Leptin ◽

Ursus Thibetanus ◽

Fat Cell Size ◽

The Relationship

As a first step to study the relationship between fat accumulation and reproductive success in Japanese black bears ( Ursus thibetanus japonicus Schlegel, 1857) with the focus on leptin, we determined leptin cDNA sequences in the bears. Next, we studied the possibility of white adipose tissue (WAT) as a leptin secretion source by observing the changes of leptin mRNA expression in WAT by semiquantitative real-time reverse transcript – polymerase chain reaction, the index of WAT fat-cell size, and serum leptin concentration in pregnant bears. Then, based on our results, we discussed roles of leptin in those bears. The amino acid sequences of leptin from the bears were highly identical to that of other carnivores. The expression of leptin mRNA in WAT was detected from September to January, with a tendency to increase in late November and January; the relationship between changes in the index of WAT fat-cell size and those in serum leptin concentration was high (r = 0.55, P < 0.01), with an increase in both in mid-November. These results suggested that leptin was mainly secreted from WAT in bears and that serum leptin concentrations might reflect their nutritional condition. Moreover, leptin might serve as an indicator of their fat mass, which would affect their survival during hibernation and their reproductive success.

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